Iimpawu yokuzisa kunye makhowa kwizilwanyana. Izinto zokwakha ukuba isifundo

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ixesha elide, izazinzulu ziye zabulawa fungi izityalo. Noko ke, ukuzama abahlule iintlobo asezantsi enezityalo senziwe yi Carl Linnaeus, ngubani wavakalisa amathandabuzo malunga oluhlobo kwi "System of Nature 'wakhe, ethathela ingqalelo le miqondiso, idibanisa kunye makhowa kwizilwanyana. Kodwa kuphela 70-80s zenkulungwane yokugqibela, eli candelo ekugqibeleni yenzeka. Ezi zidalwa bemvelo ngenxa isakhiwo kunye neempawu zayo ziimpawu yokuzisa kunye makhowa kunye nezilwanyana kunye nezityalo ngexesha elifanayo (malunga bethetha, zombini). Cinga ezinye zazo.

Ukufana zizityalo

Kutheni izazinzulu elide kangaka ukunyanga ezi eziphilayo izityalo, kuba kukho iimpawu ezicacileyo yokuzisa kunye makhowa kwizilwanyana? Kwaye kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba iipropati ezithile ezikuvumela ukuba ubase le ubukumkani izityalo :

• Ngabo, umzekelo, awukwazi ukuhamba ngokuzimeleyo, phantse bonke abameli zehlabathi isilwanyana. Nangona kakhulu njengoko (i mycelium ngokufihlakeleyo, okwandisa, ukufumana isithuba esitsha zeendawana, kodwa oku intshukumo kunganxulunyaniswa ekukhuleni njalo).
• Phela, amakhowa, kwakunye nezityalo zikhula ubomi bakhe. Ngokungafaniyo nezilwanyana, ezimila ukuya kwiqondo elithile yaye ziyayeka ukukhula. Ngoko ke kule Ukufana nomngundo kunye nezilwanyana ezikhoyo.
• fungi abaninzi zizalana yi sikuyo. Shlyapochnye, umzekelo, ziyakwazi ukuvelisa ukuya amashumi eziliqela ezigidi imbambano ngenxa yobomi bakhe. Nangona kunjalo, ezi iingxoxo zona kubulawa. Kodwa ukuba bawe indawo evumayo, andisa yenziwa. Kwakhona kuza kunye nezityalo ibihlungu. Yaye amakhowa bayakwazi zizalana ngokwahlula-hlula mycelium, maxa wambi ngaphezulu iiseli zawo. Oku kwanele ukuqalisa ukuphuhlisa mycelium entsha, bayakwazi iphile nemizimba iziqhamo ezitsha, iimbambano kunye, ngenxa yoko, bobempunde.
• Yitya amakhowa kakhulu ukufunxeka. Kwaye kwakhona nazo kufutshane ezityalweni.

Umahluko phakathi imvelaphi nomngundo kunye nezityalo

Kodwa izazinzulu kaloku kutyhilwa into yokuba nomngundo nezityalo aqala amasebe ezahlukeneyo yendaleko - iqela zindala eziphila eyayihlala kanye elwandle. Ngoko ke, bathi cwaka ezahlukeneyo evolutionarily kunye zemfuza.

Kwinqanaba yeselula

Plant iiseli, izilwanyana kunye nomngundo zahlukile kubume. Xa fungi akukho ukukwazi umBoniso, abanawo yiklorofil iiseli njengoko kwizityalo. Kodwa yinxalenye iiseli zabo ngechitin ngoku, nto leyo luphawu ukuba abameli zezilwanyana ezithile (umz arthropods, apho - into ebalulekileyo ngokuyila iqokobhe okanye amathambo wangaphandle). Kakade ke, izisa makhowa kunye nezilwanyana.

lokugaya

Amakhowa ayakwazi, njengezinto eziphilileyo, ukuba ivenkile glycogen (carbohydrate). Banako kulisusa iimveliso zazo ekupheleni emzimbeni emzimbeni. Kwakhona kwenza khangela ngathi izilwanyana.

Indlela supply

Amakhowa musa nokulungelelanisa izinto eziphilayo. Ezi heterotrophs, oko kukuthi abagqibele ngohlobo sele zilungiselelwe, phezu koko, ukuba ngokusebenzisa iikhompawundi ezingaphiliyo usebenzisa enzayim ukuze avelise (fungi saprophytic). Oku ubonisa iimpawu yokuzisa kunye makhowa kwizilwanyana ephelisa ukutya okunjani. eziphila fungi siphila ngeendleko ngentsebenziswano olusondeleyo Derevyeva (ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukuba azi ukuba ngubani na othe Kaka- mycelium kunye neengcambu iinwele elincinane).

Kukho fungi ukuba parasitize ezinye izinto - izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ukondla ngenxa yabo, kwaye maxa wambi nkqu ebulala umkhosi wayo. Kulo mzekelo, ngundo (umzekelo, yingxubuwa) lixesha elide ukuphila kunye nomthi ofileyo, ukwandisa tissue zayo organic kwaye usebenzisa ukuze ukutya. Kukho bade awafanele ngamarhamncwa. Badla izilwanyana: ziiamoeba kunye nematodes, bathimba nabo ngcina umphezulu kwi hyphae yayo. Uphawu nomngundo kwaye ukuba inkqubo yokucolwa aye avelisa urea, njengoko kwizilwanyana ezininzi.

iziphumo

UPawulos, singatsho ukuba fungi - ingakumbi kummandla wendalo, equka inani engenasiphelo kweentlobo: ukusuka blewits elikhulu jeli lincinane kunye amagwele, azisoloko zibonakala hayi axhobileyo view ngemicroscope. Bonke bephela - inzala ezincinane yamandulo eukaryotic abahlala ngaxesha kwiindawo zasemanzini ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.

Ezinye izakhiwo na fungi eqhelekileyo zizityalo (eyona kwaye bakhetha ukuba bacinge Abaphengululi abaninzi de kwasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini). Le nokungakwazi ambulation, kunye nokukhula ubomi, namandla sokufunxa. A zasendle nabo uzisa ukutya heterotrophic, kwakunye ubukho ngechitin kwi imifinya zabo iseli, ukukwazi ukugcina carbohydrate, urea ukubunjwa ukuphelisa yayo kwinkqubo ukutya. Konke oku kwenza amakhowa ngaxeshanye ezifanayo kwaye kwizityalo nezilwanyana.