Yaba kokusungulwa microscope Kubaluleke kangakanani? Imbali kokusungulwa neemicroscope

Khulu ebizwa isixhobo ekhethekileyo eyenzelwe ukwandisa microimages ulinganise ubungakanani bezinto okanye zolwakhiwo zezakhiwo njengoko sibonile ngemehlo. Olu phuhliso iyamangalisa, kwaye kokusungulwa izigidi kubaluleke kakhulu kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba kungekho nto ibiya kukho ezinye iindawo bezenzululwazi. Kwaye apha iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu.

isixhobo Array enxulumene osetyenziswa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo - ngemicroscope. Kunye kunokwenzeka ukuqwalasela ubume lezinto ayibonakali ngamehlo. It ikuvumela ukuba uchaze parameters microformations morphological, kwakunye ukuvavanya indawo yazo umthamo. Ngokuba kunzima ukuyiqonda indlela obalulekileyo kokusungulwa ngemicroscope, nendlela oko kwabuchaphazela ukubonakala nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi.

Imbali neemicroscope kunye yokukhanya

Namhlanje kunzima ukuba uxele ukuba ngubani owavela microscope yokuqala. Mhlawumbi, eli phephancwadi liza kuba ngokubanzi kuxoxwe, kwakunye nokudala crossbow. Noko ke, ngokuchaseneyo izixhobo, kokusungulwa microscope ngokwenene eyenzeka e-Europe. Ngubani kanye akwaziwa. Amathuba ukuba icebo waba nguvulindlela Hans Jansen, inkosi Dutch ekuveliseni izibuko, Kuyinto phezulu. Unyana wakhe, Zahariem Yansenom, ingxelo yenziwa ngo 1590, ukuba yena notata wakhe owakha ngemicroscope.

Kodwa sele ngo-1609 nabo kwakukho enye indlela yokuba wadala UGalileo Galilei. Elibizile ke occhiolino kwaye thaca kuluntu Accademia Dei Lincei. Ubungqina bokuba ngelo xesha zinokusetyenziswa izigidi uphawu woshicilelo uPopu Urban III. Kukholelwa ukuba kukho loyamano umfanekiso ezifunyenwe yi iimviwo ngemikroskopu. khulu Ukukhanya (edityanisiweyo) UGalileo Galilei yayibandakanya khaxa, yanye lens phakathi.

Ukuphucula kunye nokuqaliswa xa kusenziwa

kweminyaka sele emva 10 UGalileo uCornelis Drebbel qambo kudala ngemicroscope zizonke ukuba lenses ezimbini khaxa. Kwaye emva koko, oko kukuthi, xa ekupheleni 1600s, Christian Huygens iphuhlise inkqubo eyepiece lens-mbini. Bona obuvelisiweyo kunye ngoku, nangona abanalo nobubanzi ngokutsha. Kodwa, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoncedo neemicroscope ngo-1665 nguRobert Hooke ukufunda isilayi oki yaqhutywa, apho nzulu wabona iseli ekuthiwa njalo-. Isiphumo olu lingelo yaba ukuqaliswa "iseli" ingqiqo.

Enye khulu uyise - Antoni Van Levenguk - nje ngokutsha kwemoto oko, kodwa ikwazile ukutsala ingqalelo zebhayoloji kule fowuni. Kwaye ke yacaca intsingiselo kokusungulwa neemicroscope kweyobunzululwazi, kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuphuhlisa eziphilayo. Mhlawumbi, uthe isixhobo ekhawulezayo kakhulu uphuhliso kunye nenzululwazi, logama nje abantu abazange babone kwamagciwane, wayekholelwa ukusuka ukungafaneleki ukuba kuvela izifo. Kwaye zesayensi walawula ingqikelelo alchemy kunye theory vitalistic ubukho wabaphilayo isizukulwana ezizenzekelayo yobomi.

khulu Leeuwenhoek

Ukuveliswa neemicroscope sisiganeko ekhethekileyo inzululwazi kumaXesha Aphakathi, kuba ebulela kwisixhobo bakwazi ukufumana ezininzi izinto ezintsha kwi ingxoxo yenzululwazi. Ngaphezu koko, iingcamango ezininzi lwalusiwa ngenxa ngemicroscope. Kwaye le mpumelelo inkulu ngu Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Wakwazi ukuphucula neemicroscope ukuze kukuvumela ukuba ubone iiseli ngokweenkcukacha. Kwaye ukuba sizibuze, kule meko, ukuba ngenene nguyise Leeuwenhoek microscope yale hlobo.

isakhiwo device

Neemicroscope ukukhanya kakhulu Leeuwenhoek waye ipleyiti kunye lens ukuba mkhulu izinto zinokujongwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Le ipleyiti kunye ilens waba enemilenze emithathu. Ngaye, kwathiwa ekhwele phezu kwetafile tye. Ukwalathisa lens, ukuba ubakhanyisele kwaye ibekwe phakathi kuyo kunye nezinto eziza kusetyenziswa kuvavanyo amakhandlela lilangatye, kwaba kuyenzeka ukubona iiseli bacteria. Apho ezibonakalayo kuqala eyayiphanda Antoni Van Levenguk waba uqweqwe. Kulo sisazinzulu wabona izidalwa ezininzi ucingo uze wayengakwazi.

Ukohluka zoqhanqalazo ngemicroscope Leeuwenhoek. Ekhoyo xa leqela ayiniki imifanekiso high quality. Ngaphezu koko, ubukho lens ezimbini anda iziphene kuphela. Ngenxa yokuba kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-150, de iimikroskopu ezimbaxa, ekuqaleni yaphuhliswa uGalileo Drebbel, waqala ukunika umgangatho umfanekiso efanayo njengoko Leeuwenhoek isixhobo. Ngokwakhe Antoni Van Levenguk nangoku kuqwalaselwa uyise ngemicroscope, kodwa ekunene i inkosi esivunyiweyo of microscopy izinto zomthonyama kunye neeseli.

Kusungulwa kunye nokuphuculwa lens

kanye Ingcamango lens sele sikhona kakade eRoma yamandulo eGrisi. Umzekelo, eGrisi esebenzisa iindondo khaxa ikwazile ukuba abase umlilo. Kwaye e Rome, siye kudala sabona iimpawu iimpahla zeglasi ezaliswe ngamanzi. Baya ikuvumela ukuba ukwandisa umfanekiso, amaxesha nakuba abaninzi. Uphuhliso olulolunye lens ayaziwa, nangona ke kucacile ukuba inkqubela emhlabeni nako ukuma.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngenkulungwane ye-16, Venice iye yaba umkhwa ukusetyenziswa iindondo. Ubungqina le izibakala malunga ubukho machines besila iglasi, elathi ukufumana lenses. Kwakhona, kwakukho imizobo izixhobo ezisebenzisa ezenza nezipili kunye lenses. Zabhalwa ezi zenzo bobabo uLeonardo da Vinci. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba abantu basebenza iglasi: ngo-1268 Rodzher Bekon wabeka phambili ingcamango yokudala iteleskopu. Kamva yaphunyezwa.

Kucacile ukuba umbhali lens akangowakhe nakubani na. Kodwa ke waphawula de kufike ixesha ngokukhanya lutho uKarl Fridrih Tseys. Ngowe-1847 wenza umsebenzi ekuvelisweni iimikroskopu. Emva koko, inkampani yakhe ube yinkokeli kuphuhliso iindondo ezamehlo. Oko ikhona unanamhla, uhlala ishishini engundoqo. Ngokuvumelana nayo yonke iinkampani zenze iikhamera kunye khamera, ulise kwi umpu, nale uluhlu, yerediyo kunye nezinye izixhobo.

Ukuphucula microscopy

Imbali kokusungulwa microscope ukunyanzela kunye ukufunda yayo eneenkcukacha. Kodwa akukho ngaphantsi umdla imbali ngcono microscopy. Saqala ukuvela ezintsha iintlobo iimikroskopu nabacinga lwezenzululwazi, nto leyo elenza kubo, hamba nzulu. Ke kaloku injongo yalo msebenzi nje isifundo eziphilayo, kodwa ingqalelo amacandelo amancinane. Onymi na molecule atom. Sele kwinkulungwane ye-19 bakwazi ukuhlola indlela analysis X-ray. Kodwa inzululwazi afuna ngakumbi.

Ngoko, kakade 1863, umhloli uHenry Clifton Sorby microscope wokohlula kuye kwaqulunqwa isifundo awe esibhakabhakeni. Kwaye ngo-1863, Ernst Abbe yaqulunqa thiyori neemicroscope. Kuye kwathathwa phezu ukuvelisa Karla Tseysa ngempumelelo. inkampani yakhe le iye yaphuhliswa ukuba inkokeli kushishino elaziwayo izixhobo zokukhanyisa.

Kodwa kungekudala eza 1931 - ukudala kwemikroskopu. Waba uhlobo olutsha yesixhobo, sivumele ukuba ubone ngaphezulu kakhulu ukukhanya. Ayisebenzi photons kwi X-reyi kwaye okukhanya, kwaye electron - apho amagaqa amancinci ngaphezu ion kakhulu elula. Yaba kokusungulwa microscope electronic avumele ukuphuhlisa histology. Ngoku izazinzulu awuyithembi ukuba izimvo zabo malunga iseli kunye organelles zayo ngokwenene elichanekileyo. Noko ke, kuphela ngowe-1986, uMdali neemicroscope electron Ernst Ruska wawongwa Prize Nobel. Ngaphezu koko, kakade 1938, Dzheyms Hiller kowakha ngemicroscope transmission electron.

iintlobo ezintsha iimikroskopu

Science, emva kokuba yonke impumelelo izazinzulu ezininzi likhula ngokukhawuleza. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba injongo lilawulwe yi izinto ezintsha, ke kudingeka ukuba kukhe kuphuhliseke ngemicroscope ethe kakhulu. Kwaye kakade ngowe-1936, Erwin Müller ziveliswe isixhobo engcolisayo entsimini. Kwaye ngo-1951, yavelisa esinye isixhobo - ngemicroscope intsimi ion. kubaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba izazinzulu yayo yokuqala ixesha wavunyelwa ukubona atom. Yaye ukongezelela koko ngo-1955, Jerzy Nomarski kuphuhlisa iziseko theoretical component ezohlukileyo ukuphazamiseka nshita microscopy.

Ukuphucula iimikroskopu entsha

Ukuveliswa izigidi awukabi impumelelo, kuba ion amandla okanye photons kucanda engqongileyo zebhayoloji, uze baphathe umfanekiso onesiphumo, umgaqo, akukho nzima. Apha nje umcimbi yokuphucula umgangatho microscopy a kwakubaluleke ngokwenene. Ke kaloku, emva kwezi izigqibo izazinzulu ziye wadala ye-flight mass analyzer, ebizwa scanning ion ngemicroscope.

Esi sixhobo ikuvumela ukuba ukuvavanya i-atom sithathwa ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye ufumane ulwazi malunga isakhiwo-ntathu kwemolekyuli. Kunye nale uhlalutyo X-ray , le ndlela iza kukhawulezisa kakhulu inkqubo yokuchonga kwezinto ezininzi zifumaneka kwindalo. Yaye ngowe-1981, yaye yaziswa ukuskena Tunneling ngemicroscope, yaye ngowe-1986 - amandla atomic. 1988 - umnyaka kokusungulwa ukuskena electrochemical ngemicroscope etoneleni. Kwaye ke yakutsha kwaye olunoluncedo Kelvin probe amandla. Kuye kwenziwa ngo-1991.

Uqikelelo obalulekileyo kwihlabathi microscope fyabo

Ukususela ku 1665, xa Leeuwenhoek inxaxheba ekwenziweni glass kunye ukuvelisa iimikroskopu, ishishini uye savela kwaye zibe nzima kakhulu. Bemangalisiwe malunga intsingiselo kokusungulwa ngemicroscope, kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele impumelelo microscopy engundoqo. Ngoko ke, le ndlela kuvunyelwa ukuba siqwalasele ehokweni, nto leyo umfutho biology yophuhliso olulandelayo. Isixhobo ke ngoko ukuba uqonde organelles iseli, eyenza kube lula ukwenza ipateni isakhiwo iseli.

Ke neemicroscope kuvunyelwa ukuba ubone molecule kunye atom, yaye kamva abaphandi bakwazi ukuvavanya indawo yabo. Ngaphezu koko, ngemicroscope, unako nokuba ubone amafu electron-athom. Njengoko elektroni ukuhamba ngesantya ukukhanya emhlabeni undoqo, ngoko cinga le yamasuntswana akunakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo. Nakuba kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda intsingiselo kokusungulwa ngemicroscope. Ilungiselelwe ithuba ukubona into entsha ukuba asikwazi ukubona iliso. Yeyona hlabathi emangalisayo, izifundo eye wayisondeza kwimpumelelo mihla physics, chemistry kunye namayeza. Kwaye iyafaneleka wonke umsebenzi.