Iimpawu zenkqunto: ingqiqo kunye neempawu

Basic concepts-bulumko - mba kunye nomoya. Emihle kunye materialists kufuneka iinkcazelo ezahlukeneyo intsingiselo yazo, kodwa sivumelane malunga ubukho kwinjongo mba. Yeyona isiseko ebonakalayo kwehlabathi. Kulo mzekelo, zobulumko bathi iimpawu ndaba - intshukumo, isithuba kunye nexesha. Bona i-umongo walo neyodwa.

ukuba nombono

Le nkcazelo yentanda zenkqunto ithi ukuba olu hlobo yinyani, yonke into ikhona ngokuzimeleyo lokuqonda koluntu. Matter, izibaluli, iintlobo esikhoyo kuxoxwa kweli nqaku, uchazwa ongafaniyo umoya. Liquka zonke eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, ngokungafaniyo ubomi benene, umphefumlo. Ngo bulumko, umcimbi iqondwa njengengcwele, knowable yi izivamvo, kodwa igcina iimpawu zawo, nokuba wokwazi kuyo. Ngaloo ndlela izinto njongo.

Ontology conceptualize uhlobo kunye nendima lomba ekhoyo. Xa ebuzwa malunga yokubaluleka kombandela kwakhokelela ukuvela iintsingiselo ezimbini zehlabathi-bulumko: yimibono eziphathekayo. Kwimeko yokuqala, kukholelwa ukuba ukwazi na umcimbi eziziprayimari nezizisekondari. Lo mba yesibini ithathwa njengokuba umgaqo yokuqala yobomi. Umba olukhoyo uhlobo ongapheliyo, iye iipropati ezininzi kunye neempawu, ubume babo kunye nemisebenzi. Kodwa ke ngokwalo zehlabathi, kukho iimpawu jikelele zenkqunto. Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba kwakukho crystallization izimvo malunga neempawu zenkqunto,-bulumko lifikile indlela ende yokucinga malunga nohlobo lo mmangaliso.

Evolution of imibono

Philosophy kwamiswa sphere ukuqonda izinto ezifana ntle, mbandela. iimpawu zomhlaba Injongo yaba ngumxholo iinkcuba reflection kumaxesha amandulo. Owasungula le nkqubo yokuqala izimvo uhlobo kunye nendima unina lesiGrike sobulumko inabe. Uveze ukuba mgaqo uphambili wobomi amanzi njengento engokoqobo eziphathekayo. Ebinazo ehamba, ukutshintsha hlabathi rhoqo iipropati ukusebenza kwazo. Yena akwazi ukutshintsha imilo, kodwa umongo walo yahlala injalo. Amanzi knowable ngokusebenzisa izivamvo, kunye nenguqu yayo buqondwe ngesizathu. Ngoko inabe wathi Imigqaliselo yokuqala malunga nohlobo injongo yalo mba kunye emhlabeni wayo.

Kamva, Heraclitus kunye Parmenides ukuphucula ukuqonda iimpawu injongo yokuba, wabeka imibuzo emininzi ezintsha. Imibono Democritus, inkolelo yakhe atom yaba ngumthombo ngokwakhayo i intshukumo njengoko lesiphumo engundoqo ngokuba. wabonakala ngenxa UPlato Ingxaki inkcaso siyibambe nabangakwazi eziphathekayo. Nayiphi na into kweli hlabathi kusisiphumo uqhagamshelwano ngezimvo mbandela. Kwaye ke kukho umbuzo obalulekileyo nangobunto: yintoni na le nto? Lo mbuzo eninzi ingcamango Aristotle phantsi. Wabhala ukuba umcimbi - into sensually baqonda kweziyobisi substratum into nganye.

Kwiinkulungwane embalwa elandelayo, ingxoxo ngalo mbandela kuphela kwimeko longquzulwano phakathi iingcamango eziphathekayo, ndinamaphupha. Kuphela ukuvela inzululwazi waphinda wenza reflection kungxamisekile kwi inkcazo mbandela. Phantsi kulo Ndiyaqala ndiyakuqonda yinyani ukuba ikhona ngokunxulumene nemithetho yayo, elizimeleyo okuqonda kwabantu. Zobulumko, sithembele izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu baqale ukuqonda iimpawu kunye neentlobo yehlabathi njongo. Basekela iipropati izinto ezifana ubude, inertia, ubunzima, ayahlukahlukenanga, impermeability. ezifunyaniswe Okuninzi kutshanje physics yaziswa ejikelezayo zefilosofi ezifana njengentsimi, electron kunye m. P. iimpawu umba bulumko ube indawo ebalulekileyo reflection. Kwesayensi physics mihla zokwandisa ulwazi bandise ezi ngqiqo kwi ontology, iingcamango ezintsha malunga iimpawu kunye nolwakhiwo mbandela. Namhlanje yande nokungxamiseka ingxaki unxulumano kweekhonsepthi "nto" yaye "amandla."

izakhiwo

Ichaza zobulumko mbandela uqhubeke ngokuchaza iimpawu zayo. Oku kukuvumela ukuba uqonde ezichaphazela ngayo isenzeko. Eyona impahla ndaba - ukungabi naxanasi ikhona. Oku akuthethi ukutshintsha imilo yayo kunye neepropati ngokweembono yoluntu ngaphandle kwayo, yoba ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho yemvelo yobukho. A impahla yesibini ebalula umxholo elithi "umcimbi" yi ngendlela. Mcimbi luphawulwa kukuzimisela ngocwangco beemeko. Enye impahla jikelele zenkqunto - umsebenzi. Kuyinto kuxhomekeke ukuba singenziwa iinguqulelo nezilungiso zophuhliso, uye okuhambisa. Ukongeza, lo mbandela ubuchule eziziimpawu ukuhlela reflection. Into ebalulekileyo ibizwa ngokuba informativeness. Oku uyakwazi ukugcina udlulise ulwazi malunga nemvelaphi yayo, uphuhliso, isakhiwo.

Iipropati Universal zobulumko nto siyakholwa nokungonakali yakhe, kwaye awunakwenziwa. Alinako uthabathe okanye udibanise ezaziwayo umntu iindlela, ihlabathi self-ngokwaneleyo. Umama akanasiqalo nasiphelo, ukuba ebingaqhelanga ukwnziwa yi nabani na, zange waqala kwaye alunasiphelo. Kwipropathi ebalulekileyo umcimbi na Determinism wayo, zonke izinto kunye nezinto ehlabathini zixhomekeke ubudlelwane noshowo ngaphakathi kuyo. Yonke into yenyama ixhomekeke kwimithetho njongo, yonke into unobangela kunye nesiphumo. Ukohluka mbandela - oko yenye inkalo ebalulekileyo. Lowo ihlabathi lingenako kuba izinto ezimbini ncam, into nganye sisincoko ekhethekileyo. Ukongeza kwezi iimpawu Mba abelwe iimpawu ezithile ukuba sizalwa kuyo, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo khona. Iimpawu achaza izinto kunye nesifundo - kwindawo ebalulekileyo bulumko mihla.

iimpawu

Lo mbandela ontology kunye obunzulu le nto. Izibaluli iimpawu njalo zakhe, jikelele, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo khona. AmaGrike amandulo waphawula ukuba le mba intshukumo yinqobo kuye. Apha esinayo engqondweni kungekuphela intshukumo umzimba, kodwa hexa niphuphuma ngayo ukusuka kwesinye isimo ukuya kwesinye.

Umba ungunaphakade kwexesha, kuba akanayo lokuqala ekuqaleni nasekupheleni amanqaku. Ukongeza, engenamda aspect lomhlaba. Kubonisa zobulumko iimpawu jikelele le mbandela wabakhokelela ukuchonga iimpawu zalo ezisisiseko. Ngokuzimeleyo kukho isakhiwo wayo, nto leyo nayo ipropati isiseko lwehlabathi. Iimpawu eziphambili ndaba - intshukumo, indawo kunye nexesha, bona isihloko olunzulu uhlalutyo yentanda and reflection.

isakhiwo

Zobulumko yamandulo iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo: Yintoni na le nto, nokuba akupheli, ukusuka apho kuphuma? Ukususela yokufuna iimpendulo Ndazalwa ontology, leyo sigwetyelwe ubukho iimpawu ezizodwa lo mbandela. Kwakhona uqulunqe imvelaphi theoretical ngawo namhlanje ziye igama iimpawu zenkqunto. Kodwa ke impendulo yombuzo lwesakhiwo yayo yokuqala elinikwe kodwa njengenxalenye ye bulumko yamandulo yamaGrike. theory Atomic of Democritus wayesithi ukuba umcimbi ubunjwe amasuntswana amancinane - atom, zibe kungabonwa esweni kwabantu kwaye ezikhoyo isithuba. Ezi athom ke ayitshintshanga, kodwa izinto apho zib, bume kunye neemeko ngeemeko.

Nokufika iimbono zenzululwazi malunga isakhiwo mba ziye zatshintsha, iingqiqo lokuphila kunye engaphili, nganye eneyazo isakhiwo yalo. World ezingaphiliyo libandakanya ezo amanqanaba njengoko amasuntswana, athom, imichiza, iimolekyuli, izijikelezi, inkqubo izijikelezi, iinkwenkwezi, iminyele, inkqubo esembindini. Wildlife iqulathe iiseli, asidi kunye neeproteni izidalwa multicellular iintwala biocenosis kunye biosphere. zobulumko bakwaziswa ingqiqo mba yezentlalo, apho isakhiwo kuquka uhlobo, usapho, isizwe, ubuntu.

Uphuhliso inzululwazi iye yakhokelela ukuvela komnye uluvo kwi ubume mba, baye lineminyaka sekuba, macrocosm kunye megaworld. Isikali kula manqanaba azimisele ngayo iimpawu eziphambili zenkqunto: ixesha kunye nendawo.

Intshukumo: uhlobo kunye neempawu

Ukuhanjiswa ixesha - into iimpawu eziye zachongwa kumaxesha amandulo. Nakuba ke, abantu baye baqaphela ukuba kwihlabathi ngaphandle akukho nto isigxina - yonke into utshintsho, iqukuqela ukusuka kwesinye isimo ukuya kwesinye. Ukuqonda le meko iye yabangela ukuba ukuvela iingqiqo ezimbini yokuqala umongo walo. Ngengqiqo emxinwa ukuhanjiswa intshukumo lwendawo yezinto ukusuka kwindawo enye ukuya kwenye, kule meko akukho tshintsho le into. Ngale ndlela, intshukumo - lo uchasaniso yoxolo. Ngokubanzi ethetha, intshukumo - kukho naluphi na utshintsho into, nemiba weemilo yayo kunye neepropati. Kwaye oku kubume bendalo mba. Njengazo zonke iziphumo mba, intshukumo ikhona kuyo ekuqaleni, zemfuza. Kuyinto uphawu naluphi na uhlobo eziphathekayo. Kwaye akunakwenzeka ngaphandle mba, akukho intshukumo net. Lilele isimilo yayo attributive. Umba sizalwa kuphuhliso, nto leyo intshukumo, yena usoloko uzama ukuntsokotha, ukusuka asezantsi ukuya ephakamileyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba intshukumo ye njongo, kukho utshintsho kulo ungenza umkhuba.

Movement njengento imfanelo daba eziliqela iipropati, bavame kufikwa. Okokuqala kokuba uphawuleka ngokugqibeleleyo isalamane. Mda edibene yokuba intshukumo sizalwa naluphi na uhlobo oluthile, nto ehlabathini ayikho ukuphumla. Kulo mzekelo, nayiphi na intshukumo ethile zisoloko lizimisele uxolo, ngokuqinisekileyo, yaye ilapho kwezinto yayo. Ngovimba, intshukumo ngamnye yokuhambisa kwifomu entsha, kwaye oko yinto mthetho ngokupheleleyo. Kwakhona, intshukumo zombini ngakanye kunye ngokuqhubekayo. Ego discontinuity ezinxulumene isakhono amalungu abe iimilo ngamnye, umz langa, iminyele kunye t. D. A ukuqhubeka kukukwazi self-ukuhlela kwinkqubo ezifunekayo.

kweefom zokususwa

Uphawu engundoqo kwintshukumo mba, onako ukuthatha ezahlukahlukeneyo. yokuhlelwa kwazo ecetywayo Engels, owafumana ntlobo 5 eziphambili:

- mechanical; ifomu elula - ezihambayo izinto;

- ngokomzimba, ezisekelwe phezu imithetho physics, yena waphathwa ngumoya ukukhanya, ubushushu, ubutsalane, etc;..

- acid impefumlelwano molecule atom;

- eziphilayo - ukuzeyisa, yokuvelisa kwakhona kunye nophuhliso kwiinkqubo zezinto eziphilayo kunye noluntu begazi;

- zentlalo - ukuba zonke iintlobo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu abazi nokuguqula.

Zonke iintlobo intshukumo akhiwa kwinkqubo oluneqela elinegunya, ukususela kokulula ukuya koko kuntsonkothileyo. Ezi nkqubo zixhomekeke imithetho efanayo:

- phakathi iintlobo motion ezikhoyo uxhulumaniso yemfuza, uhlobo ngalunye elula lisebenza njengesiseko sokuphuhlisa ezinokuntsonkotha iquka kuzo zonke kwanangamacandelo alo;

- ifomu nganye eliphakamileyo iiyantlukwano zalo ekhethekileyo, oko kukhokelela kuphuhliso esemgangathweni ngalo mba.

Oku akuthethi ukuba achaze uhlobo eliphezulu sesindululo kuphela yintshukumo imithetho eyahlukahlukeneyo. Umbutho iquka zonke umanyano ihlabathi eziphathekayo, kuquka ezingqondweni zabantu.

Imbali ingqiqo ka "isithuba" kwaye "ixesha"

Ixesha kunye nendawo njengoko neempawu zenkqunto yaqala ukuba baba nengcinga ngabantu elide phambi kokuba imbonakalo-bulumko. Nokuba abantu bakudala, wabagagamela ihlabathi, bazi ngobukho la. Ngaphezu koko, yokuba ziqondeka njenge ebumbene, yokulinganisa ngowamaxa kwaye ngelixa amanye amacandelo lomhlaba.

lweengcinga eziziintsomi indawo kunye nexesha yahlukile kakhulu ukususela namhlanje. Ixesha wabonakala njenge uhlobo wenkqu elibujikele, nto leyo wawusalathiswa elidlulileyo ukuya elizayo bakuqhelile nathi, lo gama ngaxeshanye intsebenziswano khona ngo imihlaba ezahlukeneyo: ihlabathi wookhokho babo, ihlabathi woothixo kunye nehlabathi yobomi lanamhlanje. Le mbono "kusasa" livela kuphela kumanqanaba aphezulu ekuphuhliseni uluntu. Enigcoba ngalo ixesha lokuhamba phakathi maleko kunokwenzeka, njengoko kwisithuba. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi wentsomi ngendlela ikhonkco komhlaba lowo umthi. Ngoko, kwi "Wabekeleni" isixelela ngendlela umntu omdala "Wayaneka ingcamango emthini," okt. E. Ukuhamba phezu kweenkuni, abophe amaxesha.

Yayo indawo nalo eyahlukileyo ngokubalulekileyo. Kwabonakala yayigxile kunye nesiphelo. Ngoko ke, oko kwakukholelwa ukuba kukho iziko emhlabeni, ngokuqhelekileyo ezinye uhlobo endaweni engcwele, yaye kukho ziphelo zehlabathi, emva koko kuza usiphongomisile bezmaterialny isiphithiphithi. Ukongeza, isithuba liye laqikelelwa zokuphawula, oko kukuthi, akubanga uniform: .. Ingaba iindawo okulungileyo nokubi. Umntu balinqula ihlabathi izinto lonke, kuquka isithuba kunye nexesha.

Nokufika ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu ukuqonda la iguquka. Kuza ukuqaphela ukuba iimpawu eziphathekayo njongo, ziyangqinisiseka kwaye ngokuxhomekeke kwimithetho physics.

Isithuba: uhlobo kunye neempawu

Space njenge lesiphumo umcimbi analog ehlabathini kwaye ngumphakamo wokuqala yokukhupha amanzi. It has mihlaba ilandelayo:

- ubude, oko kukuthi, ubukho kunye nonxibelelwano kuzo naziphi na izinto .. oko kuchazwa umanyano ekuqhubekekeni kunye discontinuity ngayo iqulathe amacandelo ngamnye, nto leyo kunye dibanisa ukuya yokungapheli;

- entlandlo-ntathu - ngokutsho parameters emzimbeni esithubeni ubude, bukwangako nobubanzi, ukuphakama; Ngokutsho kwithiyori Einstein, kukho sesine nokulungelelanisa axis - ixesha, kodwa ke kusebenza kuphela ngaphakathi sikhokelo physics, kwisithuba-ntathu bubonakale obungenasiphelo pholisa;

- Severability - isithuba lungohlulwa lube ezahlukeneyo amacandelo: iimitha, ukusuka, parsecs;

- ukufana kuthetha ukuba indawo ayikho naziphi na iingongoma ezithile;

.. - isotopic, okt ukulingana nawuphi na kwiindawo ezikhethiweyo;

- Infinity - isithuba akanasiqalo nasiphelo.

Ixesha: kombono neempawu

Nangona umba lesiphumo ichazwa njengendlela eyodwa iinkqubo kwihlabathi injongo kwaye neempawu ezizodwa. It has akukho analogu ehlabathini eziphathekayo kwaye ukutsalwa kwinqanaba lesibini. Ixesha ayibuyiseki umva, usoloko wawusalathiswa elidlulileyo ukuya elizayo kwindawo yangoku, nokuba intshukumo akunakwenzeka. Lubonakala yi ixesha kunye nolandelelwano. Iinkqubo zenzeka ngokulandelelana, amanyathelo awukwazi ukutshintsha kuqala. Ixesha eqhubekayo kunye ekhethekileyo ixesha. It is a nomsinga akanasiqalo nasiphelo, kodwa lungohlulwa lube ziqwempu: iiyure, iminyaka, iinkulungwane. Kwipropathi ebalulekileyo ixesha kwakhona ongenasiphelo yakhe okanye alipheli.