I-bronze yinto yokwakhiwa kwe-alloy. Ukwakhiwa kweMikhali yobhedu

Abantu abaninzi bayazi malunga nebhedu kuphela ukuba imifanekiso kunye nezikhumbuzo zikhutshwa kuyo. Enyanisweni, esi sinyithi sithintela ingqalelo engafanelekanga. Enyanisweni, kungekhona into embi kwimbali yoluntu yayisithuba seBronze - ixesha elipheleleyo, apho i-alloy ithatha isikhundla esiphambili. Le ngenye yezinto ezimbalwa ezisetyenziselwa zombini nakwizobugcisa. Iimpawu ezinobumba obhedu nge-tin ziyimfuneko kumasebe amaninzi emveliso. Isetyenziswe ekuveliseni izibhamu, kwisakhiwo somatshini, ekukhonkeleni iibhendi zebandla kunye njalo. Ngelo xesha kunamanani amaninzi eemveliso zetsimbi, ngasinye sinezixhobo ezithile eziphambili.

Ukusetyenziswa kwebhedu kwixesha elidlulileyo

Ukukhankanywa kokuqala kwe-alloy yobhedu kunye ne-tin kubhalwe kwi-4th millennium BC. Yiyo le nkqubela yezobuchwepheshe, njengoko izazi-mlando zikholelwa, eziye zavumela impucuko yaseMesopotamiya ukuba ihlale kwindawo ekhokelayo ngexesha elo. Ukucwaningwa kwezinto zakudala ezenziwa eMzantsi Iran kuyangqina ngokusetyenziswa kwebhusi ngokubanzi ukuveliswa kweentloko, iingqungquthela, iimbambo, iingcingo, iinkemba. Phakathi kwezinto ezifunyenweyo kukho izinto zangaphakathi, umzekelo, ifenitshala kunye nezibuko, kunye neepaki, i-amphoras, iifestile kunye namacwecwe. Ukutyalwa kwemali yamandulo kunye nokwenza iigrafti, enye iselulo esetyenzisiweyo.

I-bronze kwi-Middle Ages iqalisa ukusebenzisa iYurophu. Ivelisa izinto ezinjengeemonon kunye neendlu zebandla. Kwiminyaka kamva, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwesakhiwo somatshini, ngokunjalo isinyithi yonke asizange ibonwe. Kwaye yaxabiswa, ngenxa yeyona nto ininzi, ukukhupha izixhobo kunye nezakhiwo ezingabonakaliyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izinto ezisetyenziswe ngaphambili zahlukahlukileyo nakwizinto ezibhekiselwe namhlanje. Ukubunjwa kwe-alloy equlethe ubuninzi bezinto ezingcolileyo, ngokugqithise ngakumbi umgangatho walo.

Ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali zethusi zanamhla

Namhlanje kwisayensi yezinto eziphathekayo ngobhedu kuthiwa yi-alloy yeesinyithi ezimbini: ubhedu kunye ne-tin, ezingasetyenziselwa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo. I-Zinc, i-phosphorus, i-magnesium, i-lead kunye ne-silicon ingongezwa kule nsimbi ukwenza isinyithi iimpawu ezichaziweyo. Ubuninzi bezinto ezingcolileyo ngoncedo ngoncedo lwezobuchwepheshe zanamhlanje luye lwahlulwa lube lukhulu.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, ubungakanani bethusi kunye ne-tin kwi-85 ukuya kwi-15 ekhulwini bayamkeleka. Ukunciphisa inani lecandelo lesibini ngaphantsi kweli nqanaba liphakamisa iingxaki ezininzi, enye eyona nto ikwahlukana. Eli thuba i-metallurgists libiza inkqubo yokucwangcisa i-alloy kunye nokudibanisa kwayo.

Impembelelo yombala we-alloy kumgangatho wayo

Abantu abanolwazi banokufunda okuninzi ngezinto eziphathekayo, kuphela ngokujonga umbala obethusi. Ubume buchaphazela ngqo le parameter. Akunzima ukuqagela, ityhefu inikeza i-tinge ebomvu kwi-alloy. Ngako oko, ukwehla kwerhafu yepesenti ekuthandweni kwamanye amacandelo kuya kuthetha ukuba utshintshile ngokukhawuleza kombala kwiimpawu ezinobumba.

Ngomlinganiselo oqhelekileyo wezakhiwo (u-85% wobhedu), ubhedu lubangela ukuhluma. Olu hlobo lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo lunokufumaneka rhoqo. I-alloy emhlophe ifumaneka emva kokulungiswa komlinganiselo ukuya kumlinganiselo we-50:50. Kodwa ukuba wenze ubhedu obhedu, kufuneka unciphise ubuninzi beethusi kwi-35%.

Ngokuphathelele ukutshintsha iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze-alloy xa uzama ukubunjwa kwawo, imeko apha ilandelayo. Ukungahambi kakuhle kwezinto eziza kuxhomekeka ngqo kumxholo we-tin kuwo. Eyona ncinane, ibhondi ephosakeleyo, kodwa le ngxelo iyinyaniso kuphela kumda othile. Ngoko ke, xa uphawu lufikelela kuma-50%, i-alloy iphinda ithambile.

Bronze ngo bugcisa

Izinto eziqinileyo kunye ezizinzileyo, ngelixa kunesimo sokuncibilika esaneleyo kunye nokunyaniseka okuhle, akunakwenzeka kodwa abantu abanomdla, ngokukodwa abenzi bemifanekiso. Sekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-5 ukuya kwele-4 BC eGrisi, ubugcisa bezithombe zethusi zaye zenziwa kwiinkcukacha ezincinci, ezisezona zinto namhlanje. Iqulethwe kukuba ifufti yempahla engamelana nomlilo iyakuthatyathwa ngokutsha kunye ne-wax, echithwa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokuphonsa. Ukwenza oku, imodeli ye-gypsum kufuneka yenziwe kuqala, kwaye i-mold ye-casting. Umxholo we-wax xa ubonakaliswe kwiqondo lokushisa litshisa nje, kwaye indawo yalo ihlala ngethusi, epholisa kwaye iqinise. Emva koko, uhlala kuphela ekusebenzeni nasekufezekeni.

Iinqwelo zetsimbi

Ukuveliswa kwezibhamu, kwaye kamva nezinye izixhobo zempi, ibhedu yayisetyenziswa rhoqo. Ukubunjwa kwe-alloy, esetyenziswe kule njongo, ngokuqhelekileyo iqulethe i-90% yobhedu kunye ne-10% yeetoni. Oku kubangelwa ukuba izinto eziphathekayo kufuneka zimelele kakhulu kwaye zinokumelana nokunyuka kokunyuka. Iimpawu ezinjalo ziphathwe ngethusi yebhedu BRAZhM10-3-1.5. Ukongeza kwimiba ephambili, iqulethe i-1-2% ye-manganese, eyongeza impawu zokukhupha nokushisa.

Ukwenza icawa ibhenela

I-Bell eculayo kufuneka ibe ngumculo, kwaye isandi sayo kufanele sithokozise indlebe ekude. Okumangalisayo kukuba, ibhedu ineetalente ezinjalo zomculo. Ukuphucula isandi sensimbi siyenziwe nge-alloy enomxholo okwandisiweyo we-tin (ukususela kuma-20 ukuya kuma-22%). Ngamanye amaxesha kwongeza enye yesiliva. Amabanga amabhondi, asetyenziswe ekwakhiweni kweentsimbi kunye nezinye izixhobo zokuxubusha, azifanelekanga ukwenza isicelo esisebenzayo kwamanye amashishini. Oku kubangelwa ukuba i-alloy enjalo inesakhiwo esilungileyo kunye nokunyuka.

I-Phosphoric kunye ne-aluminium yethusi

Ngethuba lokuqala i-alloy eline-90% yobhedu, i-9% ye-tin ne-1% ye-phosphorus isetyenziswe nguKünzel ngo-1871. Kwakubizwa ngokuba yi-phosphor yobhedu, kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo zifunyenwe ngokukodwa kwezobunjineli. Amacandelo ahlukeneyo oomatshini aphonswa kuwo, aphantsi kokungqubuzana. I-Phosphorus iyimfuneko yokwandisa ukunyaniseka nokunyusa iipropati zokulwa ne-corrosion. Inzuzo ebalulekileyo yale nsimbi kukuba izalisa iiprooves ngokupheleleyo ekukhutsheni.

I-Aluminium yobhedu, obunjalo obonakaliswe ngobuninzi bokhuni (kufika kuma-95%), ngokubonakala ngathi kufana negolide. Ngaphandle kobuhle, inamanani amaninzi angenakukhunjulwa. Ngokomzekelo, ukongezwa kwe-aluminium ka-5% kuvumela i-alloy ukuba imelane nokukhawuleza ixesha elide kwi-medium aggressive, njenge-acidity eyandisiweyo.

Njengemveliso yokuveliswa kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo oomatshini, esi sinyithi phantse i-phosphor ibhadule kwiibilisi zamaphepha kunye nemveliso ye powder ngenxa yokuchasana okuphezulu.

I-silicon kunye ne-manganese ibhusi

I-silicon ifakwa kwi-alloy ukwenzela ukwandisa ukuqhuba kombane. Lo ngumgangatho wasetyenziswe kwimveliso yocingo lwefowuni. Ukwakhiwa kweenkcukacha ze-silicon ngobhedu kunjengale ndlela: 97.12% yobhedu, 1.14% yeetini, i-0.05% ye-silicon.

Inkqubo eyinkqubo eyinkqenkqonkqo kakhulu inokuziqhayisa i-alloy ene-manganese. Inqubo yonke ihamba ngezigaba eziliqela. Okokuqala, i-ferromangan yongezwa kubhedu obutyhidiweyo. Emva koko, ekuncedeni urhulumente weqondo lokushisa, i-tin yongezwa, kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, i-zinc. Inkampani yeNgesi iBronce Inkampani ikhiqiza amabanga ambalwa ebhedu e-manganese, eneentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobunzima. Le alloy ingasetyenziselwa phantse kuwo onke amashishini.