Inkqubo yonyulo ngokwenani leevoti: ukuqonda izinto ezisisiseko nesayensi kwezopolitiko

Ngokuchasene nentsukaphi umbuzo esoloko bajamelene unyulo abantu abaninzi ukuba inkqubo umlinganiselo yonyulo? Le ngxaki iye elide Uyekile ukwenza kuphela Encyclopedic kwindalo, ukuya moya a kakhulu practical. Ngoko iyavakala ukunika uphawu kubonisiwe inkqubo yonyulo kwaye kuchongwe amandla kunye nobuthathaka yayo.

Ngokwenani leevoti inkqubo yonyulo: iimpawu ezikhethekileyo

Ukuba nje icacise kakuhle olu hlobo wonyulo, koko ke kuvela oko ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: a iivoti ukuvota kumfanekiso kwalo mthetho okanye loo mandla kwezopolitiko. Yiyo ke le into eyahlula le hlobo modeli majoritarian. Kodwa inkcazelo enjalo kufuna ziqonde. Ngoko ke, iinkalo eziphambili uhlobo umlinganiselo zezi:

1. Ukungabikho kweevoti bathetha ngantoni.
2. A unxulumano ngqo phakathi ipesenti seevoti ezenziweyo kunyulo kunye nepesenti lezihlalo ngamabhunga anyulwe.

Ezi mpawu zimbini isigqibo ngokwayo inkqubo yonyulo. Enyanisweni, inxalenye ethile kwelo lizwe okanye lonke eli lizwe a izithili multi-ilungu apho wonke umntu ukhululekile ukuba ukhethe yakho amandla oyithandayo yezopolitiko kuye. Kulo mzekelo, i kunyulwa zezi amaqela, iintshukumo, imibutho, iibhloko, kodwa umzimba zithiwe thaca kuphela izintlu abantu ababhalisiweyo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ezi lwesininzi phambili kwinkqubo yonyulo umlinganiselo ukuba lungakhuseleki "netlist" yaye "izintlu ezizimeleyo". Kwimeko yokuqala, edibanisa zezepolitiki baya unyulo nje phambi emanyeneyo, ngaphandle kokucacisa kanye abaya kumela nabo organ. Kule yesibini - inkqubo umlinganiselo yonyulo ivumela ukonyula umntu oyedwa (kwimeko enjalo ekuso for Belgium okanye Switzerland).

Ngokubanzi, inkqubo yonyulo phantsi kwale nkqubo imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ngokuza indawo yokuvotela, umvoti unika ivoti yakhe kuphela party ethile. Emva kokubala iivoti, iligunya lezopolitiko ufumana iindawo ezininzi kangaka emzimbeni, okuhambelana Ipesenti efunyenweyo elunyulweni. Ngaphezu koko, inani lezihlalo ezabelwe ngokungqinelana ne uluhlu ebhalisiweyo kwangaphambili, phakathi kwamalungu lwezopolitiko. Ujikelezo kwizihlalo kwenzeka kuphela kwiimeko apho umntu akakwazi ngenxa yezizathu ngokwasemzimbeni okanye zomthetho ukusebenzisa amagunya.

Ukusuka yonke le siyakwazi ukubona ukuba inkqubo yonyulo umlinganiselo - uhlobo olulodwa inkqubo yonyulo, apho ummeli labavoti ngamavoti hayi abantu abathile, kodwa igunya kwezopolitiko. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba intsimi apho unyulo luya kuqhubeka khona, kukuba izithili enye enkulu multi-ilungu.

Ngokwenani leevoti yonyulo inkqubo: eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

Njengalo naluphi uhlobo inkqubo yonyulo, le nkqubo zombini ezilungileyo nezingalunganga. Iinzuzo kufuneka sibandakanye yokuba inkqubo umlinganiselo yonyulo kunegalelo ezikhethwa uhlanganiso labavoti, nto leyo eye wagqiba ukwazisa ukuthanda kwakhe. Kulo mzekelo, sibeka ngokwayo ngaphandle isininzi, kuthathelwa ingqalelo kuphela intando yesininzi.

Kodwa abaphumeleli ebalulekileyo yale nkqubo ziquka into yokuba umvoti okunene ukunika ilungelo lokuvotela umfanekiso kwalo mthetho okanye loo mandla kwezopolitiko, kunokuba umntu othile. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kulo mzekelo, ukubonakala zingakhiwa phezu charisma benkokeli (njengoko kwenzekayo, umzekelo, eJamani ngowe-1933). Xa oku beza amandla abanye abantu osenokungaziwa ngokupheleleyo labavoti. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo umlinganiselo yonyulo igalelo kuphuhliso "ihlelo ubuntu" kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ithuba utshintsho ukusuka lobuzwilakhe ukuze kube yinxalenye yenkululeko. Kodwa ke, ayikho le meko eqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuphunyezwa kwemithetho kwiinzame zokuthintela.

Ngoko ke, inkqubo yonyulo umlinganiselo - yindlela elula xa kuthathelwa ingqalelo izimvo zabantu, lonke uluntu, abahlala kwindawo ethile yelizwe okanye kulo lonke elo lizwe.