Estate ezirhafelwayo eRashiya: ingqiqo yemeko ngokusemthethweni. Zeziphi amaqela ebeyinxalenye eklasini werhafu ohlawula?

emafeni ezirhafelwayo - nempahla ngayo irhafu (tax) karhulumente. Kwilizwe lethu, ukungalingani esemthethweni waze ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX. Ezinye irhafu imali kunye nabanye baxolelwe kubo. Malunga yintoni kanye iqela labantu ifakiwe kwilifa erhafelwayo iya kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

ukuba nombono

Iklasi - iqela labantu amalungu bahluka ngokomthetho. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko esiqingqiweyo ngumthetho. Estates zifumaneka kuphela ithi pre-longxowankulu. Ngokungafaniyo iiklasi iiklasi ukuba iwonga osemthethweni ilifa. Umntu akakwazi ukuya ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye. State ubukele ngokucacileyo oku nezithethe zomthetho, njengoko ekulondolozweni kwindawo zomthetho, uziva ekhuselekile. Kungenxa yoko le nto inkqubo eklasini ifumaneka kuphela ukumkani izindlu omele States bondage, acazulule kunye ukubonakala ongxowankulu.

YoMlawuli (umlawuli, kumkani, Sultan, njalo njalo. D.) Ngaba emantloko karhulumente kuba nje uvela kusapho unguwo. Ukususela iimpawu zakhe buqu kunye nezakhono asixhomekeki. Ngoko ke, utshintsho kwiklasi enye ukuya kwenye lisoloko baqonda kakubi: Bonke umbonile isisongelo kwenkqubo ekhoyo. Elite wazama ukugcina indawo yayo yonke indawo nangawo onke amaxesha. Inguqu evela kwinkqubo wezindlu eklasini lusoloko ephelekwa udubulo zentlalo, imfazwe yamakhaya, revolution.

Iintlobo emafeni Russia

Ingqibelelo yombuso Russian negunya yookumkani kwakuxhomekeke ekulondolozweni kwinkqubo nangokodidi ekuhlaleni. Ngokubanzi, ukuba kwahlulwa ibe ngamaqela amabini amakhulu: kwilifa irhafu kunye nelungelo. Eyokuqala ubizwa ngokuba 'abamnyama', okwesibini - i "white". Umzekelo, i "yokuhlala white" - elalini, kunqumka iirhafu; "Nabalimi Chernososhennye" - abalimi, ukuba ahlawule irhafu, njalo njalo ..

Yengxoxo Petra Velikogo

Le mbono "welifa irhafu" ivela kuphela phantsi uPetros Omkhulu. Ngaphambi koku, bonke abo ukuhlawula irhafu, ebizwa ngokuba "irhafu". UPetros wasebenzisa kuqala inkqubo yerhafu eRashiya, apho isekho namhlanje: ehlanganisa ngerhafu. Phambi kwakhe, akukho namnye ukopishe labemi. Nkqu elite babengenalo nofifi indlela abantu abaninzi sikarhulumente. Le rhafu elenziwa into kwilali enkulu, lali, lali, njalo njalo. D. Le nkqubo neeffekivna kakhulu nokwenzelela. Peter amalungelo alinganayo kwiiklasi zabo. Ngoku wonke umntu kufuneka ahlawule irhafu enye, nto leyo eza kumisa urhulumente.

Phambi kokuqala uphicotho iye yenziwa iinguqu - ubalo. ucwangciso amaxwebhu zibizwa ngokuba "uluhlu Uhlaziyo." Igama elithi "nentsomi" na izityalo ezinokulungela kolu xwebhu, njani ukujonga ukuchaneka ulwazi akwenzeki. Hi ndlela leyi, kweli xesha lethu, emva kokubalwa kwabo bafumana ezahlukeneyo "Pokemon", "Teletubbies", "Jedi" kunye nezinye izizwe, ukuba azenzeki nkqubo wokuhlelwa.

estate irhafu Russia

Kuba nempahla irhafu ohlawula banawo yonke ubunzima kubemi basemaphandleni, abathengisi bempahla, abasebenzi ivenkile. Baye kwathiwa loo nto ibangelwa kwabo ababephosiwe zophicotho yaye abazange ezingaqukwanga kwi "kwizintlu Uhlaziyo" kwakunye bephela. Kukho kwakhona irhafu ohlawula lasebenzisa:

• foundlings;
• abantu andikhumbuli nomini zabo;
• oonyana abangengabo, nangona imo yomthetho unina.

Ngalinye iiklasi yahlulwe ngokweendidi kunye namaqela. Ngokomzekelo, xa uPetros abarhwebi baqalisa ukwahlula kungena labakhandi. Eyokuqala yayiba "Abarhwebi langutana ni abo enkulu", kwakunye oosokhemisti, oogqirha, ugqirha. Babengenako kuchongwa xa amafa ahlukeneyo umrhwebi njengoko kuchaziwe yi ubume yokuzalwa, kunokuba umsebenzi. Abarhwebi abakhandi yesibini ngayo iinkosi ezingephi, abarhwebi ezincinane, kwakunye "bonke abantu kokungeni ukufumana ukuqesha, umsebenzi emnyama kunye like." Abarhwebi musa kuhlawula irhafu vo. Urhulumente bathatha imali for "igalelo" kwi labakhandi. Oku kuyafana kweelayisensi yangoku: uhlawula imali - ufumana ilungelo lokwenza izinto ezithile.

Imithombo hayi nto kuthiwa abanye abarhwebi "Abantu ububi." Zenza kroba emyalelweni, abanye babo bengasetyenziswa kurhwebo, nokuba bakucaphukisa urhulumente. Ngazo kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kuhlawulisa irhafu yomntu okanye ukudlulisela imithetho inkqubo ngokuphathelele feudal kwenye eklasini.

umthwalo Collective

Society vigilantly esweni ukuze abantu Akunakumqhatha urhulumente ngexesha ababhalisele eyindoda namabali. Irhafu i-Poll akazange kuthetha ukuba wonke ummi unyanzelekile ukuba eze kwabasemagunyeni zemali kunye nokuhlawula ngokwayo. Kuba ekwakheni inkqubo enjalo kufuneka imali eninzi kunye nexesha. wenza lula The State: oko wangena kuluhlu lwabantu "obhalisiweyo abudala mabali" unikelwa irhafu esisiseko kwi kwiiklasi irhafu ohlawula, ngokuxhomekeke kwinani labantu yerhafu-ehlawula Ibhili kuluntu lonke. Oku kubizwa ngokuba siqinisekiso efanayo. Ukuba umntu ugqiba ukuba bakope kurhulumente - ahlawule kuba abanye abahlali. Le nkqubo ufana eziluncedo zale mihla iindawo eziqhelekileyo izakhiwo zokuhlala: ityala lilonke lahlulwe ngabo bonke abahlali.

estate irhafu kwinkulungwane ye-19: intlekele ekuyo i-oda sokuzalwa

inkqubo Class ngokwayo iya isiba lixesha kwisithuba lophuhliso longxowankulu. Umzekelo iphawulekayo yeentlekele ezichazwa A. P. Chehov ngo "Cherry Orchard." Owayesakuba abalimi kunye nabarhwebi waba ubume ezinkulu zemali, kodwa apho amalungelo abo, lo gama nabanumzana semi-ntweni kwafuneka amalungelo asemthethweni kubo. ERashiya, ingxaki yondele kakhulu ukusuka mid XIX ukuya kwiinkulungwane okuqala XX. Noko ke, de 1918 lizwe uKhowudi of Laws of the Russian Empire, leyo igcina inkqubo eklasini.

May 15, 1883 uMlawuli Alexander III usula imanifesto a ngerhafu. Russia - ilizwe kuphela eYurophu ethe wakhululwa abemi balo iirhafu zobuqu. Ngoko ke kuphosakele ngokupheleleyo ukuba bathi "unyango basebukhosini 'oluphumayo zezifundo Lilishwa" zonke juice "ngaphambi kokuba neziphithiphithi zenkulungwane XX.