Fusion Nuclear. fusion Cold. amandla enyukliya

fusion Cold nayo ngokuba fusion ebandayo. kubume bayo siyifumana nokwenzeka yenyukliya yokusabela fusion okwenzeka naziphi na iinkqubo imichiza. Oku ayithathi nobushushu ebonakalayo medium ukusebenza. Njengoko yaziwa, eqhelekileyo ngeeatom xa siqhuba ukudala lobushushu leyo engalinganiswayo degrees million Kelvin. theory fusion Cold ayifuni lobushushu eliphezulu onjalo.

izifundo ezininzi aze

Uphononongo fusion ebandayo, kwelinye icala, oko kuthathwa ubuqhophololo enyulu. Akukho kwezinye iindawo zophando kule ayinakuze ithelekiswe kunye naye. Kwelinye icala, kusenokwenzeka ukuba lo mmandla isayensi khange kufundwe, ade ase ekupheleni, nabo bonke asikwazi kuthathwe ibe yigadi, kodwa ubuqhophololo ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, xa kwimbali fusion abandayo isekhona ukuba nabakhohlisi, wena mhlawumbi uphambene.

Ukunakanwa i pseudo-ulwalathiso kuyo ugxekwa, leyo unenzondelelo iteknoloji fusion ebandayo, baba iintsilelo ezininzi izazinzulu ukusebenza kweli candelo, kwakunye nemisebenzi ngabantu ukuphazamisana. Kakade ukusukela ngo-2002, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba umsebenzi lo mba awunanto kungekho nethemba.

Noko ke, abanye nangoku ezama indlela efanayo kuyaqhubeka. Ngoko ke, ngo-2008, isazinzulu waseJapan evela University of Osaka wabonisa esidlangalaleni experiment, makwenziwe iseli electrochemical. Yaba nguYoshiaki Arata. Emva kokuba umboniso kuluntu lwezenzululwazi kwakhona yaba ukuthetha malunga nokwenzeka okanye ukungakwazi Fusion ebandayo, leyo anokunika physics yenyukliya. Ezinye izazinzulu, ufanelekile ukuba physics senyukliya kunye chemistry, bafuna ebhaliweyo echaza isizathu kule meko. Kwaye bakwenza oko ukuze ufumane ingcaciso hayi enyukliya, kunye nezinye ezizezinye. Ukongeza, kwakhona kungenxa yokuba ulwazi malunga radiation neutron angekhoyo.

Imbali Fleyshmana and Pons

kanye Imbali ukupapashwa kweli guqulelo lwe kwicala zenzululwazi emehlweni uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ukrokrela. Yonke le nto yaqala ngoMatshi 23, 1989. Kungelo xesha awathi uNjingalwazi Martin Fleyshman kunye neqabane lakhe Stenli Ponsom yabamba inkomfa cofa, esenzeka ngalo eyunivesithi apho ekhemisi lisebenzile, kwi State of Utah (USA). Bandula bathi aba fusion ebandayo basabela iye yenziwa yi umsinga oqhelekileyo zombane ngokusebenzisa electrolyte. Ngu ekhemisi bathi bakwazi ukufumana isivuno amandla ezincumisayo njengoko ngenxa indlela, ie ubushushu. Ukongeza, ayewugqala radiation yenyukliya okubangelwa indlela kunye evela electrolyte.

Yenza ingxelo ngokoqobo wadala yezigcawu kuluntu lwezenzululwazi. Kakade ke, ephantsi lobushushu fusion yenyukliya yavelisa idesika elula, akwazi ngokupheleleyo Awunakujika lonke ihlabathi. Akusekho mfuneko iinkqubo ezinkulu entsonkothileyo imichiza, nayo isixa esikhulu semali, yaye isiphumo ngendlela yokufumana indlela efunekayo xa uya - engaziwayo. Ukuba yonke kuqinisekiswa Fleyshmana kunye Pons edumisa nekamva kakhulu, kwaye abantu - a ekongeni iindleko.

Kodwa ukwenza njalo ke ekhemisi isicelo yempazamo yabo. Kwaye, ngubani owaziyo, mhlawumbi yeyona ibalulekileyo. Into yokuba uluntu lwenzululwazi alukwazanga isigqibo ukwenza naziphi na iingxelo kumajelo eendaba malunga izinto zakhe okanye ezifunyaniswe phambi ulwazi ngawo ziya kupapashwa kwiijenali ezizodwa zenzululwazi. Izazinzulu ezayo ukuze nangoko uyavuma, oko kuthathwa uhlobo incasa embi kuluntu lwezenzululwazi. Ngokutsho imithetho, ukuba enze nawuphi na umphandi lokuvula zawahlela linyanzelekile ukuba azise uluntu lwezenzululwazi yokuqala, nto leyo eya kwenza isigqibo asinike okanye hayi ke yenziwe eyinyaniso, ukuba kuyimfuneko ngokubanzi ukuqonda ukuvulwa. Ngokwembono osemthethweni kucingwa ukuzinikela epheleleyo ukugcina vu ngesi siganeko, apho discoverer kufuneka athobele ukufakwa amanqaku wayo upapasho kunye mzuzu wokupapashwa kwayo. physics Nuclear kulo mba kungekho ngaphandle.

Fleyshman kunye neqabane lakhe wathumela eli nqaku kwijenali yesayensi, ekuthiwa Nature kwaye upapasho onegunya kunabo lwenzululwazi emhlabeni wonke. Bonke abantu enxulumene nenzululwazi, bayazi ukuba le magazini akuthethi ukupapasha iinkcukacha lungaqinisekiswanga, yaye ngakumbi akayi kuvakalisa nabani nje. Martin Fleyshman kakade ngelo xesha ingqalelo ukuba izazinzulu ehloniphekileyo esebenza kwicandelo electrochemistry, ke ngoko, mazingeniswe inqaku ukuba akhululwe kungekudala. Oku koko kwenzekayo. Kwiinyanga ezintathu emva kokupapashwa inkomfa kakubi-lombutho baphuma, kodwa bebabaza ezingqonge ukuvulwa sele wayaphula. Mhlawumbi, ngoko, umhleli oyintloko Nature Dzhon Meddoks kule magazini olandelayo phephancwadi yenyanga lapapasha ukuthandabuza xa le kwafunyanwa Fleyshmana kunye Pons, kunye nento yokuba amandla abasabela ngayo enyukliya kwafunyanwa. Kwinqaku yakhe, wabhala ukuba ekhemisi ufanele ohlwaywe ukuxela kwakhe kwexesha. Apho baxelelwa ukuba ezi izazinzulu akasoze avumele uluntu ukuba ngokusasaza izinto zakhe, nabo benza oko siyakuqwalaselwa izama nje.

Emva kwexesha elithile, Pons kunye Fleyshmanu ke elinye igalelo, leyo kuthiwa mibi. A Inani labaphandi ezivela eUnited States of kumaziko ophando American (Massachusetts kunye California Institute of Technology), kwenziwa, oko kukuthi, waphinda ekhemisi wokulinga, ukudala iimeko alinganayo izinto. Nakuba kunjalo, iziphumo akazange kukhokelela Fleyshmanom ibango.

Kunokwenzeka okanye kungenzeki?

Ukususela ngelo xesha, kwakukho ukwahlulwa ngokucacileyo lonke uluntu zenzululwazi ndimfuduka mbini. Abaxhasi acele bonke fusion ebandayo - oku fiction, ophezu nto lasekwa. Abanye, Noko ke, basakholelwa ukuba fusion yengqele kunokwenzeka, ukuba ekhemisi abagulayo-lombutho kodwa wenza kwafunyaniswa ukuba ekugqibeleni asindise lonke uluntu, wamnika umthombo umthombo wamandla.

Isibakala sokuba ukuba yonke into eyenzekayo umnqwazi ngokuvelisa indlela entsha eza kuba kunokwenzeka abandayo yenyukliya fusion abasabela ngayo yaye, ke ngoko, ukubaluleka bebone into enjalo iya kuba yebaluleke gqitha ukuba bonke abantu kwihlabathi jikelele sisondela kule ulwalathiso oosonzululwazi ngakumbi nangakumbi, inxalenye zenzululwazi apho enyanisweni abaya kuthathelwa ingqalelo maqhinga. ithi Lonke benza imizamo emininzi ukuze kwakhiwe isikhululo fusion omnye nje, uchitha isixa esikhulu semali, kwaye fusion ebandayo iyakwazi utsala amandla lilungiselelo elula ngokupheleleyo kwaye ayibizi kakhulu. Yiloo nto itsala abo banqwenela ukuzuza nini, kwakunye nabanye abantu babe nokuphazamiseka engqondweni. Phakathi abaxhasi le ndlela imveliso yezamandla inokufumaneka, nabo kunye nabanye.

Ibali fusion abandayo kwafuneka nje ukuba bangene kwindawo yokugcina ebizwa ngokuba amabali pseudo-lwezenzululwazi. Ukuba ukhangela le ndlela esifumana amandla Fusion enyukliya, jonga sinengqondo ephilileyo, kuba wayeqonda ukuba loqhakamshelwano athom ezimbini isixa esikhulu-eneji efunekayo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukoyisa uxhathiso zombane. Ukwakhiwa ngaphantsi ngalo mzuzu lwamazwe fusion reactor, nto leyo iya kuthi ibekwe Cadarache eFransi izicwangciso ukuqhuba kuhlangana-athom ezimbini, eziyiyo akhanya ekhoyo kwindalo. Ngenxa yoko yikhompawundi enjalo kulindeleke kukuphuma amandla positive. Ezi athom ezimbini - ntathu eziFihliweyo kunye deuterium. Ziquka izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo hydrogen, ngoko hydrogen fusion nenukliya ziya kuba sisiseko. Ukwenza uqhagamshelwano olunjalo, oko ubushushu kuyimfuneko lee - amakhulu ezigidi izidanga. Kakade ke, oku kuya kufuna kunye koxinzelelo olukhulu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, izazinzulu ezininzi kwaye bakholelwa ukuba fusion ebandayo engeke ilawulwe.

Impumelelo kunye nokusilela

Noko ke, kubekho ukugwetyelwa le kudibaniso phantsi ingqalelo kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba akukho bantu kuphela iimfeketho zokufeketha kunye imigulukudu, kodwa iingcali eziqhelekileyo kakhulu phakathi abalandeli bakhe. Emva kokuba Fleyshmana intetho Pons, kwaye ukusilela inani labo kuvulwe izazinzulu kunye namaziko ophando ziye zaqhubeka ukuzibandakanya kweli cala. Kwakukho apha ngaphandle iingcali Russian, naye ithathe iinzame ezifanelekileyo. Kwaye into umdla kukuba ezi eksperimenti kwezinye iimeko kwaphela ngempumelelo, kwaye kwezinye - ukusilela.

Nangona kunjalo, isayensi ngokungqongqo: ukuba kubekho ukufunyanwa, kunye nokuhlola yaba yimpumelelo, oko kufuneka iphindwe kwakhona iziphumo ezidibanisayo. Ukuba akunjalo, bebone into enjalo ihlonitshwe ngamazwe nabani. Ngaphezu koko, ukuphindaphindwa yamava ngempumelelo akwazi ukwenza kunye nabaphandi ngokwabo. Kwezinye iimeko, benza oko, phakathi kwezinye - akukho. Ngenxa yoko kwenzekayo, akukho namnye unako ukuchaza, kusekho akukho sizathu ngokwenzululwazi-based le variable.

Abaqambi langoku wawo

Kuzo zonke amabali ngasentla kunye Fleyshmanom Pons kwaye kukho elinye icala le ngqekembe, ukuba ngqo, ngokucophelela sifihla inyaniso amazwe Koloni. Isibakala sokuba Stanley Pons, owayekade ngummi USSR. Ngowe-1970, waba lilungu ufakelo thermionic makeup wesimeli ingcali. Kakade ke, Pons waba linokuva iimfihlelo ezininzi karhulumente Soviet, yaye bafudukela eUnited States, bazama baluphumeze.

Omnye uvulindlela lokwenyaniso abathe baphumelela impumelelo ethile Fusion zenyukliya abandayo, waba Ivan Stepanovich Filimonenko.

inkcazelo emfutshane malunga sisazinzulu eSoviet

JS Filimonenko wafa ngo-2013. Yena isazi waphantse wayeka lonke uphuhliso lamandla enyukliya, hayi nje kuphela kweli lizwe kodwa ehlabathini lonke. Yaba nguye waphantsa wenza ukufakelwa Fusion yenyukliya kuyabanda, leyo, ngokungafaniyo izityalo amandla enyukliya babekhuselekile ngakumbi kwaye ngexabiso kakhulu. Ukongeza kule ufakelo, isazinzulu eSoviet udale umatshini ephaphazelayo, zisekelwe kumgaqo antigravity. Yena wayesaziwa debunker ngeengozi efihliweyo olungenakuzisa uluntu ishishini amandla enyukliya. Scientist esebenza kushishino Lukhuselo waseUSSR, wayeyindoda emfundo kunye oyingcali ukhuseleko kwimitha. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ezinye imisebenzi Academician, kuquka fusion ebandayo Filimonenko nangoku eMelika. Ivan Stepanovich waba nxaxheba ngqo kwi ekudalweni hydrogen, enyukliya neutron zibhombu, benza kuphuhliso reactor zenyukliya eyenzelwe ukuqalisa imijukujelwa emajukujukwini.

Kokufaka academician eSoviet

Ngowe-1957, Ivan Filimonenko iphuhlise isityalo amandla Fusion enyukliya kuyabanda, ngalo ilizwe unako ukusindisa ukuya ku kwamakhulu amathathu ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka, nangokulusebenzisa kwicandelo eneji. Ukuveliswa sisazinzulu ekuqaleni kuxhaswa ngamandla ngurhulumente, kwakunye nabasebenzi ezifana ezaziwayo-kakuhle kwizifundo njengoko Kurchatov, Keldysh, Korolev. inkqubela ngakumbi fyabo nokubuthela Filimonenko ukuba ugqibile karhulumente enemvume ngelixa Marshal zhukov ngokwakhe. Ivula Ivan Stepanovich yaba umthombo apho kuyo kufunxwa amandla enyukliya ecocekileyo, yaye ukongezelela, oko kunceda ingafunyanwa ukhuseleko kwimitha yenyukliya ukuphelisa neziphumo imisebe.

Ukunqunyanyiswa emsebenzini Filimonenko

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba emva kwexesha elithile wayila lenziwa Ivan Filimonenko ukuba isikali mveliso, yaye abantu baya ukuphelisa iingxaki ezininzi. Kodwa bayahlelwa ebusweni abanye abantu wayalela ngenye indlela. oogxa bakhe Kurchatov kunye Korolev wafa, kunye Marshal zhukov barhoxa. Oku yayisisiqalo ekuthiwa-umdlalo-Izigcawu nezesayensi. Isiphumo ofika wonke umsebenzi Filimonenko, yaye ngowe-1967 kwenzeka ukuba agxothwe yakhe. isizathu sokuba unyango olunjalo ube sisazinzulu kakuhle ikufanele ukubizwa kunye yomzabalazo wakhe isiphelo iimvavanyo izixhobo zenyukliya. imisebenzi yakhe babehlala begrwangxulana owenzeke kunye nohlobo ngqo abantu yokufayilisha balo bamiswa iiprojekthi ezininzi ukuqalisa imijukujelwa emajukujukwini kunye reactor zenyukliya (nayiphi na ingozi ku rocket esenzeka orbit, ingasisoyikiso kwebandla radioactive yomhlaba uphela). Ngenxa iingalo uhlanga ukuba ikhula ngelixa Academician Filimonenko waba ezingamkelekanga okokuba abanye abantu eziphakamileyo. izibonelelo zakhe zovavanyo kwafunyanwa ukuba kuyaphikisana imithetho yendalo, lo sisazinzulu ngomlilo kwakunye bagxothwa Communist Party kunye anqunyulwe onke seteksi kunye avakalise ngokubanzi umntu uphambene ngokwasengqondweni.

Sele yee- kade - ekuqaleni ekupheleni koo umsebenzi academician entsha, liphuhlise izakhiwo ezitsha zonyango, kodwa bonke waziswa iziphumo ezidibanisayo wayengekho. Ivan Filimonenko ecetywayo ingcamango usebenzisa iyunithi yakhe mobile ngenjongo yokunqanda imiphumo eChernobyl, kodwa sakhatywa. Kweli thuba ukususela 1968 ukuya 1989 Filimonenko yasuswa naluphi na uvavanyo ze usebenzele Fusion ebandayo, kwaye ngokwabo uphuhliso, imifanekiso kunye nemizobo kunye nabanye abasebenzi zenzululwazi eSoviet baba amazwe.

Kule 90 yokuqala eUnited States ziye ingxelo izilingo impumelelo apho bakuzuzile kuthiwa amandla enyukliya ngenxa Fusion ebandayo. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni eli sisazinzulu edume eSoviet kwakhona ukhumbula imeko yakhe. Yena wabuyiselwa post yakhe, kodwa akazange ancedakale. Ngexesha eSoviet Union waqalisa iba, uxhaso umda, ngokulandelelana, yaye iziphumo yaba. Njengoko kuchaziwe kamva ndlebe kunye Ivan Stepanovich, ebona eqhubekayo kwaye ngaxeshanye imizamo yokuba izazinzulu ezininzi ehlabathini lonke ukufumana iziphumo ezintle Fusion ebandayo, waqonda ukuba ngaphandle kobunyulu akukho mntu uya kuba nako ukubona yonke. Kwaye, eneneni, esamxelela inyaniso. Ukususela ngowe-1991 ukuya 1993, abaphandi US babe sebeyifumene ufakelo Filimonenko, awaba nako ukuqonda izenzo zakhe indlela, yaye emva konyaka kwaye dismantled kuyo. Ngo-1996, abantu abanempembelelo waseUnited States wanikela Ivan Stepanovich amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi nje ngenxa yokuba wabalungiselela ngeengcebiso, echaza indlela reactor Fusion abandayo, yena wala.

Undoqo ucwaningo Soviet academician

Ivan Filimonenko ngu imifuniselo bafumanisa ukuba yokubola ebizwa ngokuba amanzi enzima electrolysis ibola mpilo kunye deuterium. Nevuthisayo ngexesha naye, ithe yapheliswa palladium cathode, apho ukuphuhlisa nuclear fusion reaction. Xa inkqubo ezenzekayo Filimonenko wanika bengekho bobabini inkunkuma eqhumayo kunye radiation neutron. Ukongeza, ngenxa amalinge bakhe, Ivan Stepanovich wafumanisa ukuba fusion reactor yakhe yenyukliya likhupha imitha ngokungenammiselo, kwaye oku kunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa besiqingatha ubomi izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo eqhumayo. Oko neyalo nokungcoliswa.

Kukholelwa ukuba Filimonenko ngexesha wala endaweni ufakelo yayo nuclear reactor kwimikhukhu komhlaba, abaqeqeshwe kwiinkokeli liphezulu le-USSR xa kuthe imfazwe yenyukliya. Ngaloo mihla, langena ingxaki enomjukujelwa Cuba, yaye ngenxa yoko ithuba eliphezulu kakhulu ekuqaleni kwayo. Wahlala kwizangqa wabasemagunyeni eUnited States eSoviet Union kukuba kwezi zixeko komhlaba ungcoliseko benyuikliya ngaba babulala yonke into ephilayo kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva. Wazibandakanya reactor Filimonenko fusion ebandayo nonokudala ummandla ukhuseleko imisebe, ngoko ukuba academician lavumelana kwezi mbono, amathuba imfazwe yenyukliya kwandiswa eziliqela lunemiba. Ukuba oku okunene mzekelo, angabi naye onke amabhaso ingcinezelo ngakumbi ukufumana izizathu zabo.

fusion Ukuncoma

JS Filimonenko haydrolisis isityalo thermal amandla ukukhutshwa sele yenziwe, nto leyo uhlambulukile ngokupheleleyo. Kude kube ngoku akukho bani uye wasilela ukwenza analogu TEGEU efanayo. Umongo isityalo ngaxeshanye, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iiyunithi ezifanayo yaba kukuba alusetyenziselwa reactor zenyukliya, kunye nokufakelwa fusion yenyukliya ezenzeka kwi lobushushu avareji degrees 1150. Ngoko ke, lo fyabo sele igama setting fusion zenyukliya eshushu. Kule yee- emva kwexesha phantsi kwesihloko, kwisixeko Podolsk, wadalwa 3 ufakelo. Soviet academician Filimonenko wathabatha inxaxheba ngqo kulo, ekulawuleni inkqubo yonke. Amandla TEGEU ngamnye 12.5 kW, njengoko amafutha lusetyenziswayo ngamanzi enzima. Nje nekhilogram enye indlela yayo uvelisa amandla alingana oko zingafunyanwa ngokutshiswa kilograms kwezigidi ezibini zepetroli! Oku kuphela ithetha umthamo kunye nokubaluleka nezi-nzulu enkulu, ukuba abandayo reactions fusion zenyukliya eziveliswe kubo bangazisa result oyifunayo.

Ngoko ke, okwangoku akwaziwa ukuba ezithile nokuba ilungelo ayikho okanye hayi fusion ebandayo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba oko aba ingcinezelo kule ubungqondi inzululwazi Filimonenko, namhlanje ihlabathi ukuba akunjalo, yaye kulindeleke ukuba nobomi abantu nge izihlandlo eziliqela. Ngapha koko, kwanokuba Ivan Filimonenko lowu radiation radioactive - unobangela ngokwaluphala kwabantu kunye nokufa phambi kwexesha. Yeyona radiation ukuba ngoku kukho ngokoqobo yonke indawo, singasathethi ke imizi emikhulu, waphula zofuzo zabantu. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto ngabo eBhayibhileni kudla ubomi iwaka leminyaka, ekubeni mhlawumbi akazange ayisekho ixesha kwimitha umonakalo.

Kusekwe ufakelo academician Filimonenko kwithuba elide ukuphelisa umhlaba ezi babulala ezingcolisa, ukongeza ekunikeni umthombo umthombo wamandla enexabiso. Njengalo okanye hayi, ixesha liya kuthi, kodwa ke Kulusizi ukuba eli xesha akungekhe kuthi chatha kuyo.