Imbali emfutshane kuphuhliso zezilwanyana. Izigaba Zoology

Abantu baba nomdla engqongileyo eziphilayo ukusuka kwixesha lamandulo. Phonononga uncedo yabo inzululwazi ezifana ngezilwanyana. Njani nokuthi yintoni inqanaba lophuhliso ngayo ngoku?

ulwazi yamandulo

Imbali inzululwazi, "ngezilwanyana" enemvelaphi yayo kumaxesha amandulo. Sele BC, abantu bakwazi ukuqokelela ulwazi olwaneleyo malunga izilwanyana indima ukudlala, bona zicwangciswe kwaye ezihambelanayo nendlela. Isiqalo inzululwazi ukufumana imisebenzi Aristotle, bulumko yamaGrike amandulo-nzulu. Wabhala imisebenzi "Ngomhla namalungu amaninzi emizimba yezilwanyana, kunye neminye imisebenzi kwimbali kunye ukuvela eziphilayo, leyo wachaza iintlobo 452. Enakho kwaye ebalulekileyo ukufunyaniswa malunga isakhiwo eziphilayo. Enye ingcali yenzululwazi woku Pliniy Starshy, owadala multi-volume "Natural History". Kule ncwadi umnike inkcazelo zonke ezaziwayo ngexesha izilwanyana kuluntu. Yaba lo mbhalo kakuhle, nto leyo ke nako ukusebenzisa inzululwazi ngezilwanyana.

Middle Ages and Renaissance

Kumaxesha wobukhosi, eYurophu waba kakhulu aliphelelanga, kwaye phezu uluntu ezilawulwa unqulo, leyo kwaqhwalelisa ukuphuhliswa nayiphi na inzululwazi. Ngoko ke, imbali emfutshane kuphuhliso zezilwanyana ichaza eli xesha nje umzuzwana ekuma epheleleyo. Akukho izinto ezintsha kunye nemisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwathiwa, kwakungekho ukufunda isilwanyana phantse akukho namnye wenza. Le meko itshintshe kakhulu ngexesha Renaissance. Zibala izigaba ezingundoqo zophuhliso Zoology, singasathethi ixesha xa abahambi edumileyo, ezifana Magellan, Columbus Marco Polo, baye bavumela izazinzulu ukuba aniphe ulwazi, ekuziseni ulwazi malunga izidalwa evela namazwekazi ezikude, ngaphambili engaziwayo ukuba abeLungu. Imvuselelo yaba lixesha ukuqokelelana lolwazi, nto leyo efunekayo systematization ngakumbi.

ngexesha lokudubula kweentyatyambo

Ithuba elandelayo, apho bafumana ngezilwanyana inzululwazi, nalo ixesha kuyondelelaniswe yolwazi iyafumaneka kwi izilwanyana kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kulo mhlaba. Evelele kakhulu kule nkalo wayengusosayensi Swiss Hesperus, owathi wabhala encyclopedia emikhulu "Imbali of Animals".

Ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, oko yasungulwa ngemicroscope. Imbali emfutshane kuphuhliso zezilwanyana ithi le ngongoma njengenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo. Oosonzululwazi bakwazi ukufumana ihlabathi elitsha eziphilayo ezincinane, kwakunye ukufunda isakhiwo ubalaseleyo imizimba multicellular. Kule ntsimi ingakumbi umi ngaphandle naturalist Leeuwenhoek Dutch, owadala-volume emine "izinto ezifihlakeleyo uhlobo yafunyanwa phantsi ngemicroscope." Yaba nguye eyafumana wafunda iiseli ezibomvu kunye kwezihlunu ubukho ciliates, izicwili kwesilwanyana. Omnye umphengululi kakhulu ngaloo maxesha Italian Malyshgi, wachaza inkqubo yokujikeleza ngcanjana kunye eziziivethebreyithi, ziye bayifundisise amalungu excretory, kwaye ibandakanya iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Ukuvela lwamashishini amatsha

Imbali emfutshane kuphuhliso zezilwanyana abuyonto ngaphandle kwenkcazelo kwexesha, yaba isiqalo amasebe ezininzi ngenzululwazi. Ide kweyeshumi elinesibhozo kwakukho izihloko ezifana systematics zezilwanyana kunye kwesayensi ukuba izifundo izimbiwa. An uphuhliso amazing kwenzeka entsimini amalungu, apho umsebenzi izazinzulu Servet Harvey, ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha kwegazi. Cuvier waba ebalulekileyo nongqamaniso siseko, ezichaza udibaniso amalungu angaphakathi kunye neziphumo omnye kubo kwimeko bonke abanye. imisebenzi yakhe ebalulekileyo iquka "Animal Kingdom" yaye "Iconography zobukumkani isilwanyana." Le yokugqibela kwakukho iitafile 450 kunye nemizobo 6.200, ezisetyenziswa kule ncwadi zezifundo, nangoku. Enye incwadi ebalulekileyo - "Intetho phezu kuphazamiseka phezu komhlaba wonke , kunye notshintsho likuvelisileyo." Lo msebenzi wabeka ngaphandle ingcamango ukwabiwa zamathambo kweengqimba kulo mhlaba.

Darwin Discoveries

Ithuba elandelayo, equka uphuhliso emfutshane Zoology kukufunda kwemvelo kunye nokwamkelwa lwalo isiseko isayensi. Abantu abanomdla kwiingcamango kancane zasendle ukusukela ezilula kwizidalwa ezintsonkothileyo. Uphuhliso le ngcamango zibe negalelo kungekuphela kwafunyanwa Darwin, kodwa ukusebenza kwakhona kwaye Shvapna Shleydepa, nto leyo wamnika Ngenxa umanyano enezityalo nezilwanyana. Enye ingcali yenzululwazi ebalaseleyo waba Lamarck. Waba KABLOOM esiphakanyiswa Linnaeus, yaye safunda ngenyameko kwihlabathi ezingenamqolo. Sebenza "Ifilosofi Zoology", ngowe-1809, waba ngomnye eyona nto ibalulekileyo umsebenzi wakhe - in Scientist yakhe Wakhanyela iimbono nobuntu ukuba izilwanyana sihlale efanayo, nengqibelelo ebekwe ingcamango yendaleko, apho izinto eziphilayo senziwa similise phantsi kwempembelelo zangaphandle iinkqubo zangaphakathi. Timiriazev uthathwe lo mbono, njengenye yezona ebanzi, ukuze ngokulula ukwenza uluhlu lwe ngamaxesha ezibalulekileyo ezakha zigaba eziphambili kuphuhliso zezilwanyana.

Ithuba yanamhlanje

Siqukumbela yimbali emfutshane kuphuhliso zezilwanyana lwamashumi kunye kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye. Eli xesha, ukuvela ezintsha nomba wengxoxo ubugcisa, ezifunyaniswe jikelele sebe liqinileyo yezenzululwazi. Development of Zoology ezinxulumene ngqo ekukhuleni kwezolimo kunye izilwanyana, ukuzingela, kunye nezinye iindawo ezifanayo. Ukongeza, impembelelo umdla kwimpilo yabantu. Okwangoku, uluntu na isixa esikhulu ulwazi ezinobunyaniso theoretical component. Le nkqubo lokufumana data ngokudala zobuntlola umyezo kakuhle ngokwaneleyo ukuba ezithunyelwa kwiindawo ezikude zehlabathi. Akukho ibaluleke kangako ke imisebenzi kwinqanaba eziphilayo yemfuza, kwakunye umsebenzi ukufunda ihlabathi isilwanyana evela kwicandelo lononophelo lwempilo kunye nokhuseleko kokusingqongileyo. ukusela inyama ingxaki ukutya, enza umfuniselo ezinezakhi kanye ukuguqulwa kwiindawana DNA, kwakunye ukufuya lweentlobo zezolimo ezikhokelela ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, izazinzulu ochaphazelekayo kwindawo yokuqala. Ngoko ke, kwanelo ngakumbi kungafuneka ukuba uqhagamshele ngayo nale miba, nto leyo ngokuqinisekileyo akayi kuphulukana zalena kuluntu lwezenzululwazi kunye iminyaka embalwa ezayo.