Ibali War of 1812: oonobangela, iziganeko ezinkulu, iziphumo

The War of 1812 wayengomnye edumileyo embalini. Oku kunjalo inqabile xa inxalenye ebalulekileyo ummandla Russian yayiphantsi umsebenzi. I imfazwe uNapoleon yaba yinxalenye ungquzulwano yaseYurophu kwinkulungwane XIX ekuqaleni.

zinto zifuneka kuqala ukulwa

enempi enkulu Juni 12 uNapoleon ngayo indenza umda umlambo Neman waza wasithimba isixeko Kovno. Noko ke, ibali War of 1812 ayikwazi ukuqalisa ngaphandle ngokukhankanywa kumasango eli phulo. Yintoni eyakwenza amakhulu amawaka amajoni yaseYurophu beentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo kuvela eRashiya?

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII eFransi kwakukho revolution, ngexesha awazibhukuqayo neNgonyama. Urhulumente waba republic, ngokuthe ngcembe wangumlawuli Paris wafika zinetalente ethandwa inkokeli yomkhosi uNapoleon Bonaparte. Uninzi amazwe aseYurophu ke wahlala phantsi neNgonyama epheleleyo. abalawuli Conservative (kubandakanywa i-Russian uKumkanikazi uCatherine II) abazange savuya iziganeko sokulwela inguqu epheleleyo intliziyo lizwekazi.

Ngoko ke, ukumkani kangangeminyaka eliqela kwasekwa ekulweni nxamnye eFransi. Zonke ezi imikhankaso akuphumelelanga. UNapoleon wayengomnye iinjengele abaye ilwelwe ilizwe kwabo bahlaseli. Ekubeni weza ngamandla, yaye ngo-1804 waba naye umlawuli. Oku kwaqala inqubo. Ngoku ke imikhosi French athimba kumazwe angabamelwane ukuba mhlawumbi ahlala okanye sifunyenwe sinyanisekile urhulumente Paris. Asinto imfazwe hlobo ngo-1812. Ngokufutshane, uNapoleon kwakufuneka ukujongana neemeko ezahlukeneyo kakhulu imfazwe, eyanikelwa wonqanyulwa, ungabikho izibonelelo ezintsha imikhosi amawaka eekhilomitha ukusuka kwilizwe lawo.

Ubudlelwane Alexander I

Ngelo xesha, itrone Russian ilawulwa Alexander I. aya namanye eziliqela nxamnye uNapoleon. Emva kokoyiswa kwi Austerlitz ngo-1805 kunye nezinye iintsilelo ezininzi umlawuli Russian kwafuneka ukugqiba isivumelwano ngokwemigaqo ye umfuziselo French. Uxolo Tilsit ngo-1807 ngexesha kuyisombulula imbambano phakathi bangi. Noko ke, uNapoleon walangazelela for ukubusa lokugqibela yeHlabathi Old. Ngoko ke wagqiba ekubeni hayi nje ukubetha Alexander, kwaye behlasela ilizwe lakhe. Ngoko ke waqalisa amalungiselelo ayehlasela Russia.

Xa uNapoleon wawela Niemen, phantsi yakhe ngakwibhanile yaba ngaphezu kwama-500 amawaka amajoni. Kwaba omkhulu, "tangle" le bezizwe ezahlukeneyo yaseYurophu. Ngeli xesha, oko woyiswa Austria kunye Prussia, ngubani nabo baye bazimanya inxenye yomkhosi yayo umkhosi Napoleonic. Ngokusemthethweni ukubunjwa zomkhosi ekuthiwa Great Army. Ezibangela ukuba War of 1812 walala phantsi kwemeko yokuba uqoqosho French eYurophu ayikwazanga ngonaphakade. UNapoleon kwakufuneka umngeni ummelwane ngamnye omtsha. Ngowe-1812, eli lizwe waba Russia.

Ukuba eRussia ilizwe ngokusesikweni cala, i-United Kingdom lisekhona kwimo ungquzulwano ne-France. UNapoleon wayefuna atshabalalise uqoqosho British ngokuthi zokusingatha ukuqapha zwekazi. IRussia ibisoloko iqabane yorhwebo ebalulekileyo UK, ngoko uNapoleon wabongoza Alexander ukugcina korhwebo yawo kokusayina Uxolo Tilsit. Noko ke, eSt Petersburg akazange afune ukuya kula manyathelo esibi wazama zonke iindlela ukuze kuthintelwe sivumelwano. Zizo ezo ezibangela ukuba War of 1812. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa ekuqaleni engenelwayo phakathi kwamazwe babini zizinto ezininzi. kuba akukho kukhankanywa kwexesha ibali zabo azizingenisanga epheleleyo 1812 imfazwe.

iqhinga uNapoleon kaThixo

Ukukhetha indlela kokubetha kwakhe eziphambili, uNapoleon wema e Moscow. Russia wawumkhulu kakhulu ukuba kweso nangoko lonke nommandla wayo. Ukongezelela Moscow, nayo waxoxa iinketho kunye uhlaselo Kiev ne St Petersburg, kodwa ziye zabukulwa. ERashiya, enkosi ingqondo wayesazi ukusebenza oluza uNapoleon. Ngoko ke, urhulumente waba ungxamile uMikhail Kutuzov ngokukhawuleza ukuphelisa imfazwe eTurkey, ukuze zilungele kwiphulo elitsha. Le isivumelwano soxolo ne Ottoman satyikitywa inyanga phambi hlaselo uNapoleon kaThixo. Ngokutsho kuyo, eRashiya lafumana Moldova.

Ziqala Wezomkhosi Great

Kwiinyanga zokuqala yemfazwe, uNapoleon wafudukela ngokukhululekileyo eRashiya. Wamelana imikhosi ezininzi ezincinane. Ekubeni ngamnye kubo bashenxiswe lula, Alexander wabongoza iinjengele ukuba bamanyane, ukunika utshaba kwidabi. Nendawo yaloo ntlanganiso ESmolensk. Ibali War of 1812 lubonisa umzekelo ogqibeleleyo indlela saa imikhosi Russian kuye kwahlanganiswa ngempumelelo ukuba baqhubele phambili ukulwa notshaba. Agasti 6, waqalisa Kwidabi ESmolensk, kodwa ngemini elandelayo, Barclay de Tolly wagqiba ekubeni abhenele eMoscow.

Imikhosi ababini bafudukela empuma de ekugqibeleni ke babesilwa phezu entsimini Borodino. Kweli dabi Agasti 26 kumacala omabini kwabulawa isixa kwamasoldati, yokuba angaba 80 amawaka. Akukho mntu sele nakwabangapasanga uloyiso isigqibo. Emva kokuba lokulwa ikomkhulu Russian isigqibo sokushiya eMoscow. UNapoleon wangena esixekweni engenanto. Wahlala apho ngaphezu kwenyanga. Ebudeni beli xesha siye sibe amatyala rhoqo wabaphangi. Ibali War of 1812 akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokuchaza nasekuhleni komdla phakathi kwamasoldati isiFrentshi, abo phantse uvalelwe kwisixeko engaqhelekanga ziphangwe. UNapoleon wasala ngaphandle kwezibonelelo. Ukongeza, phambili abandayo, apho French ngokucacileyo abantu abakakulungeli. Ukuthatha eMoscow akaninikanga uNapoleon nanzuzo qhinga. Wagqiba ukuya ezantsi kuba ubusika endlini efudumeleyo.

Kokurhoxa French

Noko ke, icebo lakhe akuphumelelanga. Ngo-Oktobha 12, i-French boyiswa kwi Maloyaroslavets, emva kokuba kuye kwagqitywa ekubeni abhenele ngasentshona. Kweli nqanaba, umkhosi Russian 1812 ukuba sisebenze kumboniso kunye luqalile, abo ngokuhlukumeza isiFrentshi. UNapoleon kwakufuneka abhenele amaphondo, leyo wonakalise kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambili. indlala nempi yakhe.

Novemba 3 kufuphi kwilali Red isiFrentshi boyiswa umkhosi Kutuzov kunye Miloradovich. Emva koko waqalisa imfuduko abaninzi. Utsho evala War of 1812. Ngokufutshane, uNapoleon lizama amandla abo. Ukongeza, wachitha ixesha elixabisekileyo ngoxa esaphethe eMoscow. NgoDisemba 14 amajoni zokugqibela Grand Army wemka Russia.

Ixabiso yemfazwe

Iziphumo ze-War of 1812 kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba uNapoleon wazama ukuya kubamba eRussia. Kwakufuneka aye ekhaya nto. Oku kubonelele entsha womanyano anti-French, nto leyo kunyaka olandelayo iye yabangela Bonaparte boyisiwe e Leipzig. Kungekudala igunya lakhe ukusebenza, waza yena wathunyelwa ekuthinjweni.