Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo okanye owahlukeneyo

Xa neyezinto zemvelo, kwakunye nenani nezinye izifundo zesayensi zisebenzisa amagama ahlukeneyo ukubhekisela inkqubo ethile. Oku kuyimfuneko kuba bengena ngokuhlelwa eziyimfuneko lula ukufunda iinkqubo ezithile. Iinkqubo owahlukeneyo ngokoqobo iinkqubo saa, nangona bathe luqulathe ungamalungu eyohlobo olulodwa. Kulo mba, kukho eziliqela iimpawu ezinokwenza kube nzima ukuqonda le nkqubo.

Njengoko sisazi, inkqunto States ezahlukeneyo. Phakathi kwezi ithi kukho umahluko omkhulu kakhulu, nto leyo ekugqibeleni nokuba kuchaphazela iipropati.

Iinkqubo zixhaphakileyo owahlukeneyo - yinto engamanzi uyeke kumxube elizele okanye umphunga, aluminium ezininzi, njl Kukho amazwe amabini ezisisiseko zenkqunto - crystalline kunye amorphous. Bona kakhulu zomzimba ethile, thermodynamic kunye nezinye iimpawu.

Kwiinkqubo owahlukeneyo kukho zonke iintlobo izikhewu ukuqhubeka iipropati emzimbeni. Iinzululwazi zizibiza interface labo, nto leyo edla kulula kakhulu ukubona. Xa iimeko zitshintsha, la macandelo nazo bedinga kwicala elinye okanye omnye, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kukhokelela utshintsho kuwo onke. Le lizama kwiinkqubo lweentlobo ngeentlobo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ufuna ukugcina bengatshatanga ngexesha indlela yonke okanye lokulinga.

asabela owahlukeneyo

Ethetha iinkqubo ezinjalo, singasathethi ezo iinkalo zomsebenzi apho iyasetyenziswa. reactions owahlukeneyo - yokusabela esivulekayo neenkqubo lweentlobo ngeentlobo, ie lubandakanya izinto ezifumaneka kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo. Le nkqubo ezipheleleyo owahlukeneyo.

Imizekelo yendlela ukuze zokuchithwa ngesinyithi asidi, yokubola neetyuwa ukwenza iimveliso eqinileyo kunye sukube kunye nabanye. Kananjalo apha ezinye abasabela zokuphosa ezithi zenzeke phezu kuvala. Eyona iphambili ngayo zokuphosa ezinjalo owahlukeneyo kukuba reagent kunye nemveliso secreted inokuba kumazwe ahlukeneyo.

Umahluko Isigaba in kunzima jikelele ukusebenza kwezi khemikhali inzima kuba zothutho izinto, indlela elisetyenziswa kunye nokuhanjiswa, kunye iimolekyuli lokuvula ukuze aqale elinye inyathelo liqalise icandelo komhlaba.

Ukuze indlela kufuneka wemvula zochuku reactants kunye nokususwa iimveliso ezivela kummandla wambumba ngenxa yenkqubo ngemichiza. Ngaloo ndlela kinetics indlela okanye isantya sokuqukuqela kumiselwa into ethile, umyinge wokuphelelwa utshintshwano yemichiza ezo propati ophethwe inkqubo owahlukeneyo. Ukuba asivelanga nayiphi na ingxaki, kanye nokuhanjiswa kwezinto igcinwe kule zikarhulumente eziqhelekileyo, izinga ukusabela ngokomlinganiselo ubungakanani bommandla. Oku kuthiwa-ngqo rate reaction. Kulo mzekelo, ukufumaneka ithathwa, iimeko indlela, uxinzelelo kwenxenye njalo njalo. Ixabiso umsebenzi thermodynamic, imveliso ifunyenwe kwi izixhobo ukuqala imisela lizama rhoqo kwenkqubo owahlukeneyo.

Le imfuno ukubala phantse naziphi abasabela kwiinkqubo lweentlobo ngeentlobo. Nayo iza kuba lula ukufumanisa ngokuchanileyo isixa izinto yokuqala efunekayo ukuze iikhemikhali reaction ngokupheleleyo kwaye ibalwe isivuno imveliso echanekileyo. Xa usebenziso lwe data ezinjalo ilawulwa ngokulula reaction, ukongeza, kunokwenzeka kusoloko ukulawula ulwalathiso basabela njani. Kulo mba, singatsho ukuba njalo lizama kubalulekile ukwenza abasabela kwiinkqubo lweentlobo ngeentlobo.