Biography Butlerova Aleksandra kunye negalelo lakhe kwinzululwazi

Biography Butlerova apho uya kufunda kweli nqaku, ukuphawula ukusekwa kwithiyori lwesakhiwo chemical. Le mbono namhlanje sisiseko inzululwazi yohlobo iikhompawundi chemical.

Butlerova biography iqala ngo-1828, xa ilali encinane Butlerovke ibekwe kude Kazan, wazalwa Alexander. Esi siganeko senzeke ngegama likayise.

Butlerov Aleksandr Mihaylovich: ebuntwaneni

Alexander akazange ukukhumbula unina wakhe njengokuba yena wafa iintsuku ezili-11 emva kokuzalwa unyana wakhe. uyise wakhe indoda zizifundiswa, kwaye nzulu elizayo wayefuna ngeenxa zonke kuye. Ekuqaleni, le nkwenkwe waya kwisikolo esibhodisayo, waza waqalisa ukufunda Sokuqala Kazan yokuzilolonga. Kule esikoleni ootitshala abanamava kakhulu abo bakwazi ukuvelisa umdla kwizifundo zabo. Alexander zokufunda kwakulula, ingakumbi zatsala ngesayensi.

Iiklasi kwiYunivesithi Kazan, sifudukele Kazan

Ngokwahlukileyo isicelo uyise, emva kokugqiba kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, Alexander wagqiba kwelokuba abe ngumfundi wenzululwazi zendalo isebe i-University of Kazan. Emva konyaka, ngowe-1845-m, ungeniswe kunyaka wokuqala. Ngeli xesha, lo mfana wayeneminyaka eli-17 ubudala.

Biography Butlerova eyanikwayo ngo-1846 isiganeko esibi - waye wagula nge yesifo. Man ngokungummangaliso basinda, kodwa utata wam, owosulelekileyo yiNTSHOLONGWANE nguye, wafa. Butlerof ekwindla wafudukela no-anti wakhe Kazan. Eyunivesithi wafunda kunene, kodwa kungekudala ndaphawula ukuba uninzi zonke yena uthanda iintetho kwemithi. Ayizange ukwanelisa iintetho nguNjingalwazi Claus, ngoko waqalisa ukuya kwiiklasi, nto leyo eyakhokelela uNikolay Nikolaevich Zinin. ukubukela yokugqibela ngexesha umsebenzi yilebhu Alexander waphawula ukuba onesiphiwo.

Ukukhuselwa lomsebenzi yomviwa

Kwizidanga yenkosi Alexander wayephumelele eyunivesithi ukungenisa ithisisi. Zinin eli xesha baya eSt Petersburg e Kazan. Ngoko ke, Alexander kwafuneka ukuba sijongane kunye nenzululwazi yezobugqi. Wayibopha ngomsebenzi wakhe PhD inqaku elinomxholo othi "Butterflies izilwanyana iVolga-phambene". Kodwa emva kokuba lo gama iimeko ezinjalo ukuba Butlerof kodwa wabuyela ngemichiza.

Sebenza kwi University of Kazan

Emva lokufumana isidanga, Alexander wayesebenza kwiYunivesithi Kazan. NoKlaus, uprofesa kuphela chemistry, ababa ngokwayo ukwenza yonke imisebenzi kwaye kwakufuneka umncedi eyaba Alexander. Butlerof ekwindla ka-1850 baphumelela iimviwo yaye waba yinkosi of chemistry. Yena ngoko nangoko waqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla ithisisi yakhe zobugqirha kwisihloko amafutha kubalulekile. Butlerov wasivuna umsebenzi ekuqaleni konyaka ozayo. Kunye kulwenziwo iintetho Alexander ukwenza isifundo ngokucokisekileyo imbali zemichiza.

Butlerof nerd

Biography Butlerova unomdla kuphela ekhemisi, kodwa zezityalo. Alexander kwenziwa amalinge e zokugcina zazo ezibe Butlerovke e Kazan. Kwakhona wabhala amanqaku kwi floriculture, ukulima kunye nezolimo Butlerov uAleksandr Mihaylovich. Amafoto isikhumbuzo Alexander, ibekwe Kazan, kufuphi eyunivesithi, ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi.

Ubugqirha, uhambo aphesheya, iminikelo ngemichiza

Butlerof ngoJuni 4, 1854 bafumana ubugqirha physics kanye chemistry. Ngokukhawuleza emva koko, wamiselwa unjingalwazi lejaji chemistry zomthonyama Kazan University wakhe. Butlerof ekuqaleni kuka 1857, wayesele uprofesa. Kulo nyaka, ehlotyeni, wafumana imvume ukuba aye kwelinye izwe.

E Berlin Alexander kufika ekupheleni kwehlobo. Emva kwethuba waya uhambo nge eJamani, eItali, eSwitzerland kunye France. EParis njongo iphambili yale uhambo. Ngelo xesha yayiliziko lomhlaba isifundo zemichiza. Butlerova umdla kakhulu yokuhlangana Adolf Wurtz. Zaselebhu yakhe, wasebenza iinyanga 2 uAleksandr Butlerov. Wemithi, waqala ukuba baqhube imifuniselo zabo apha. Emva kwexesha elithile, uphando lwakhe waphuma nezeentlahlela. Kwiminyaka engama-20 ezayo, wayivula ezininzi ukusabela kwezinto Alexander Butlerov. Ukuba negalelo chemistry yayo kuye omkhulu. Ngaphezu koko, baye baqhuba syntheses engumzekelo ethylene kunye ethanol, alkoholi ephakamileyo, dinzobutilena, trioxymethylene, hexamine zezona imvelaphi eziliqela mveliso. Zinelungelo isiphumo emnandi lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso. Njengoko ubona, omninzi inzululwazi kunye noshishino wenza Butlerov uAleksandr Mihaylovich. Ukuphumeza kunzima zazi. Ngoku xelela mayelana mbono wadala ngulo yemichiza.

mbono Butlerova

Butlerof hydrocarbon ukufunda, ndaqonda ukuba iklasi eyahlukileyo wemichiza. Scientist ukuhlalutya iimpawu zabo kunye nesakhiwo, waphawula umthetho engqongqo, nto leyo yenza isiseko kwithiyori lwesakhiwo weekhemikhali, zadalwa nguye.

Butlerova ingxelo Paris Academy of Sciences, kukwamkelwa ngomdla. Yaqalisa mpikiswano eliphilileyo. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, ngexesha uhambo 2nd phesheya, Alexander thaca imfundiso yakhe. Wanikela intetho kwi 36 kwinkongolo koogqirha kunye izazinzulu e yaseSpeyer, eyayibanjwe ngoSeptemba 1861 Butlerov funda ingxelo yakhe "Into malunga nesakhiwo eekhemikhali imizimba." Scientist laqalisa abaphulaphuli wadala ingcamango entsha ubume oganikhi khompawundi. Wathi zonke atom ukuba yinxalenye yomzimba kuthetha ngqo uluhlu yayo izenzo kunye nemikhosi ezijoliswe athom zilurhangqile. Kungenxa yale sesichengeni athom ubophe zinemoletyhule lweentlobo imichiza. Wabiza isakhiwo eekhemikhali ukusebenza ukusasazwa le mibutho, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba nokuhlangana ye atom. Ngenxa yoko, amasuntswana ezihlolwayo kufuneka isiseko yemichiza leyo ixhomekeke kuhlobo ohlukileyo, umgaqo-siseko labo imichiza kunye nobungakanani.

Qaphela ukuba phambi Butlerova wadibana kule ncwadi, igama elithi "isakhiwo kwemichiza". Nangona kunjalo, lo nzulu waqalisa uhlaziye ukusetyenziswa kwayo ukucacisa ingqiqo entsha. Ithiyori lwesakhiwo kwemichiza sisiseko onke amasebe of chemistry zokwenziwa.

Ukufumana trimethyl carbinol

Unyaka yonwabileyo kubomi nga kuqwalaselwa Butlerova 1863rd wayelandela acetyl chloride dimethylzinc, isazinzulu okokuqala kwimbali ifumene tertiary butyl utywala, nelaziwa ngokuba trimethyl. Kule ncwadi, oko kamsinya emva koko ke ingxelo ngayo Yindibanisela alkoholi butyl, eziziprayimari nezizisekondari. Isobutyl utywala kuye kwaziwa ukuba izazinzulu ukususela 1852. Emva koko ke bodwa kuqala oli yemifuno. Ngoku, lo mbuzo ikuchaza ngayo nayiphi na imbambano, ngenxa yokuba kwakukho 4 butyl utywala, iyileyo yaba isomer. Yaba uloyiso ngokwenene ingcamango kwesakhiwo.

theory tautomerism

Kwithuba ukususela ngo1862 ukuya 1865 ekhathaza indawo esisiseko va Butlerov theory omtsha ngoku ingathityazwa isomerization tautomerism. Umbhali walo babecinga ukuba indlela cleavage Ukuba isakhiwo esifanayo neemolekyuli uwahlanganise kunye yokutyiwa ukuyilwa molekyuli ezintsha kunye nesakhiwo ezahlukeneyo. Le Isazinzulu wathetha ngemfuneko yokusebenzisa iinkqubo imichiza indlela olutshintshayo. Ngamanye amagama, kufuneka luthathwe kuvuselele. Alexander xa ukuthembeka njengento ithiyori umbhali tautomerism ngisho uPetros Laar, ekhemesti waseJamani, ngubani waqamba igama elithi "tautomerism".

Tutorial Chemistry

Ngoku umsebenzi Butlerova wayeza ukusebenzisa ithiyori lakhe kulwakhiwo anayo ngokunxulumene zonke khompawundi asabela eziphilayo chemistry, kunye nokudala incwadi entsha organic chemistry. Kwimeko yesifundo zonke nesenzeko kufuneka ingqalelo ngalo bemilo e-worldwork theory wadala. Phantse 2 iminyaka Butlerov abasebenze indalo yayo. kukhupho ezithathu (kwisithuba ukususela 1864 ukuya 1866), incwadi ngu Alexander M. "Intshayelelo isifundo ngokupheleleyo organic chemistry." Yinto mkhulu lee nantoni eyaziwa ngexesha kweencwadi zezifundo. umsebenzi Butlerova ebangele revolution kwinzululwazi. Sele 1867 saqalisa ukulungiselela translation and upapasho sale ncwadi in German. Ke kwakukho iinguqulelo kwezinye iilwimi eziphambili zaseYurophu.

Phumla emsebenzini Butlerovke e St. Petersburg University

Emva kokugqiba umsebenzi kwi incwadi wayesoloko nangakumbi Endaweni yakhe Butlerov uAleksandr Mihaylovich. usapho amaxesha zakhe eziliqela ngeveki, eze apha. Unyana omncinci, Volodya, ngubani na kweminyaka emi-2 ubudala, wayethanda ukudlala kwi emadlelweni, ibekwe kufuphi endlwini. Ndandikuthanda ukuba aphumle apha Butlerov uAleksandr Mihaylovich. iinyani ezinika umdla malunga ngaye ziquka uthando intyatyambo kulinywe kunye nokudalwa ngokuqokelela izinambuzane.

Butlerov ngoku wachitha ixesha ngaphantsi e-lab, Noko ke, walandela kwesayensi izazinzulu. Xa liphulo Mendeleev, lo usomachiza edumileyo, entwasahlobo ka-1868, Alexander wamenywa ukuba asebenze e St. Petersburg University. Apha waqala ukufundisa kwakunye nemibutho laboratory chemical. Izazinzulu ziye udale indlela entsha yokufundisa. Wacela waselebhu, ngoku yamkelwa ngokubanzi. Abafundi eklasini yokufunda izixhobo imichiza.

Ukufumana isobutylene

Butlerof waqhubeka uphando yaqulunqa ingcamango kwesakhiwo. Wayefuna ukungqina ukuba straight and branched chain carbon unokuba zonke iintlobo-oganikhi khompawundi. Le ngqikelelo olubangelwa imfundiso yakhe. Noko ke, oko kuyimfuneko ukungqina oko practice. Ekugqibeleni, imigudu Alexander kaThixo akuphumelelanga. Wafumana isobutylene kudala elindelwe. Ngaloo ndlela, ubukho branched-chain, ezizizembiwa singqiniwe.

Ukubandakanyeka ebomini ekuhlaleni St. Petersburg

Butlerov, ukongeza uphando imisebenzi, athathe inxaxheba kubomi bentlalo ye-capital Russian. ingakumbi kuluntu okuqhubekayo ixesha ochaphazelekayo malunga nomba yemfundo yabafazi. Kwafuneka ukuba abasetyhini babe nofikelelo kwimfundo ephakamileyo. Ukuze wenze oku, akhademi konyango, kwasekwa i-University for Women. Ukongeza, kukho ezaziququzelelwe Bestuzhev kwizifundo yabasetyhini, apho Alexander banikela iintetho zakhe kwemithi.

Ubulungu kwi-Academy of Sciences

Imisebenzi yale Scientist yanikezelwa yi-Academy of Sciences. Butlerov wonyulwa ngo-1871 academician engaqhelekanga, yaye emva kweminyaka emi-3 - nabaqhelekileyo. Ngenxa yoku, wavuka endlini kwisakhiwo olawulwa yi-Academy. Apha aphila Zinin UNikolai Nikolaevich. Long-emi ubuhlobo kunye naye eyomelezile ngakumbi kufutshane.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Ubomi kunye nomsebenzi Aleksandra Butlerova de kwiminyaka yakutshanje ziye ezinxulumene ne nenzululwazi. Kodwa Kwadlula iminyaka kunye eklasini abafundi waba nzima kakhulu ukuba Butlerova. Le Isazinzulu isigqibo sokushiya eyunivesithi. Wayifunda savalelisa kwintetho-4 Apreli 1880 Esi sigqibo ndandibuya ndidandathekile enzulu. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ibhunga yenzululwazi wabuza ukuhlala Alexander kaThixo. Yena wonyulwa eminye iminyaka emi-5.

Butlerov ukunciphisa imisebenzi eyunivesithi. Wayefunda kuphela ikhondo eziphambili, kunye izihlandlo ezimbalwa ngeveki ndayichitha kwiiseshoni lab. Agasti 5, 1886 wabulawa occlusions ezinemigca Butlerov uAleksandr Mihaylovich. Amafoto Chapel kwi ingcwaba Butlerova uchazwe apha ngasentla.