Xa emva ngo 1330, Bertold Shvarts, indela waseJamani eyafumana iipropati propellant wompu, akazange wayecinga ukuba wayeza kuba ngukhokho uthixo omtsha - uthixo imfazwe.
Imvelaphi zokudubula
indela Ivula ngokukhawuleza izicelo kwimicimbi emkhosini, yaye kungekudala kwakukho iinkalo ezimbini zophuhliso izixhobo, apho ephosa ngeempawu kwazo kusetyenziswa. Eyokuqala kwezi yaba ukwenza iingalo okulula ngesandla ikho encinane, okwesibini - imveliso imipu. Ukuvela handguns kuye Musani ukuba nokudalwa uhlobo olutsha amajoni. Baya nje bexhobe okhoyo, ngokubuyisela elihamba kunye amahashe nezaphetha kunye kwenkcula ukukhanya - ibaleka. Ke ukubonakala imipu ebumba umkhosi omtsha, nto leyo eRashiya babizwa "isinxibo umlilo", nokuba Njengomhlaziyi Italian iingalo noNiccolò Tartaglia ecetywayo ukubiza zokudubula, nto translation lithetha "ubugcisa ukudubula." Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba kwibutho labasebenzi wabonakala kakuhle ngaphambi kokuvulwa seal waseJamani, kunye kokusungulwa oomatshini ezweni lokuqala - ballista. Enoba lwalunjani, uthixo zokudubula imfazwe yile kunye nokudalwa lwemipu.
Uphuhliso uThixo War
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, emkhosini ayikho eyayimi ngxi, yaye zokudubula akukho ngcono kuphela, kodwa iindidi ezintsha ze imiboniso: howitzers, mortars, izindululi ngexabiso ezininzi kunye nabanye. Xa zokudubula kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini alawule ngokwenene okanye umhlobo wakhe. Yaye kuphuhliso izixhobo ivelisiwe kwaye zokudubula emthethweni.
iintlobo amaqokobhe
Iqokobhe yokuqala, elikhuphe elutshabeni, akakho omnye ngaphandle ilitye eqhelekileyo, a ballista egcwalisekayo. Kunye nokuqaliswa lwemipu baqalisa ukusebenzisa ilitye, kwandule engundoqo metal. Basebenzisa le ilahleko icala ngenxa yamandla agciniweyo ifunyenwe ngexesha ukudubula. Kodwa kule AD kwinkulungwane yeshumi China thina wasebenzisa projectile umonakalo, methane umdlali yi isilinge. Ngoko ke, isindululo ukwenza i core usikrobana isixhobo ngaphakathi Kungekudala ukuza. Ngoko kwakukho zokudubula projectile Uyadubula. Yena zokunganyaniseki umonakalo omkhulu ngenxa yokuba amandla ka uqhushumbo kwelifu kutyunyuzwa. Emva kokuba ukuvela ekujoliswe vehicles yokulwa nazo ekhethekileyo weentonga osisaqhwithi, ukugqojozwa neembumbulu ezongezelekayo yasungulwa. umsebenzi wabo ukuze angene isikrweqe kwaye zingonakalisa oomatshini kunye eqela labasebenzi ezikwezo indawo zabronevom. Kukwakho ekhethekileyo injongo oonokrwece: ekhulisa, sigade, imichiza, kunye nezinye ubuxoki. Kutshanje ngokuya ekhokelwa ethandwa Iimboniselo, leyo ngokwabo lungisa flight walo ukubetha ngokuchane ngakumbi iithagethi.
sabaleka Concussive
Landmine imele isigxina iziqhushumbisi (explosive material) apho zokunganyaniseki umonakalo ngamaza omsindo, iqondo eliphezulu kunye nemveliso dubulo (ezinye iziqhushumbisi, umzekelo, ukuvumela ukutshiswa yokumpompoza inetyhefu). projectile zivutha nesele alisetyenziswa ngendlela ecocekileyo. intlawulo Iyadubula wabekwa emzimbeni metal esiqinileyo ekwaziyo withstanding uxinzelelo eziphakamileyo yazala. Ngoko ke, xa kuthe kwakho imbabala edubulayo iintlobo iqokobhe inani elikhulu ngamaqhekeza. Le nezikhali ogama projectile ophezulu-edubulayo (CFC). Uninzi zokudubula iimbumbulu zizinto nje CFC.
eziyingozi
Ekubeni xa uchitha FFS eqhelekileyo kunzima ukuqinisekisa usasazeko efanayo amaqhekeza aseleyo, oko siqulunqwe amaqokobhe eliphezulu-enokuqhushumba xa idibene iziqalelo ukulungele-ngogwayimbo. Olu hlobo nenqaba kuthiwa "ebudeni" (wokuwonga elaa umsunguli, igosa British Henry Shrepnela). Kakhulu ngempumelelo xa uvuthuza nomphakamo yeemitha ezininzi ukusuka emhlabeni. submunitions nezikhali banamhlanje ngeentlobo iiphiramidi fomu, nto leyo evumela nokuba hit olova ekujoliswe vehicles.
Landmine nxamnye isikrweqe
Ngasekupheleni-imi- 40 lwekhulu XX kwi-UK ngayo waphuhliswa projectile iziqhushumbisi ukutshabalalisa utshaba izithuthi vehicles. Lanikwa izindlu ngeendonga ezingcakacileyo, apho ubekwe intlawulo neziqhushumbisi kunye yokuqhumisa nge retarder. Phezu ukunxibelelana ezicekethekileyo sisinyithi isikrweqe salo lwadilika, atshabalalisa isikrweqe BB, bathatha indawo enkulu kakhulu. Emva lo msebenzi lwaqaliswa yi yokuqhumisa kunye ukujongelwa iziqhushumbisi. Oku kwabangela ukuba abasebenzi kunye ukoyiswa iindlela zabronevom iziqwenga isithuba lwangaphakathi kunye nokutshiswa umaleko phezulu isikrweqe. Olu hlobo kuthiwa intloko ophezulu-umonakalo squash. Nangona kunjalo, nokufika ukukhuselwa iyantlukwano iintonga eliguqukayo, wafunyanwa ukuba angasebenzi. Okwangoku, le imijukujelwa akwinkonzo kuphela kwilizwe lawo - e-UK.
Iifyuzi sabaleka eziqhumayo
Lokuqala fuse eliphezulu-edubulayo nezikhali umsonto eqhelekileyo ephakamayo xa ephuma umpu phantsi BB laqalisa emva kwexesha elithile. Noko ke, emva kokuvela imipu ziphangwe kunye oonokrwece imilo etsobhileyo, nto leyo eqinisekiswe idinga phambi isikhubekiso ityala, kwakukho iifyuzi yesandi. inzuzo yabo ixhomekeke kukuba kukuwohloka BB kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba adibane njengomqobo. Kuba ukutshatyalaliswa iinqaba zokubetha iifyuzi ifakwe retarder. Le nto ivumele ukuba emthethweni, kuqala ukungena imiqobo, ngaloo kakhulu ukwanda ukusebenza kwayo. Outfitting sazo ezingaphezu umzimba fuse enkulu enodonga zamafu (ngokuvumela, ngenxa yamandla agciniweyo, zingene nzulu iindonga amanqaku umlilo ixesha elide) wafumana projectile betonoboynymi.
Kwenzeka ukuba, isanda angels amatanki KV-2 usebenzisa iqokobhe 152-millimitha betonoboynymi walwa ngempumelelo ngezakhe waseJamani. Xa lesitofu iqokobhe itanki German eliphakathi okanye ukukhanya ngenxa ubunzima bayo, kuqala kutshabalalisa imoto, wazikrazula kwenqaba, koko liqhuma. Engxakini fuzes zibuphekhashini ukuba xa angene kumhlaba encangathi (umzekelo, kumgxobhozo), zange isebenze. Le ngxaki ungoyiswa kukuphelisa yokuqhumisa ekude ivumela kwantinga emthethweni kwi kumgama othile ukusuka ngohlangothi umphanda gun. Okwangoku, eli hlobo yokuqhumisa esetyenziswa phantse yonke CFC. It ivumela, umzekelo, leHamas sekhe itanki kwi ekujoliswe emoyeni (ntaka).
Ukulwa ukusetyenziswa lwezinto eziqhumayo
amaqokobhe High-iziqhushumbisi - uhlobo olungundoqo emthethweni zisetyenziswa ziisistimu zokudubula mihla. Zisetyenziswa ukutshabalalisa iinqaba, umonakalo kunye nokonakaliswa ezahlukeneyo yokulwa izixhobo, iingalo zakhe, eqela labasebenzi. Ngoncedo lwabo, izicatshulwa ziye egqojozwe minefields kunye zobunjineli ukuzithethelela. Ngokomzekelo, kwisithuba lokugqibela Enkulu Patriotic War weSoviet zokudubula ufakelo self-ngokwaso MIS-152, kusetyenziswa i-152 mm eliphezulu-umonakalo projectile, wabatshabalalisa ngempumelelo komhlaba German kwi the Seelow Heights, ngaphezu kwizixekoapho-1 and 2 Guards Tank Army Katukova and Bogdanov kumntla-mpuma Berlin. Nkqu izixhobo ezingezo-yenyukliya inamandla namhlanje (RZSO "anezandi") kwenza isiseko iimbumbulu irula amaqokobhe eliphezulu-edubulayo 9M55F leyo xa ukudubula ndiziqhawule ulinganiswa nezixhobo zokubulala abantu abaninzi.