Ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo: iindidi, iifomu kunye nemizekelo. Intsebenziswano phakathi eziphilayo kwi-ikhosistim

Indalo intle kwaye zahlukahlukene. Akhoyo kule planethi, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kwafuneka afunde ukuba bahlale bobabini. Ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo - kunzima, kodwa esinomdla isihloko, nto leyo eya kukunceda ukuba uqonde izwe ngcono abasingqongileyo.

iintlobo ubudlelwano

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo nobudlelwane lwezinto eziphilayo kunye nabanye. Kodwa izazinzulu uzahlule zibe ngamaqela amakhulu amathathu.

Iqela lokuqala idibanisa zonke ezo iintlobo ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo, leyo kubizwa iziphumo ezidibanisayo esiza khona kungekho ntswela eziphilayo ezimbini.

Iqela lesibini liquka abo iindidi ubudlelwane ezibizwa negative. Impefumlelwano eziphilayo ezimbini kuzuza izicatshulwa omnye kuphela, kwaye eyesibini edandathekileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha lo wokugqibela lofa ngenxa kulo mtshato. Kweli qela ukwasebenza le impefumlelwano eziphilayo ochaphazela ngokungalunganga zombini yokuqala neyesibini ngamnye.

Iqela lesithathu ithathwa ukuba zincinane. Eli qela libandakanya ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo ongavelisi nasiphi na isibonelelo okanye umonakalo omabini amaqela.

izimvo ezakhayo ubuhlobo eziphilayo

Ukuze ezikhoyo emhlabeni, kufuneka ufumane namahlakani kunye nabancedisi. Yile kwaye wenza izityalo ezininzi kunye nezilwanyana kuphuhliso lwabo kwemvelo. Isiphumo kubangelwa, omabini amacala apho kuxhamla ubuhlobo. Okanye ukuba nobuhlobo kuzuza icala elinye kuphela, kwaye ke wesibini Musani ukubaphatha kakubi.

ubudlelwane obuhle, ekwabizwa ngokuba ngokuncedisana ezahlukeneyo. Ngoku ama intsebenziswano, mutualism kunye commensalism.

ukubambisana

Intsebenziswano - ezi ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo kungenelwa xa kususwa macala omabini. Amaninzi, le Inzuzo ukuveliswa kokutya. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha elinye iqela lifumana evela kwenye, kungekhona ukutya kuphela, kodwa ukhuselo. umdla kakhulu ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo. Imizekelo kunokubonwa ehlabathini isilwanyana, kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi.

Enye yezi intsebenziswano unonkala yedwa kunye anemone ulwandle. Ngenxa anemones, umhlaza ifumana yokuhlala kunye nokhuselo kwabanye abemi isithuba kwamanzi. Ngaphandle anemone ulwandle Ilolo nonkala awukwazi ukuhamba. Kodwa umhlaza ukwandisa ukutya yokukhangela radius. Ukongeza, awutyi actinium, uhle uye emazantsi kunye nomhlaza. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinzuzo kulo mtshato la macala mabini.

Omnye umzekelo ubudlelwane steel imikhombe inkomo neentaka. ulwalamano olunjalo phakathi eziphilayo ukuvumela omnye amaqela ukufumana ukutya. iintaka eenkomo Zitya nezinambuzane, apho bahlala ngobuninzi phezu lomkhombe enkulu. Rhino abamelwane nabo eluncedo. Ngenxa ezi ntaka, yena uyakwazi ukuphila ubomi obunempilo Ungakhathazeki malunga izinambuzane.

commensalism

Commensalism - ezi ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo zemvelo xa inzuzo ephilayo yaye enye kwezi zobuhlobo abanazo ukungakhululeki, kodwa hayi iinzuzo. Olu hlobo ubudlelwane nako ngokuba nahlebnichestvom.

Ookrebe - ezizingelayo ezimbi zolwandle. Kodwa akukho-intlanzi bafumane ithuba ukuze iphile, yaye bazikhusele kwezinye ezizingelayo zasemanzini, ababuthathaka xa kuthelekiswa ookrebe. remora zeentlanzi bazuze ookrebe. Kodwa musa kubazisa na elungileyo. Ngelo xesha, akukho nto imbi. Kuba ookrebe lo buhlobo kuyaqapheleka.

Usana kweempuku zingafunyanwa entsha kuphela, kodwa inani enkulu izinambuzane ezahlukileyo. Nora wadala irhamncwa, uba ikhaya labo. Kulapha ukuba yokuhlala nje kuphela, kodwa ukhuselo abo izilwanyana abathanda ukutya kuzo. Le isinambuzane besikrekrethi hole ayikho eyoyikekayo. Ukongeza, apha bayakwazi ukufumana ukutya okwaneleyo ukuze baphile ubomi ngaphandle ezingxingongweni. Iimpuku akukabi nazo naziphi na iingxaki yeendidi ezinjalo zobudlelwane.

imibono emibi lobudlelane phakathi eziphilayo

Ezikhoyo kunye emhlabeni, izilwanyana nga nje kuphela ukunceda abanye, kodwa yingozi. Akukho lula ukufunda ezi ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo. Le theyibhile iya kunceda abafundi kunye nabafundi.

Iintlobo nokuzalana zithathwa ezingentle, ke, nazo zohlulwa ngokwendidi eziliqela. Phakathi kwabo abo apho elinye iqela afumane inzuzo, kunye nezinye umonakalo, yaye kukho abo beva ubunzima ezivela macala omabini. imizekelo ezimbi babonwa uburhamncwa, parasitism kunye nokhuphiswano.

izilwane

Yintoni uburhamncwa, umntu onokumxelela ngaphandle ukulungiselelwa. Le ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo apho izibonelelo elinye icala kunye nezinye ehlupheka. Ukuze siqonde ukuba ngubani na lowo udlayo ukuba ngcono, ungenza kwikhonkco lokutya. Ke ngoko kulula ukubona ukuba Azityi abaninzi baba ukutya kwezinye izilwanyana. Ngelo xesha, yaye amarhamncwa nako ukutya umntu.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba neencanda badla abazotywe ngayo imifanekiso kunye apile kunye neenkowane, ukuba zamarhamncwa. Neencanda zitya namabuzi ezincinane. Kodwa awukwazi bazive bekhuselekile. Bangakwazi kudliwa iimpungutye. Ukongeza, impungutye, banjengeengcuka badla imivundla.

parasitism

Parasitism - na uhlobo lolwalamano apho omnye ephilayo ofumana imvume Bulelani kwenye. Kodwa lo Isidleli kudla izama ukuqinisekisa ukuba umzimba sesibini abulawe. Ngokuba kungenjalo amaphelo kuya kufuneka ukuba ufumane ngokwabo indawo yokuhlala entsha kunye mthombo entsha ukutya. Okanye ubhubhe.

Zilwanyana lifumaneka kwizilwanyana nezityalo. Umzekelo, phantse zonke mmi band eliphakathi wabona mushroom yingxubuwa. Esi eziphilayo, nto leyo lula amalungiselelo kwi ngesihlahla, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ikhula siswele. Le ngundo akukho lula ukususa esiqwini. It Iqinisekile ngokuqinileyo kakhulu. ngundo umthi Ngenxa ifumana ukutya, kwakunye nendawo yokuhlala.

Kukho inani enkulu ziimpethu ubomi ngokuncama a ephilayo eyomeleleyo kunye nombutho ezintsonkothileyo. Mhlawumbi edume kakhulu impethu le-ekutyeni nasemakhalaneni Ascaris kwabantu. ntshulube White zingaba bukhulu ezahlukeneyo. Bahlala nje kuphela emathunjini. Kwiimeko eziqatha, unako ukufumana indawo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomzimba. Siyabonga indoda askarid uhlala ukutya. Ngaphezu koko, umzimba womntu ubushushu kunye iimeko eziyimfuneko ukuze ngokukhuselekileyo ziimpethu khona, banda. Inani elikhulu Ascaris emzimbeni womntu uba unobangela ngokuphazamiseka kunye neengxaki ezininzi ukusombulula ukuba kuphela ugqirha.

Xa imizimba yezinye izilwanyana ngokufuthi ukuzinza ntshulube olwaye lwamfimfitha. Phakathi kwabo ukuze zikhankanyiwe, umzekelo, flukes zesibindi. Loo ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo uba yintlekele ngokwenene abantu. Ngokukodwa abo benza lulimo isilwanyana okanye izitiya. Umonakalo owenziwe kwezolimo amagciwane, kuba ibingenakubalwa.

ukhuphiswano

Nangona ezizingelayo anamagazi, wakhokela zizingela izilwanyana ezincinane buthathaka imini nobusuku, olu khuphiswano uthathwa uhlobo ngokuqatha ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo. Ngapha koko, ezo zinxulumene kumzabalazo indawo phantsi kwelanga phakathi abameli zezohlobo olufanayo. Kwaye indlela ukuze ufumane izixa eyimfuneko ukutya, okanye indawo yokuhlala engcono uhlobo ngalunye lwabo.

Umlo win izilwanyana ngokomelela zikhululekile ngakumbi. Kulile Strong ukufumana lixhoba elungileyo, ngoxa abanye bahlale okanye utye ezinye izilwanyana ngaphantsi esimnandi, okanye afe yindlala. Loo umzabalazo ni nkwetlembetano phakathi kwezityalo ukuze ukufumana ukufuma okanye kwelanga kangangoko.

ubuhlobo yokungayi

Kukwakho ezo iintlobo ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo, xa omabini amacala musa kufumana nayiphi inzuzo okanye okubi. Nangona yokuba bahlala kwindawo enye, ukuba ngokupheleleyo nto eqhelekileyo. Ukuba elinye icala ulwalamano izakulahleka ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba, Ezecala lesibini alichatshazelwa ngqo.

Ngoko ke, kumazwe efudumeleyo, izilwanyana ezitya izityalo ezahlukeneyo zitya amagqabi omthi efanayo. Neendlulamthi udle ezo amagqabi eziphezu kwentloko. Zezona kamnandi kakhulu kwaye emnandi. Kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezitya izityalo kufuneka ukuba adle iintsalela yokukhula ngezantsi. Neendlulamthi Awaphazamisani nabo kwaye musa ukuthatha ukutya. Ngenxa yokuba izilwanyana asezantsi abakwazi ukufikelela amagqabi, badle phezulu. A eliphezulu akwenzi ngqiqo ukugoba athathe nokutya kwabanye.

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo lobudlelane phakathi eziphilayo. Uze ufunde lula ukuze bonke bephela ayikho. Kodwa ke kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba yonke indalo ezihambelanayo. Usoloko izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kuchaphazela abanye elihle okanye elibi, ubuncinane zingakuchaphazeli nangayiphi na indlela. Kodwa ukuba zingadityaniswa ngqo, oko akuthethi akuthethi ukuba yokuduka umntu akakwazi kungakhokelela kukufa komnye. Ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo - inxalenye ebalulekileyo yehlabathi.