"ETulip" system. 2S4 "eTulip" (240 mm) - isityalo udaka self-esingazihambeliyo

Ngexesha impi epheleleyo, kunye imisebenzi ngaphambili ukuba ahlangule uqhankqalazo umlilo enamandla utshaba usebenzisa iindidi enomjukujelwa kunye zokudubula iindlela. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ithuba ebangela umonakalo eliphezulu xa kuhlaselwa eziphumelela kumgca kakuhle. Ukudubula le imipu, eyenzelwe bazibandakanye ezinde ngaphezu moya komhlaba kunye indlela tyaba le projectile olungasebenziyo ngokubanzi. Efihliweyo inqaba komhlaba akhuselwe, ukuze abatshabalalise, kuthatha ibhola elungileyo ukusuka phezulu. Maxa wambi ujika ube nganto, nangona indawo enkulu intshabalalo nezinto thermal, nkqu inkqubo lomlilo ivolibholi.

"ETulip"

Amafoto yale udaka self-ngokwaso kubaneka kwiziza kunye amaphepha iincwadi ngokunxulumene nezinto ezibuhlungu eMpuma of Ukraine. UMphathiswa wezoKhuselo Valery Geleta, ukuya ePoland, wathi ukuba le "entsha" isixhobo obekwe kwi kulahlwe ngabavukeli komda osempuma ukuya vavanyo zilwe ngokwenene. Ngoko nangoko kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba nodaka self-iqhutywe yayingathethi kuthetha ilizwi lokugqibela inkqubela Russian emkhosini nakwezobugcisa, ukuba emke kwimveliso kwikota kwekhulu eyadlulayo. akazange abe phi inkqubo imikhosi exhobileyo "eTulip"? uncedo Military kwi "ummelwane esemantla" kwi nantoni na. Ngokutsho abasebenzi zombini Dni (kodwa ababini kuphela kwabo) ufakelo athinjwe ekulweni utshaba, APU, omnye phantsi ijagi Big, elinye Ilovaiskaya kwibhoyila. Kodwa ukudideka iyanda xa ke wabhekisela umchiza twi kunye nezixhobo nokuba yenyukliya ukudubula udaka self-esingazihambeliyo wabe. Eminye uphuhliso ziye ayiqinisekiswanga amaxhala abanobubi Ukrainian kwikomkhulu Ato. Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo kuhlala ukuba ngaba ngezizathu babeza ukurhwaphilizela kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa ngabavukeli nezixhobo zokubulala abantu abaninzi, yaye yintoni le nkqubo 'eTulip "? Ngaba ngokwenene ezimbi? Zeziphi iindlela? Iinjongo ebe lwenziwe nini? Yintoni intshabalalo ngayo ndingekawuboni ukuvelisa, ngamanye amazwi, zithini iinkcukacha yamacebo technical? Ngenxa ngokukhankanywa rhoqo kumajelo eendaba olu hlobo isixhobo kufuneka aphakamise ikhuselo emfihlekweni emva apho yinkqubo zokudubula ezifihlakeleyo "eTulip".

Ukuhla-line iqela le

Imbali Uphuhliso post-imfazwe kwenkqubo self-ngokwaso zokudubula eSoviet izele idrama, kwaye ngoko ke umdla kakhulu. Emva impumelelo zinto zobugcisa enomjukujelwa eSoviet, ukudalwa iziphathi enjalo ballistic kunye bekusungulwa isathelayithi yokuqala kubunkokeli kweli lizwe ebusweni kuNobhala First of the Central Committee CPSU , NS Khrushchev kwavela ingcamango yokuba imipu ukudubula projectiles - ". Stone Age 'isimntwiso kusuku olungaphambili, Icwangcisa Party ndixambulisana, kodwa, unike umsindo wakhe elibukhali, wakwenza Ngokundweba, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni intshabalalo phantse ngokupheleleyo eSoviet Union zokudubula Ngweletshetshe ngaphandle imikhosi yotshaba. "Phantsi Knife" bonke guns ezinkulu-ukuvuleka, nkqu Zempi kwi leyo ifakiwe. Kodwa kwakukho uphuhliso ... Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni CB imfazwe B. Shavyrina eyenzelwe M-240 240 mm mortars, nto leyo ngowe-1951 waya series. Umlilo akwazi ukuqhubeka kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-8, kunye spetszaryadom kunye ukuya ku 9.7 km. Mina (projectile na engenamaphiko) ubunzima 130 kg, iya kufakwa kulo breech umphanda, ezifana imipu. ubuze bakhe yentelekelelo kuye kwakhokelela ukuvalwa lwemveliso ngowe-1958.

Emva kokususwa isithuba "uNobhala Jikelele, umsebenzi ummangaliso, 'inkokheli entsha iye yabuyela ingcamango yokudala enkulu-ukuvuleka izithuthi zokudubula yokulwa. Bafumana ilifa yeminyaka imfazwe ndidandathekile isampula. Xa imfazwe mihla, i-SU-100 kunye SU-152 akwazi ukubonisa kuphela akunakuphepheka engelutho epheleleyo kunye iphelelwe.

Ngelo xesha, i Army US e Vietnam isicelo i-M-109 howitzer entsimini, ibangela umonakalo omkhulu ukuze amajoni Viet Cong. Shot kwakusidla uNondyebo US ngakumbi ngexabiso eliphantsi airstrike okanye imvula enomjukujelwa, yaye isiphumo ayikho ngaphantsi.

bureau Design benza zokudubula, wanikwa umsebenzi ngokukhawuleza kwi isigqibo weKomiti Central kunye neBhunga laBaphathiswa kuphuhliso lweenkqubo ezintsha zokudubula self-ngokwaso. Xa gqira kade eKharkov Tractor-itanki mveliso waba ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuqalisa ukuvelisa 2C2 "Carnation" 122mm, Volgograd wenze 122-millimitha "Violet" yaye Urals, kuyo iisampuli ezimbini. Babe "Acacia" (self-ngokwaso howitzer 152mm) kunye nodaka inkqubo "eTulip". Enjalo ezimbalini.

Ubunzima ne kwisisu semoto

Abathathiweyo uphuhliso isampulu ekhethekileyo amaxesha, abasebenzi KB, ikhokelwa ngu Yuriem Tomashovym, usenokuba wayecinga kunye uya kujamelana zingaphi iingxaki. Noko ke, kule Perm Machine-Building Plant ogama emva VI ULenin (ngoku i "MZ"), abasoyika nobunzima, kwaye gqolo osombulule yonke imisebenzi enzima, yaye baba baninzi. Lukhulu malunga nezakhono nobuchule le iinjineli Soviet bathi iziqinisekiso amashumi copyright efunyenwe ngethuba le 2S4 yeprojekthi "eTulip".

Imiqobo eziphambili baba ezimbini: obuninzi inkqubo ubunzima kunye returns nanto ludaka. isithuthi lokhozi, lowo besilungiselelwe kuqala ukuba isicelo, ibe kukugcina asanelanga, oko ukuthwala iitoni 21.4 (oko kukuthi nayo kakhulu). "ETulip" inkqubo, Noko ke, ebunzima bungaphezu kwamashumi amabini anesixhenxe. State ngokubanzi kushishino yokhuselo intsebenziswano kuye kwanceda ukusombulula le ngxaki. CB "Transmash" sele waba yinqwelo RK Umazisi "Circle", apho wagqiba ukusebenzisa, ukwenza utshintsho oluyimfuneko lobume. Ukutshintsha injini enjini-400 kunye onamandla ngaphezu (520 hp) isonjululwe ingxaki ukunyusa isantya kunye nenkonzo nobomi 3,000 5,000 km), kuba umlilo "eTulip" iinkqubo ekukhe imfazwe yokwenene, anyakaze yaye ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu izindululi irula. Awukwazi bathi ukuba isisu semoto waya KB Yu Tomashov yayigqityiwe, kwafuneka ukuba kakhulu apha naphaya ngokuvuselela ukuya kwi-80% ye-izinto kulandelelwa isiseko, kodwa iinzuzo evela intsebenziswano kunye ngezivumelwano ayinakuphikiswa.

Nantso ukubuyiselwa!

Ngexesha test, kwakhala emhlabeni yovavanyo kwase uvavanyo lokuqala "Rzhevka" kuqhuma elikhulu. Okwesithathu bamlandela. Isizathu - enzima duty wave enamandla ukuba wadala kwenkqubo "eTulip". Super uthembeke super-nzima oomatshini emkhosini wazidiliza ndibuyele ugwayimbo emoyeni. Inkxaso ipleyiti ibekwe phezu kwezindlu, oqhiphuke umbilini, kunye namatanki izibaso Ndayishwabanisa njengamaphepha. Kuvuthelwa womelela kakhulu, oko kuqikelelwa kwiitoni ezingama-450. akwazi ukuthatha phezu kuphela ehlabathini, ngoko ke ingcinga ugxininiso yesakhelo kumatshini kwafuneka ukuba uyekwe. zokuphatha ezizodwa unit yandisa kunye hydraulic drive yenzelwe, ebeka Umphanda kwi sikhundla badubula.

Ngoko umgudu omkhulu kubazalele amaduna namathokazi. Ngexesha iimvavanyo esizeni kufuphi eKaliningrad kakhulu enamandla howitzer kunaso 152 mm ukuvuleka ayikwazanga kunokubangela umonakalo elibalulekileyo le pillboxes eziphathekayo, ngoxa abebehamba yokuqala watshabalalisa kwenkqubo "eTulip". Izixhobo, ezingqina impumelelo yayo kunye nokuthembeka babeye imveliso mass. Ngowe-1969, kwakhiwa iikopi ezintathu, kwaye isampuli lwamkelwe ngokusesikweni iminyaka emibini.

esiqwini

Ukuqhubeka - nesemgangathweni yomntu zonke izixhobo. technology aqolileyo kunye data obuvunyiweyo zobugcisa eziqhotyoshelwe ukuthembeka imodeli, ngokususa izinto ezi- ngokungeyomfuneko ngexesha lomsebenzi. Ballistics neempawu inkqubo emlilweni umphanda "eTulip" ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo iimpawu imveliso M-240, kuphuhliswa kunyaka ongamphambi kokugqibela koKuhlala zemfazwe phantsi kobunkokheli N. Kalachnikova kunye S. N. Dernova, bafakwa inkonzo ngo-1958. Perm Machine SKB iseke mfutho "inzuzo nodaka", nto leyo nokushukuma ngokuzimeleyo (itrektara efunekayo), kodwa inqanaba eliphezulu firepower. Ubiza lo breech, apho waba isango oluphindwe-up. Xa ngo-1967 waqalisa ngokuyila inkqubo, "eTulip", isixhobo wafumana isisu semoto yayo kunye nezinye iiyunithi ezininzi, ngokunika kube ephelele ngakumbi, kodwa ke ixabiso kuye kwenyuka (ukuya ku amawaka 200 engange Soviet).

Kwase in Russian elula kodwa oluthembekileyo kakhulu kwaye nezichanekileyo, kananjalo ngokuhambelana nezithethe zesizwe. isixhobo bahlehla kolu lwakhiwo ibhungane, umatshini yafakwa kunye indlela Screw ukuwina, iintolo ukutshintshwa kwindawo ukudutyulwa, paw shvornevoy, compensators, kwipleyiti isiseko (kuye, ekugqibeleni, kwaye kwafuneka ukuba babuyele), kwakunye emehlweni. Nditsho ke, umlilo kungakhokelela yi iikhilomitha ezisibhozo, yaye ngowe-1953 lo mgama lancipha km 9.7 ngokuncama elide-uluhlu projectile ekhethekileyo ezinamaphiko.

Isiqu yale ngodaka enzima kunye neenkqubo ezililifa, "eTulip", eyamkelwe yiSoviet Army yaqala ngo-1971.

nezikhali Special "Bobi"

Amandla atshabalalisayo yezi zixhobo yahlukile mortars. Kuba kulayishwa efunekayo ngendlela ekhethekileyo. Ifanele apho dubulo kudala projectile imipu 2C4 "eTulip" zalishumi 130 kg kwi dubulo na ububanzi of 10 leemitha. Intlawulo yesiqhelo wenziwa iikhilogram ezimbini TNT. Esi ngamandla amakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle koko, ngokuba ukoyiswa ngempumelelo ekujoliswe kufuneka kunye nokuchaneka. Ukuphucula oko kufuna indlela ekhethekileyo isikhokelo, enika ithuba kwezobulungisa e-flight. Yamkelwa ngo 1982, oko kwamkelwa echanileyo ngokukhethekileyo "Bobi" (1K113) esinobunzima elincinci kwentlawulo (69 kg), kodwa nee-icala ezisibhozo-thrusters okuqinileyo-irula. Le nezikhali olulodwa, nto leyo gqith kwebhombu, kwaye enomjukujelwa uye unit yayo ulawulo lwakhe, kunye rangefinder isalathisi. ulungiso isikhokelo ikhutshwa phandle ukhanyiso kunye umqadi ube mnye laser. izixhobo operation eyi ngaphantsi kwesithathu, loo nto bashiye ithuba lokusinda utshaba nezona oomatshini kakhulu enobuchwepheshe ekwaziyo imfazwe elektroniki yayikhokelwa ukuphazamiseka electromagnetic.

Ezinye iindidi imigodi

"Bobi" ukulungiselela injongo yawo yokuqala yaba projectile eyenzelwe ukuhlasela izithuthi vehicles. Oku akuzange kumthintele ukusetyenziswa kwayo kweminye imisebenzi, ezifana ukubetha, ethe wafumana ukubaluleka ngokukodwa ngexesha imfazwe e Afghanistan. Imbonakalo weapon andazekanga kuluntu jikelele, ukuba benze ntoni, inkqubo "eTulip" - emkhosini. Photo of a anokuvela eliqingqiweyo ka Soviet Army amajoni namagosa babefuna kubethelela ngokwawo phezu imvelaphi ngesingqusho enkulu, izigcawu kummandla imingcele ngenxa yezizathu kuyimfihlo. Akumangalisi ukuba kwakungenjalo. Ukusetyenziswa kolu hlobo isixhobo ayizange sapapashwa. Arsenal nezikhali, leyo kuhlawuliswa 2S4 nodaka "eTulip" ezahlukahlukeneyo. iintlawulo uqhushumbiso wanikela cluster "imvu" kwi dubulo ezichithachithe iziqalelo ZOF16 ophezulu neziqhushumbisi kananjalo sigade "Sajda" okwaziyo napalm ukuba aqhumisele ngezo nto zonke eziphilayo kummandla phantse 8000 square metres. m.

Kodwa ngaphandle intlawulo njengesiqhelo, ingasetyenziswa okhethekileyo. Umzekelo, am okulwa senyukliya kilotons ezimbini (3VB4) okanye neutron ( "isigqubuthelo" okanye "intlaka"). Malunga Iimboniselo imichiza ayaziwa, kodwa uluhlu ukulwa ukusetyenziswa kwinkqubo yonikezelo esebenzayo-jet ukuya leekhilomitha amawaka alishumi icebisa ukuba kungenzeka enjalo.

Kukuphi na okulunge ngakumbi: "eTulip" okanye MRL?

Ukuze uhlangulwe izimangalo ezinkulu nxamnye notshaba ngexesha nezomhlaba iminyaka yakutshanje kumazwe amaninzi, amaxesha amaninzi yayisebenzisa MLRS "Grad" BM-21. Kwesi sicwangciso, kukho inani elikhulu yeenzuzo, kubandakanywa ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu, elula, ukuthembeka kunye ngamandla amakhulu etshabalalisayo engxakini, kodwa kakhulu Faka strike ngotyando "Grad" akakwazi. Amaqokobhe zayo lawuleki, akukho zixhobo ze kukulungiswa loyilo yabo akakwenzi, kodwa ngokubanzi asikuko ukuba le nkqubo zadalwa. Ukuba ufuna ukubetha ikomkhulu, iziko lonxibelelwano okanye enye into encinane, kungcono ukumelana nale udaka msebenzi "eTulip". inkqubo ezininzi lokwazisa irula isebenza kwindawo, amaqokobhe yayo "iimfama". Ukuthelekisa iindlela ezimbini ukuya kwenye kwaye umsebenzi ofanayo ingcinezelo umlilo angamelwa ikrele kunye ikrele. Nayiphi na kwezi ntlobo izixhobo bladed kusenokufuneka, kodwa elowo kubo - ixesha labo.

Ngezinga elifanayo, "eTulip" ayikho lincinane kakhulu ukuba izixhobo esinobunzima elikhulu enjalo emthethweni, omnye wadubula ngomzuzu, eso sixa siphinda- phindwe kahlanu ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu kwase M-240. Oku kufezekiswe ngesicwangciso esisekelwe indlela womserbia ekhethekileyo rotary, omashini abenziwe Yu Tomaszów.

Kwezo meko apho enomjukujelwa enkulu kunye nokulungiswa zokudubula, kunzima ukusebenzisa izixhobo zobuchwepheshe ezifana "eTulip". izindululi irula multiple "Isichotho" (or "Inqaba") Kuya kuba luncedo, kunye noluhlu (ukuya kwi-40 km), kwaye inani ezikhutshwe ngexesha unit kweqokobhe.

Afghanistan

Emva ayehlasela Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, inkokheli emkhosini akazange kwangoko kakhulu isakhono kwesi sixhobo. Phakathi izizathu injongo zoku kubandakanya yokunqongophala kwezakhono practice kunye nokudubula ezintabeni, xa amanqanaba iingongoma badubula kunye neethagethi zahlukile kakhulu. Kwanyanzeleka ukuba ndifunde ngexesha impi. Ukongeza, kwafikelelwa ukuba nje loo imfazwe ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ngeke, yaye amajoni ngokukhawuleza, emva kokuba uncedo emfutshane nesebenzayo ukubuyela USSR. Kwakukho iingxaki ngokuhanjiswa emgaqweni enamatye oomatshini amahlwempu ibinzima, inkqubo "eTulip". Ibumba, Noko ke, waba imfuno ngokuhamba kwexesha. Lwemipu 588 eyenziweyo phambi 1988, emfazweni Afghan, kuyo iiyunithi 120 le ndlela. Xa zisetyenziswa ikakhulu eqhelekileyo oonokrwece eliphezulu-umonakalo eqhekekileyo, kodwa kwezinye iimeko, ngexesha elifunekayo ukuchana eliphezulu boyise zokudubula isicelo i "Braves" ulungiso laser, amathuba hit ngqo kwi injongo imitha ezintathu-okutshabalalayo 90%. Of inkqubo ebaluleke ngokukodwa "eTulip" abazifumene kwiindawo ukubetha onqatyisiweyo zixhotyiswe kwi iinqaba okanye ukutshatyalaliswa leenkampu imigodi emiqolombeni. Lanikwa ixabiso Okukodwa yasekuhlaleni. Le ngezigaba izinto eziphambili ezisetyenzisiweyo imikhosi anti-urhulumente kwakhiwe iinqaba e Afghanistan kwakukho amawa argillaceous ilitye ethambileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba betshona i-122 mm iqokobhe howitzer, ezo ezingafanelekanga eyaphukileyo, ngokufanelekileyo, akazange umonakalo enkulu abavikeli. Art. inkqubo "eTulip" livelise 240-millimitha yayo 130-kilogram sam intshabalalo kakhulu kunene. Xa ucinga ukuba eninzi amandla ukudityaniswa ukuchaneka eliphezulu lomlilo, ukuba luncedo kwezi zixhobo kubonakala kusengqiqweni. Afghanistan kwakunjalo yokuqala yayo ukusetyenziswa yokulwa. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, hayi wokugqibela.

Chechnya kunye namanye amaphulo zomkhosi

Phakathi kwingxabano ezininzi yengingqi oluqale lalisakuba yiSoviet Union kungekudala emva ukuwa kwayo, kuyingozi kakhulu ukuba urhulumente Russian kunye namathemba baso imfazwe Chechen. Iqale kakubi kakhulu, kwaye lwenziwa ukusetyenziswa phantse kuzo zonke iintlobo izixhobo, ngaphandle ekuthobeleni nayiphi na into yokuba ukulingana. Kwaye baqhuba impi ubuxoki. Emva kokutshatyalaliswa yakhe yokuhlala Dzhokhar Dudayev utyhole amajoni federal ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Enyanisweni, Kakade ke, akukho iziqhushumbisi atom i Army Russian asikasetwa ngokutsha. Ibhotwe adubule nkqubo "eTulip". Iifoto ze mabhodlo, Noko ke, kungaba kwi kumzekeliso ethile luya ze yale nguqulo iziganeko. Mina waqhekeza ngophahla, kumgangatho yonke imigangatho liqhuma, ukuvelisa ibharhule anomngcipheko iwayini.

Ngexesha lokhankaso Chechen yesibini, izikhali ngqo zasetyenziswa kakhulu ngokubanzi. 2S4 "eTulip" kwiinyanga zokuqala ezimbini utshaba adubule ngaphezu kwewaka imizuzu, kuquka 60 laser-ulungiswe 40 ezisebenzisanayo.

Zokudubula kunye nenkqubo nodaka "eTulip" ekhethekileyo, oko akukho analogue ehlabathini kwemicimbi zomkhosi. is lokuzama into efanayo ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukudala baseMerika, kodwa iprojekthi kungekudala, "uyekile ukusebenza" emva iinjineli ziye wadibana iqela nobunzima, kwaye emva kokuba bazinikele Jamani, i-ntlanu iphelelwe umdla kuphuhliso olungaphezulu kolo didi lwe ngodaka enzima esingazihambeliyo.

I "eTulip" Kakade ke, ezingeloncedo. Lo matshini unzima, incwadi yakhe kunokuba enemiqathango, ukusukela ubunzima izixhobo liphezulu kakhulu. Eli qela, ebandakanya abantu abahlanu xa kuthe kungquzulwano eziqeqeshwe kakuhle kwaye axhobe neqela anti-ngabom lithetha utshaba iya kuba nzima. Iingcali qaphela uluhlu omncinane olusebenzayo (ngaphantsi kwe-10 km oonokrwece eqhelekileyo yaye ukuya ku amabini esebenzayo-izidubuli), nto leyo kubi imiqathango spetszaryadov yesicelo (oko akukenzeki ebomini).

Kulungile, oko akukho ngaphandle iingxaki zobuchwepheshe. Kwaye ngaphandle, "eTulip" akukho eveliswa ukususela 1988.