Ukunyanzela iinkqubo zomthetho zexesha lethu

Ukuqwalasela iinkqubo zomthetho zanamhlanje kwisakhelo sesinye sezomthetho, okokuqala kubalo bonke abalobi beencwadi zezifundo, ootitshala, oogqirha abanengqondo, eqinisweni, iinkqubo ezenzekayo ukuba zibe nantoni na kwihlabathi lethu. Wena. Akukho kuphela iimpawu zenkqubo yomthetho yaseRussia, kodwa iinkqubo kumazwe ngamnye eMhlabeni ziqwalaselwa.

Kuza kube namhlanje, sinokuhlukanisa ezimbini ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, iinkqubo ezikhuphisanayo. Ziyimpumelelo kakhulu, eyamkelekileyo kwaye yaxhaphaka: I-Romano-German kunye ne-Anglo-Saxon. Ngamanye amaxesha u-socialism ubizwa kunye nabo, kodwa abaninzi beembali-mlando bathi i- intanethi yinkqubo yentlalo yinkqubo yenkqubela ukusuka kwenye inkqubo ukuya kwenye.

Iinkqubo zomthetho zexesha lethu zinemiqobo kunye neenzuzo zabo. Ngamanye amaxesha umntu owayengumntu ogqithiseleyo wokugqibela. Yaye inkqubo efanayo kumazwe ahlukeneyo ingahlakulela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezithile zeenkqubo ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa ezinye zihamba ngokukhawuleza.

Inkqubo nganye ibandakanya, njengezinto ezihlukeneyo, kungekhona nje kuphela izenzo, iindlela zokuthotyelwa komthetho, kodwa nokuzibandakanya kwabemi. Ukufana kwezinto ezizimeleyo phakathi kwazo zivumela ukuba sithumele inkqubo ethile kwi "intsapho yomthetho".

Kakade ke, iinkqubo zomthetho zanamhlanje zinemveliso yazo yesizwe kunye neembali. Oku kubonakala nakwigama "leentsapho" ezisemthethweni.

System Continental

Umthetho waseRashiya ubizwa ngokuba "yintsapho" ye-romano-isiJalimane okanye i-continental (njengoko isabizwa). Belana ngesiseko esifanayo sezomthetho kumazwe aseYurophu, eJapan, eLatin America naseChina (inxalenye). Inxalenye ephambili yale nkqubo kukubona ukulungiswa kwamalungelo abantu (uMgaqo-siseko) kunye nokwabiwa kwemimiselo yommi kwilizwe lakhe. Isekelwe kumaziko aseRoma awamalungelo, aphuhliswe kakuhle kwiiyunivesithi eYurophu. Ukulawulwa komthetho kusekwe ngamanani amanani, kodwa uMgaqo-siseko unamandla amakhulu omthetho. Kungenxa yokuba yonke imithetho yelizwe yakhiwa kwaye yatshintshwa, kuba iqulethe amalungelo ommi njengexabiso eliphakamileyo likarhulumente. Umgaqo-siseko ofanayo ukhona kwamanye amazwe anomgaqo-nkqubo welizwekazi (umzekelo, iSibhengezo samaLungelo kwiYurophu yaseYurophu).

Inxalenye yesibini "yentsapho" yohluko loluntu kunye nolwangasese (iikhontrakthi zomhlaba kunye noomaspala zifihliweyo ). Ayikho imfihlelo yokuba kukho imeko xa uluntu kunye neminqweno yomntu zidibene. Kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo umthetho unokutolika njengokuthanda uluntu, kwaye ukuthanda ummi. Kodwa inkqubo yenkundla ikuvumela ukuba udibanise, uphendule imeko nganye, kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, wenze utshintsho kwiikhowudi ze-RF: jikelele (njengemibutho yabasebenzi) kunye nekhethekileyo (izindlu, iintsapho kunye nabanye).

Ngokuqinisekileyo, iinkqubo zomthetho zehlabathi zaziphuculwe: kwakukho imithetho kwipropathi yengqondo kunye nabanye, okwakungekho ekuqaleni.

Inkqubo ye-Anglo-Saxon

Enye inkqubo eqhelekileyo yinkqubo ye-Anglo-Saxon: iUnited States kunye neBritish Commonwealth (iBrithani enkulu, eyahluke kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, eKhanada, eNew Zealand, eNigeria, e-Australia nabanye). Le nkqubo isekelwe kwinkqubo yombutho wee-colonies: ukuphambili kwamandla. Ukutshintsha, i-Anglo-Saxon inkqubo inomxholo obalulekileyo - ubulungisa. Ukwenza ngokuhambelanayo nesazela - loo mgaqo, kubonakala ngathi, unokusombulula ingxaki enkulu yelizwekazi-ukunganeliseki kwamaqela ngenxa yokungafani nokuchazwa komthetho. Umgaqo usasebenza nanamhlanje: xa umthetho ungenamandla, ukulungelelanisa (kwakhona ukusuka kwinjongo yokuzijonga kwintendelezo) kusetyenziswa amanyathelo. Enyanisweni, kuphela ngokuphathelele kwipropati yabucala, ubudlelwane bekhontrakthi, izigwebo zomgwebo. Kwaye kuphela ngenxa yemigangatho yomthetho jikelele.

Inkcazo yabucala kwinkqubo ye-Anglo-Saxon ibanzi kakhulu, ngoko ke ukungafani phakathi kwabemi. Ngokomzekelo, amalungelo abo bobabini iinkampani kunye nabantu ngabanye bayabonwa ngasese (umgaqo wobulungisa "ubonakala").

Ngoko, iinkqubo zomthetho ezisisiseko ngokusemthethweni zexesha lethu zihluka ngeendlela zokwanelisa amalungelo angundoqo oluntu. Kwaye ngokubhekiselele kumthetho uyakwazi ukufezekisa le njongo - kunzima ukugweba, ukuhlala kuphela kwinkqubo enye, ngaphandle kokufumana umphumo wesinye.

Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba iinkqubo zomthetho zexesha lethu zinokuthi zibe nohlobo oluhlukileyo: njengezinye iifom "zincinci" (uMthetho wamaSilamsi, amaYuda kunye nabanye) (umzekelo, unokuthatha iYurophu yeNyunyana kunye neSibhengezo soLuntu ).