Ukubhala, ukubhala izigaba zophuhliso

Ukubhala - Oku kudala inkqubo iimpawu zabantu ezisetyenziswa ukulungisa isandi sokuthetha. Le leta imema inkqubo yonxibelelwano ezimeleyo ukuba inani imisebenzi ethile. Inika ithuba lokufumana kwaye ukufunxa ulwazi kunye namava urhwebe nezizukulwanza zangaphambili, ukwandisa umda yonxibelelwano kwabantu. Ukufunda le ncwadi, wonke umntu ufumana ithuba ukuyiphatha imbali yoluntu, ukuqonda inkcubeko yawo, indawo zangaphandle kunye nehlabathi embilwini. Ukuze zazi intsingiselo yokubhala namhlanje akunakwenzeka. Ngenxa yakhe, umntu ufunda nje oluninzi entsha, kuqala kwiinto zonke, uyazi yena.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili ulwimi olubhaliweyo kuxhomekeke kukuba, ngokungafaniyo zomlomo, oko isombulula ayikho kwexesha kodwa kwindawo static. Le ncwadi yenza kube lula ukuba Ucinga ukuba umbhali weli kuyo, uye emva sele kwathiwa, ukutshintsha amagama, ayakhe izindululo ukususa okanye ufake yonke Ezingxingweni, ukucacisa, funa uncedo kwizichazi-magama kunye phrasebooks.

Imbali yokubhala iye amawaka amaninzi eminyaka, ngelo xesha itshintshe kancinane, ukuphuhlisa, bafumane iindlela ezintsha. Ukuvela le ncwadi ithe enxulumene le Impucuko, Ukuphila-emihlanu kwiminyaka engamawaka eyadlulayo indawo ephakathi imilambo umEfrate neTigris. Kungenxa kule ndawo, abembi ukufumana izikhumbuzo yamandulo yokubhala - amacwecwe odongwe ngemifanekiso eyahlukileyo. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ulwimi olubhaliweyo ludalwe kwiminyaka 3,500 BC

Izazinzulu ezininzi ixesha lethu uzama ukuwuqonda Imibhalo yamandulo, bekholelwa ukuba ukunika ingcaciso kuphela malunga nobomi kunye nenkcubeko le mpucuko elinamalungu Umbhali yabo, kodwa ulwazi malunga inkangeleko uluntu xa lulonke.

Ndulo iintlobo zokubhala ibhekisela pictography, okanye ukubhala umfanekiso. Njengoko yaziwa, ekuqaleni imizobo zazibaluleke kakhulu ngayo ubomi babantu bamandulo kwaye siboniswe kuphela ngalo mzuzu kwezithethe zobugqi. Bathi ke baqala ukuyisebenzisa ngenxa entengo kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi. Eyaziwa yokubhala yamandulo baseYiputa kuthetha inkqubo yokubhala logographic ( "iilogo" - lizwi), ixesha imvelaphi yayo kuthathwa 2-3 nkulungwane BC

Impi yakhe intetho ebhaliweyo ukuba uye kwizigaba ezininzi: ukusuka imizobo emqolombeni kunye namacwecwe kudongwe ukuya ulwimi mihla, kunye nezindululo zaso nezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo, Jika ibinzana, njl Ekulinganisweni ngayo kakhulu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho komnye wabo, uluntu na ntlobo zilandelayo ukubhala iintlobo:

• frazografiya - uhlobo mdala lokubhala ethumela ulwazi usebenzisa abalinganiswa ezizodwa kunye nemiqondiso ezichazayo ngaphandle ngokwahlula libe amagama namabinzana athile;
• logograph - incwadi, edlulisa ulwazi esebenzisa imiqondiso abamele amagama athile;
• morfemografiya - ukubhala, ukwenzeka ilizwi usebenzisa morfemogramm - ababasebenzisi graphic;
• sillabografiya - syllabary, ukubhalwa enxulumene nokwahlulwa amazwi alo ahlukeneyo;
• phonography - sound ileta igrafikhi (ukuba mazingabhidaniswa libinzana lezamayeza sokubhalisa luyambombozela zentliziyo).

Ngokutsho komnye ngokuhlelwa, ukubhala wathabatha kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba lasungulwa ezifana ejongene pre-kwathiwa, edibanisa, ideography ibizezamandulo yaye, enyanisweni, ileta, njengoko sasidla ukubona, okanye igramafoni. Igramafoni ibandakanya ntlobo zilandelayo yokubhala: Igama-syllabic, syllabic kunye alfabhethi.

Izazinzulu njengangoku ngeelwimi ezininzi kangangoko 5000. Xa 1/3 kubo ulwimi lwalo olubhaliweyo kunye noncwadi. Ukubhalwa iqhelekileyo mihla Latin (isetyenziswa yi malunga ne-40% yabantu behlabathi). Ikota yabo bonke abantu Emhlabeni zisetyenziswa ngokubhaliweyo abalinganiswa bakhe Chinese. Cyrillic kwandiselwa ku-18% yommandla komhlaba (kuquka Russia). ezahlukeneyo ezahlukileyo Indian yokubhala inokufumaneka India, Nepal, Thailand kunye iLaos. ukubhala abambalwa lobuzwe isasazeke kakhulu kwintengiso amaphondo China kunye neenxalenye Mongolia.