Gamma ukubola: uhlobo lweepropati yemisebe zefomula

Umntu ngamnye umele ukuba weva malunga iintlobo ezintathu radiation - alpha, beta kunye wesigrike. Bonke kwinkqubo yokuguga zenkqunto kuvela, yaye iimpawu nje eqhelekileyo kunye nomahluko. Le ngozi inkulu liqhuba uhlobo yokugqibela radiation. Yintoni na?

Uhlobo yokuguga

Ukuze siqonde iimpawu eneenkcukacha gamma-ukubola, kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele uhlobo ionizing radiation. Le nkcazo kuthetha ukuba amandla radiation lohlobo liphezulu kakhulu - xa ingena kwenye-atom, ebizwa i "ekujoliswe atom", oko inkqonkqoza electron ihamba kunye orbit yayo. Xa oku atom ekujoliswe iba kakuhle icala ion (kungoko ke radiation kunye ionizing ogama). Xa UV okanye i-IR radiation luphawulwa amandla aphezulu.

Ngokubanzi, alpha-, beta- kunye wesigrike-ubola kufuneka iipropati eqhelekileyo. Umfundi omnye nomfanekiso-atom sibe ngumnikelo wokudla okuziinkozo encinane poppy. Emva koko ke electron komzila ukuthanda kwiqamza ngeenxa zonke kuye. Xa alpha, beta kunye ukubola wesigrike kulo mbewu isuka yamasuntswana ezincinane. Kulo mzekelo, etshintsha isigxina zenyukliya, yaye oko kuthetha ukuba into entsha imichiza kwasekwa. Isibi ephethe ngesantya ingxilimbela kunye amanxeba kungena electron iqokobhe atom ekujoliswe kulo. Baphulukene ovela, atom kobekujoliswe uba ion kakuhle ityala. Nangona kunjalo, le ngxenye yemichiza iyafana, ngokuba undoqo atom ekujoliswe usahleli efanayo. Inkqubo ionization ubuntu kwemichiza, phantse inkqubo efanayo ithatha indawo intsebenziswano zesinyithi ezithile ezinyibilikayo kwi asidi.

Apho uyaya kwi γ-nokubola?

Noko ke, ionizing radiation kwenzeka kuphela ngexesha ukubola eqhumayo. Kwakhona kwenzeka kuqhuma yenyukliya zamandla zenyukliya. Ilanga kunye nezinye iinkwenkwezi, kwaye oluqhutywa Fusion hydrogen of nuclei ukukhanya kukhatshwa kwimitha ionizing. Izixhobo X-reyi kwaye yamasuntswana accelerators , kakhulu, le nkqubo lwenzeka. Ipropati ephambili, ezo alpha, beta, ukubola wesigrike - yeyona amandla aphezulu ionization.

Kwaye ke umahluko phakathi kweentlobo ezintathu radiation zigqitywa ngokwendalo. Imitha lwafumaneka kwinkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha. Ke kungekho mntu waziyo ukuba yintoni le meko. Ngoko ke, iintlobo ezintathu radiation abizwa kwi alphabet Latin. Gamma lweradiation yafunyanwa ngo-1910 yi zezenzululwazi ogama Henry Gregg. Gamma kuwohloka yohlobo olufanayo kwelanga, reyi infrared, amaza erediyo. Ngokweempawu yayo-γ ray a radiation photon, kodwa amandla eziqulathwe kule photons liphezulu kakhulu. Ngamanye amazwi, le imitha kunye kwamaza elifutshane kakhulu.

Iimpawu gamma

Le radiation Kulula kakhulu ukuba angene kuyo nayiphi na imiqobo. Le nkcazelo ekhasa ngakumbi oma endleleni yakhe, ngoko ke kungcono ukuba angalibali. Amaninzi le njongo ukusetyenziswa okhokelayo okanye izakhiwo eziphathekayo. Emoyeni,-γ reyi kulula ukoyisa inqwaba okanye amawaka leemitha.

Ukubola gamma kuyingozi kakhulu abantu. Xa zingamoshakala kukungakhuseleki nolusu kunye nezibilini. radiation Beta kungenziwa xa kuthelekiswa ngokudubula iimbumbulu ezincinane, kunye wesigrike - adubula naliti. Ebudeni flash yenyukliya, ukongeza imitha gamma, kwaye ukuyilwa fluxes neutron. Gamma lihlaba Umhlaba ngokudangazela emkhathini. Ngaphandle kwezi, athwala uMhlaba, protons kunye nezinye amasuntswana.

Isiphumo gamma kwi eziphilayo

Xa sithelekisa alpha-, beta- kunye wesigrike-ibola, le yokugqibela kuya kuba yingozi kakhulu eziphilayo. Andise Velocity yale hlobo radiation lilingana isivamvo sokukhanya. Kungenxa ngesantya esiphezulu, ayifiki ngokukhawuleza kwizisele eziphilileyo, ebangela intshabalalo yabo. Njani?

Xa indlela γ-radiation ushiya isixa esikhulu athom insimbi, nto leyo ionize i atom yintlama entsha. Iiseli ukuba phantsi kwempembelelo enamandla gamma-radiation, senziwa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo eso sakhiwo. Uguqulo, beqala zokonakala, ize ityhefu umzimba. Kwaye ke inyathelo yakutsha imbonakalo iiseli enesiphako, nto leyo ayikwazi ukwenza ngokufanelekileyo imisebenzi yayo.

Xa abantu, amalungu ezahlukeneyo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo uvakalelo radiation gamma. Effects zixhomekeke ithamo ionizing radiation. Ngenxa yoko, umzimba ingaziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni, ngamachiza aphazamiseka. Eyona abasengozini amalungu hemopoietic, nkovu, kunye neenkqubo esiswini, kwakunye nesakhiwo DNA. Le exposure kuyingozi ngabantu kunye nento yokuba kwimitha oluhlala emzimbeni. Kwaye ixesha exposure efihlakeleyo.

Ifomula gamma-ekonakaleni

Ukubala Amandla gamma, ungasebenzisa le fomyula ilandelayo:

E = HV = HC / λ

Kule formula, h - Planck kaThixo rhoqo, v - isantya photon eneji magnetic, c - uqina ukukhanya, λ - kwamaza.