Eyona eziphambili ze emali, imiphumela kunye ubangela

Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso - inkqubo kuluphawu ezininzi zoqoqosho zale mihla. Kodwa kwamanye amazwe ungangxamanga, kwabanye - obonakalayo kakhulu. Waba yintoni elidityaniswe kuyo? Zintoni izinto ezibangela ukuba ingqalelo simanga yezoqoqosho?

Eli emali

Phantsi emali kwakuthetha ukwandisa ngokungqinelana nenqanaba yamaxabiso iimveliso kakhulu zithandwa kunye neenkonzo ezinikwa ngurhulumente. Xa zokuqhubeka lemali yabantu, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso nga ukunciphisa amandla awo okuthenga.

Izincomo buyinto kwezoqoqosho - iqhelekile ezininzi zoqoqosho zesizwe mihla. Into yokuba kukho ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kweli lizwe, ubonisa, njengokuba umthetho, xa imfuno emandla yeempahla kunye neenkonzo. Deflation - xa angekhoyo okanye ayanelanga ngamandla umva nesenzeko singabonakala. Kwakhona ingqalelo sisithethe kumazwe anoqoqosho kwimarike mihla.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba zombini ezi meko, xa kwamaxabiso kunye deflation zibonwa ngezenzeko zendalo kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho, sithetha malunga ngokwezalathi efanelekileyo ibe ncinci kakhulu - ekhulwini ezimbalwa. Ukuba emali okanye isixa deflation amashumi ezininzi ekhulwini, uqoqosho kusenokwenzeka, kukho iingxaki ebonakalayo. Kulo mzekelo, zombini parameters zizalathisi lwamazinga lobunzima kwezoqoqosho karhulumente.

Ngoku cinga iintlobo, izizathu kunye neziphumo emali.

Ukuhlelwa iintlobo kwamaxabiso: izinga lokukhula kwamaxabiso

Kukho eziliqela iindlela ukuhlelwa nesenzeko kwezoqoqosho ethathelwa ingqalelo. Ngenxa yoko, isibaluli ngazo iintlobo kwamandla emali (iziphumo noonobangela - correlative nabo) Sizimisele ngokusekelwe rates yayo. Ngoko ke, kukho ukunyuka kwamaxabiso:

- phantsi;

- ethile;

- zangqisha;

- emali.

Phantsi emali eliphantsi ibhekisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwimveliso kunye neenkonzo ezithandwayo, ochazwa ipesenti ethile. Izizathu zale meko zoqoqosho - ebezi nomsebenzi ozinzileyo eyenza imfuno, kanene yiyiphi na enkulu kancinane ngaphezu unikezelo. Imiphumo yale emali kwi kuqoqosho zakhayo: enesidingo ezinzileyo amalungu nababonelela ngezinto kunye neenkonzo,, amashishini amatsha evulekile, uqoqosho urhulumente iyakhula ngempumelelo.

In ngokulinganisela amazinga okunyuka kwamaxabiso kukhula nama-5-10% ngonyaka ngamnye. Njengoko kunjalo kunye ezahlukeneyo wokuqala uthathwa buyinto kwezoqoqosho, amanani kufuneka phantse nafuthe kakubi kuqoqosho karhulumente kwaye zibonisa, kwakhona, kwakuwo kwemfuneko phezu yonikezelo ngenxa yobukho kweli lizwe imivuzo izinzile.

Xa bhe kwamanani Enyuka ngamashumi eziliqela ekhulwini ngonyaka. Izizathu zale meko zoqoqosho - ukuhla imfuno kwimarike ngenxa ekuncipheni kwemveliso yeempahla kunye neenkonzo, ukunciphisa izinga capitalisation kuqoqosho, nokunikezelwa eyinkunzi evela kwicandelo sokwenene zemali okanye ukurhoxiswa kwazo kolawulo karhulumente.

Iziphumo emali eyadala - njengoko umthetho, uphelelo iingeniso yasekhaya (ngenxa yokuba ukuba imivuzo kufuneka na ixesha ukuba sikwalathisa emva ukunyuka kwamaxabiso), ukunciphisa inani lemisebenzi ngenxa kukuyeka emarikeni leenkampani ezahlukeneyo. Urhulumente ubophelelekile ukuba uphendule le miba kwezoqoqosho ukuqhuba iinguqulelo eziyimfuneko. Kungenjalo, ukuphala kwamaxabiso nto ude ube ukunyuka okungalawulekilyo kwamaxabiso - emali, ochazwa amakhulu ekhulwini ngonyaka. Kule meko, urhulumente unokuba elikhulu-isikali ntlekele kwezentlalo nezopolitiko.

Vula and closed emali

Kukho nenye njengekhrayitheriya ngazo ukwahlula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwamaxabiso (iziphumo noonobangela - efanayo): iqondo phandle. Ngenxa yoko, iingcali ziye zachongwa i kwamaxabiso evulekileyo nefihlakeleyo.

ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho uhlobo lokuqala liyasetyenziswa kuphela xa imeko nkqubo isebenze kwimarike, ebonakala ngu ngendlela amaxabiso simahla yeempahla kunye neenkonzo ezisisiseko. Abasemagunyeni, ke ngoko, musa kuphazamisana ngendlela apho abanikezeli ukumisela ixabiso lempahla kunye neenkonzo bathengisa abemi. Kulo mzekelo, abadlali eziphambili zoqoqosho ziya kuba uhlobo izicacele wemiba eziphembelela kwamaxabiso. Ngaphezu koko, uRhulumente uya kuba lula ukulawula uqoqosho.

kwamanani efihlakeleyo, ke, kubonakala kwiimeko apho ixabiso inxalenye enkulu iimpahla kunye neenkonzo ezinikwa yi amashishini amiliselweyo lolawulo igunya, ezoqoqosho. Kulo mzekelo, usenokuba ezisengxakini yokuphelelwa iimveliso imfuno kunye neenkonzo, ukuze amaxabiso kukhula ngokungacwangciswanga, eneneni. Ume market umthunzi, ukusuka apho kungekho irhafu ahlawulwa, nto leyo ezingaqukwanga ngokumiselwa imo izalathisi ezingundoqo kuqoqosho, ezifana ne-GDP. Ngenxa yoko - engaphantsi ngemali imarike yesizwe, i-capitalisation aphantsi macandelo abaluleke kakhulu, as a result - ngonyawo lonwabu nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho.

imfuno emali kunye neendleko

Enye iimpawu ekuya kubonwa ngazo iintlobo ezithile kwamaxabiso (imiphumo noonobangela, Kakade ke, nabo) - iinkalo kwimveliso. Ukungqinelana ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinokubangelwa imfuno okanye emali iindleko.

Kakuhle eli sokuqala senkqubo yoqoqosho kukuba ibango lidlula ubonelelo. Oku kube ngenxa yokwanda ngongeniselo labemi karhulumente kunye nokutshintsha elingonelanga lokuvula kwamashishini amatsha, iindlela ukuhlangabezana nemfuno. Ngenxa yoko - iindidi ezifanelekileyo zamashishini zivulekile, uqoqosho lwelizwe ikhula.

emali imfuno kwakhona kuxhokonxwa ekomelezeni infusions mali eyinkunzi zibe kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ezoqoqosho. Umzekelo - kwezemfundo, kwinkonzo karhulumente, iinkonzo zentlalo, amayeza, umkhosi. amaziko karhulumente ukuba befumene iimali mali, nayo ukudala imfuno, leyo akusoloko iyahlutha yokusebenza asethi lweshishini ezikhoyo kweli lizwe.

Iindleko emali ngenxa yokwanda amaxabiso iimveliso okanye iinkonzo, nto leyo kuvela ngenxa yokwanda kweendleko iindleko zoshishino, ukunika iimveliso ezifanelekileyo kunye neenkonzo kubathengi. izizathu ukwandisa ixabiso inokuba nomahluko kakhulu kule meko. Ezinye izizathu zoku - ukunyuka kwexabiso zempahla ekrwada kwamanye amazwe kunye namacandelo. Iinkampani banyanzelwa ukuba ukukhulisa amanani, ukuze senze ukunqongophala kwemfuno yeempahla ezazithengiswa, njengoko abathengi ke, ayavuma ukuhlawula imveliso kunye nokwanda neendleko. Ngenxa yoko - inkampani akhawunti ngenxa yokungabikho isantya eyaneleyo ukunciphisa imveliso.

Ngenxa yoko, emali imfuno kuchaphazela uqoqosho zikarhulumente iindleko ubukhulu becala ezakhayo - negative. Kwakhona, oko nemiba ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwamaxabiso. Njengokuba sibonile ngentla apha, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso eliphantsi okanye eliphakathi, njengoko umthetho, ubungqina iinkqubo entle kwezoqoqosho, ukuphala - ezimbi.

ngokwemiqathango yolwahlulo ezahlukileyo kuthathwa buyinto kwezoqoqosho, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba ukuthelekisa. Lithathwa ukuba iinqobo zokugweba ukuze kuchongwe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwamaxabiso, iziphumo kunye oonobangela ngamnye kubo, kakhulu ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene omnye komnye: ukwandisa ixabiso kwempahla kuqoqosho karhulumente unokubangwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo ngexesha elinye, kodwa, nakuba kunjalo, kumisa iinqobo ezahlukeneyo lucalulo kwamaxabiso. Ngaphandle lowo uchaphazelekayo, oko kubandakanya ukwabiwa yentsingeiselo eninzi yoqoqosho ayaba kakhulu. Sekunjalo, izizathu imfuno kunye nokuhla iindleko-push eyahlukileyo kakhulu. Njengoko kwakunye neziphumo zazo.

ngokutsho neqondo ixabiso nokusasazeka Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso

Isibaluli elandelayo, nto leyo evumela ukuba Cazulula kwamaxabiso iindidi (iintlobo), iziphumo, Nokubengezelisa - ngesidanga kwiintsali iye ixabiso.

Ngoko ke, iingcali bekela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso esilungeleleneyo, apho iindleko iindidi imveliso edume ikhula kakhulu ngokulinganayo. Ngokomzekelo, xa apile ayabiza kakhulu kwi 3.7%, i amapere - 4%. Ukuba amaxabiso erayisi, umzekelo, nge-8.4%, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwi oats ezityikitywe sibe malunga ne-9%. Kukho emali engalungelelananga, apho kukho, nayo, a ukungayelelani ebonakalayo lokukhula kwamaxabiso emveliso.

Izinto ezibangela le nesenzeko zokuqala zoqoqosho zibonisa unciphiso endalo kumandla nokuthengwa ikomkhulu lesizwe kuqoqosho ngokubanzi. Uhlobo lwesibini kwamaxabiso ngenxa yokuba abathengisi abafumana ubunzima ukufikelela kwi kubathengisi ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko - kukho ukunqongophala, amaxabiso enyuka. Enye imbangela kunokwenzeka kwamaxabiso engalungelelananga - ukwenyuka kwamaxabiso amazwe ngenxa yeenguqu lwemali kazwelonke. Oku kungaba nemiphumela zentlalo xa kuthe isabelo kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ezifunwayo kwelilizwe ebonakalayo. indleko sinyuke, ukuba ngabemi musa kukhule ngokomlinganiselo imivuzo, uya kwandisa ngokubonakalayo umthwalo yentlawulo kumthengi.

Kwelinye icala, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso nelungeleleneyo ngokuqhelekileyo singabandakanyi iziphumo zentlalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukwanda efanayo kwamaxabiso, kuqala kwiinto zonke, zincitshiswe ukwanda umvuzo zabemi, yaye okwesibini - umboleki lula ukulawula imali yakho, ngoko ke njani Sinokuqiniseka ukuba spike kwamaxabiso kwimveliso ezithandwayo akuyi kwenzeka.

emali zesidanga

Ezi khrayitheriya zilandelayo ukuba umahluko iintlobo, izizathu kunye neziphumo ze emali - nobungakanani ezilindelekileyo zalo. Ngoko ke, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwezoqoqosho kunokuba ngqwabalala, engalindelekanga. Njengomgaqo, oku ngenxa yokunqongophala unikezelo ngomhla imveliso yemarike yezizathu kwerandi okanye ukufumana ezi okanye ezinye kubathengisi of bodwa isikhundla ingxenye yayo. Ukuba ezi zinto azikho, ngoko kwamaxabiso na abunjwe ungangxamanga ngakumbi, nto leyo singaliqikelela.

izinto emali

Ngoko ke, siye safunda iintlobo ezisisiseko, izizathu kunye neziphumo emali. Isicwangciso eli nqaku kugqitywa iyunithi echazwe ngokupheleleyo ngakumbi njengabamisi kwamaxabiso. Iingcali ukuchonga amaqela zilandelayo:

- yemali;

- zesakhiwo;

- yangaphandle.

Zimeko emali lemali ezikhona zibandakanya:

- ukungalingani phakathi konikezelo kunye nemfuno (okanye ubunzima yorhwebo);

- excess ebonakalayo iingeniso phezu imali abathengi;

- an ukungalingani mali karhulumente;

- waveza ephambili inkcitho wamajoni;

- mali kakuhle kumacandelo aphambili ezoqoqosho;

- Dynamics ephakame gqitha cash turnover;

- ukukhula imivuzo akukho ngamazinga kunye yimveliso yabasebenzi.

Imiba zezakhiwo emali ziquka:

- i ukungalingani kubume kuqoqosho (umzekelo, icala kakhulu kushishino izinto ekrwada kunye nokungabikho kwamayeza kwicandelo yabathengi);

- ukuzibamba ngqiqweni ukuqinisa Dynamics kudliwe;

- kukho inani elikhulu abadibeneyo kwezoqoqosho karhulumente.

Imiba yangaphandle lentengo kungabandakanya:

- le hexa kwamaxabiso zehlabathi eemveliso ezingundoqo, izinto ekrwada, amafutha;

- ezithile ebalulekileyo sokungena phezu kwamanye amazwe;

- nokunqongophala kwamayeza kwimarike yase yemalimboleko yangaphandle ngetyala.

Imiba kwamandla emali nako kuba ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, iimpazamo kwi irhafu kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo loluntu karhulumente. ukusebenza ngakumbi ukuba kuchaphazela iinkqubo zoqoqosho ngexesha elifanayo.

Hlola ngakumbi ezi nkcukacha ze iziganeko ezifana emali, uhlobo, iintlobo, izizathu kunye neziphumo zayo singakwazi siqwalasele ifuthe kwamaxabiso ukunyuka kwi kuphuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho karhulumente.

Umphumo kwamaxabiso kuphuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho karhulumente

Emali, njengoko sibonile ngentla apha, ukuze ingachazwa njengento amanani elincinane ngokwentelekiso - ekhulwini ezimbalwa, kunye namanani enomtsalane kakhulu.

Kwimeko yokuqala, kuba ibonakalisa impembelelo iinkqubo kunokuba koqoqosho: kwakuwo kwemfuneko phezu yonikezelo ngenxa yemivuzo ukufukuka, intsalela yoqoqosho, ukusebenza kakuhle ezithunyelwa ngaphandle nezingenayo ratio. Kodwa ke ngokugqithiseleyo inflation aphezulu ezinokukuchaphazela kakubi iinkqubo zentlalo noqoqosho.

Ukuba amaxabiso kweli lizwe ezikhulayo, umzila esekwe lowanyathela phakathi kwamaqumrhu zoshishino (ngenxa yokuba abathengi sihlala sifuna kubanikezeli ezitshiphu), kunciphise investment (ngenxa yokuba, ukuba utyalo-mali ukuze kuzihlawula ngayo ngenxa yokuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso) kubonakala ngezikhondo zamehlo zentlalo (ukuba kungenzeka ukuba ube nemali eyaneleyo ukuze bathenge impahla ezingundoqo zanda kwexabiso).

kwamanani High igqiba:

- nokwehla kwemali yebhanki kwabemi;

- ukonakala imo yezentlalo noqoqosho abemi engakhuselekanga ekuhlaleni;

- ukuncitshiswa msebenzi ishishini kweli lizwe;

- ukuhla komgangatho impahla ezininzi ngenxa imfuneko ukuba bazivelise okanye bazenze kukuninzi;

- ukuncipha lokubolekisa kwindlela yokugcina imali karhulumente, ukuvela ematyotyombeni.

Umongo iziganeko ezifana emali, ingqiqo, iintlobo, izizathu kunye neziphumo zayo, cinga ingakumbi iindlela zokulinganisa ukukhula ixabiso kuqoqosho karhulumente.

ilinganiselwa njani kwamaxabiso?

Ngokubanzi, amazinga okunyuka kwamaxabiso zibonakaliswa exela ixabiso unxulumano le nezalathiso ixabiso iimpahla kulo nyaka xa kuthelekiswa edlulileyo. Kulo mzekelo, iikhowudi enokusetyenziswa:

- Amaxabiso yokudidiyela;

- Amaxabiso komthengi;

- lo deflator GDP.

Enyanisweni, inkqubo yezoqoqosho karhulumente wabonakalisa izalathisi ezininzi kwamaxabiso. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yabemi ukuba, ngokucacileyo, isalathiso ixabiso nkonzo. Isalathisi kakhulu ulwazi kuqoqosho kuthi kamva, lo deflator GDP.

model ukwakhiwa kwamandla emali

Emva kokuhlolisisa uhlobo, kubangela, iintlobo, ifuthe lokunyuka kwamaxabiso, singakwazi siqwalasele umzekelo osisiseko nokubunjwa kwayo.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuvela kwe emali, abezoqoqosho abaninzi achaza imigaqo ecetywayo yi Kagan. Ngokutsho kwabo, le meko kwezoqoqosho kwangaphambili ukuxhomekeka ebango kwi emali-nxaxheba ezimalikeni. Ukuba lithathelwe ezilindelekileyo iinkcukacha iphawulwa ngexabiso eliphantsi nangona ukuba luthambe lebango imali iphantsi, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuya utshatise ekunyukeni kwamanani imali. Kodwa ukuba parameters ezenza le modeli, yiya ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu, uqoqosho ukuze emali, inkcaso leyo ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka ungenelelo ngoncedo kurhulumente.

Kukho umfuziselo Friedmann, njengoko apho imfuno lokwenene ezinkulu hlanga, ulungelelene Dynamics yengeniso zoluntu, kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kulindeleke. Ngelo xesha kuqoqosho ukunyuka kwamaxabiso i wenzeke xa ephezulu amazinga zokukhula koqoqosho lwesizwe. Yinto enokwenzeka, nto leyo endinga umba eyongezelelweyo imali - ukuba amazinga okunyuka kwamaxabiso ngezantsi kwabo ingqalelo ngendlela eyiyo.

Kukho ingumzekelo Bruno Fischer, njengoko apho ixabiso ukunyuka ke kwangaphambili nje kuphela ezilindelekileyo nxaxheba yimarike, kodwa ke Dynamics GDP. Kusenokwenzeka Makuqatshelwe ukuba le mbono nayo ibandakanya ingqalelo njengento parameter ebalulekileyo izikhombisi intsilelo mali, ngokunjalo iindlela usoyise, ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente. Ku nga usebenziswe ngalendlela, umzekelo, ukukhutshwa kunye mboleko. Le modeli, ngokutsho abezoqoqosho abaninzi, likuvumela ukuba uhlaziye iinkcukacha zinto zijongwayo isenzeko lokunyuka kwamaxabiso, uhlobo, iintlobo, izizathu kunye neziphumo correlative yalo kunye neenqobo zokuhlela ezahlukeneyo.

Kukho umfuziselo Sargent-Wallace. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso xa igqitywa ukungalingani-nkqubo wemali karhulumente kwi ngezimali intsilelo lulwabiwo mali lukazwelonke. Ngaxa lithile, abasemagunyeni kwezoqoqosho kufuneka kwandiswe ubonelelo ngemali, leyo amaxabiso kuqoqosho avuke. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba, ngokungqinelana ingqiqo phantsi ingqalelo, kugcinwe inkqubo chaza entsimini yezezimali kukhokelela ekwandeni kwamaxabiso. Oku kungenxa ezilindelekileyo nxaxheba emakethe ukuba urhulumente uya kuqala ukuze kubuyekezelwe eshotayo yohlahlo lwabiwo ikakhulu ngenxa umba, kunokuba mboleko. Abasemagunyeni action script kakuhle kwezoqoqosho kulo mzekelo - ukunciphisa intsilelo mali.

Andise imifuziselo ukuchaza indlela ukuyilwa iziganeko yezoqoqosho ezifana emali womlinganiselo, iintlobo, izizathu kunye neziphumo zayo, sinako ukuhlola ngokupheleleyo ngakumbi iindlela ezisisiseko nkqubo anti-kwamaxabiso.

Umgaqo-Anti-kwamaxabiso seziphathimandla

abasemagunyeni kweli lizwe ukuze baphendule ngokwahlukileyo ukuze ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuqoqosho. Kodwa ukuba sithethe ngayo iindlela jikelele - kungakhathaliseki apho kungathathelwa ingqalelo iintlobo, ebangela, ifuthe kwamaxabiso - Amanyathelo kwexabiso lentengo angamelwa kule luhlu lulandelayo:

- umthetho credit;

- Izibonelelo zemali;

- nkqubo deflationary;

- umthetho lwemali.

Kuxhomekeka imeko yezoqoqosho, khetha enye okanye ngaphezulu wabo.

Emva kokuba abasemagunyeni ezichongwe izizathu kwangaphambili ezo nkcukacha iimpawu le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa kwamandla emali (oonobangela, iintlobo, imiphumo), umgaqo-anti-kwamaxabiso iqhotyoshelwe kwinqanaba lolawulo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuze sibe nokumiliselwa idibana yibhanki eyongameleyo karhulumente. iingcali ze-Arhente sihlaziye amacandelo aphambili kule nkqubo, njengoko emali (uhlobo, oonobangela, iindidi, imiphumo). Umgaqo-Anti-emali kufuneka elungeleleneyo yaye athathele ingqalelo yonke imibandela ephambili lokukhula kwamaxabiso kuqoqosho karhulumente.

isishwankathelo

Ngoko ke, uphando ingakumbi kwamaxabiso - isenzeko kwezoqoqosho, intama ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Thina abe neempawu ezisisiseko senkqubo enjalo, njengoko emali (uhlobo, oonobangela, iintlobo, iimpembelelo zentlalo noqoqosho) ziye uphando. Siye safumanisa ukuba imixholo ebalulekileyo yolawulo lweentsingiselo ahambelanayo kwezoqoqosho karhulumente. Umsebenzi abasemagunyeni - ukuqonda ukuba yintoni ebangela simanga kwamandla emali. Oonobangela, Types, iziphumo kunye neendlela ukuloyisa - in kwekhono le iingcali eziphambili amaziko zemali karhulumente, ikakhulu i Central Bank.

Study lihlola isenzeko kwezoqoqosho anikwe indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yemfundo ye-Russian Federation. kwiinkalo ezininzi, nkqu ezinxulumene ngqo kwicandelo zemali, iintlobo zokufunda, izizathu kunye neziphumo nokunyuka kwamaxabiso - Izifundo zentlalo, umzekelo. Oku kungenxa yokuba le nkqubo yezoqoqosho kuchaphazela kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi mihla. indoda eziqhelekileyo esitratweni, mhlawumbi hayi nokuba yokujongana nemiba yophuhliso kwezoqoqosho, kufuneka ulumkele yintoni emali. Oonobangela, Types, iziphumo zentlalo nezoqoqosho kulo, ubuncinane ngokwemigqaliselo yoMthetho imiba esisiseko ummi zizifundiswa mihla kufuneka uyazi. Le wenzala kunye urhulumente ukwakha ingxoxo eyakhayo noluntu ngemiba ulawulo kuqoqosho.