Iintlobo kwimbali karhulumente. Types of State kunye noMthetho

Kwihlabathi kukho malunga 200 geqe. Kukho ingcamango yokuba uninzi lwabo kuvunyelwa ukuba bazidibanise ehlelo esibonakala jikelele kunye ukufana wemiba ephambili yophuhliso. Kukho, ngoko ke, iintlobo ezininzi zamazwe. iindlela Scientific ekukhangeleni iqashiso labo. Ukuba zeziphi ezizezona zithandwa kakhulu kwizifundo zesayensi Russian?

bokuqonda typology

Masithethe kuqala malunga nomba uhlobo karhulumente. Ngokutyhilwa oqhelekileyo eli gama ibonisa ubulungu ngumbutho wezopolitiko kudidi oluthile (okanye iqela), esibonakala leekhrayitheriya ethile. State kunye nomthetho, abaphengululi bakholelwa, ekhulisa ngezigaba. Ngoko ke, basonta uhlobo olunye okanye kwelinye oku kunokwenzeka ukuba ukulandelela zombini ngokwemiqathango unxulumano kunye nexesha elithile ezimbalini, yaye ngalo isifundo kwiipropati zabo, elizimeleyo kwexesha, kodwa ke kwimeko lothelekiso. Kulo umbono abanye abaphandi ezifana nembono yelizwe edibene awohluke lokusebenza inkqubo yolawulo kwezopolitiko, amaziko zomthetho, njalo njalo .. Kulo mzekelo, lo gama ekuthethwa zinokusetyenziswa-ntonye for phrase "uhlobo urhulumente" okanye, umzekelo, "ulawulo lezopolitiko".

Kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko mihla Russian iintlobo karhulumente kunye nomthetho isoloko bendiqonda iiklasi, iimpawu ezenza ukuthwala kwimibutho yezobupolitika yobukhosi omnye okanye omnye kwimeko bangoobani formational kunye civilizational. Kulo mzekelo, amagama afana "uhlobo urhulumente" okanye "ulawulo kwezopolitiko" oya kuthathwa njengomntu ngakumbi ngqo. Kulo mba, abaphandi basekhaya ukuchonga iintlobo yembali karhulumente, isiganeko kunokubonwa ngokunxulumene kuphuhliso kwiziseko ezithile okanye impucuko. Isibaluli eyokuqala neyesibini, elingumthombo, iya kumiselwa iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo theoretical ukuya ukuhlelwa kumaqumrhu ezopolitiko. Phawula la magama mabini - lokuqulunqa kunye nempucuko.

indlela formational

Phakathi kwezinto ezininzi, exhaphakileyo leyona Russian isondela - formational. uhlobo karhulumente siyafana ukuya kwenye yezi ndidi zilandelayo: abangekaphuhli (okanye noluntu), ikhoboka, bondage, longxowankulu (okanye yoohlohlesakhe), wayeliKomanisi. zokulinganisa ezisisiseko nganye ezichazwe kwi iimfundiso Karla Marksa kunye Fridriha Engelsa, egqalwa imfundiso izinto zophuhliso lwentlalo. Imiba ephambili iingqiqo efanelekileyo - ukubunjwa ixhomekeke kuqoqosho (esisiseko), kwakunye nobudlelwane eluntwini, ngomthetho, ekucingwa (leyo iza kucacisa add-in).

Iintlobo-zikhankanywe ngasentla karhulumente yezembali ngokungqinelana kwithiyori Marx kunye Engels zihlelwa ngokususela kumacandelo aphambili alandelayo: indlela yemveliso, iifom impahla ekhoyo phezu kwabo, izinga kwisahlulo oluntu yeklasi kunye neempawu ngamnye kumaqela lwentlalo. Makhe sifunde ezinye iimpawu zazo.

Eyona engundoqo Iintlobo kwingxelo

ithi Slave ngokutsho nethiyori umbuzo zaye ephawuleka njengesiseko ngokohlobo loqoqosho lwezolimo, ukuba ubukho lobunini ubume bezinto zokuvelisa, iqondo eliphezulu kwisahlulo udidi oluntu, apho uninzi lwabemi leyo, abanini khoboka oxhomekeke - amancinane. Imizekelo ezinjalo ithi inokufunyanwa ukufunda imbali basempumalanga, iRoma yamandulo yamandulo eGrisi.

INkosi imibutho yezopolitiko uhlobo feudal ebonakala, bona, ngenxa yezolimo, zemisebenzi kunye noqoqosho lemveliso kwaye ubukho lwepropati feudal. Ngokuphathelele iiklasi kuluntu - isambuku labemi kwi States zimelwe ludidi umlimi, kuxhomekeke izinduna, ngaphezu apho umgangatho suzerains umgangatho wabo ekuhlaleni. iintlobo Historical zombuso icandelo - iminyaka ngamakhoboka Russian, amanye amazwe aseYurophu: eJamani, eItali, France.

Kumazwe zongxowankulu okanye impahla kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo impahla, kodwa ilawulwa kwisiseko zabucala, noqoqosho olusekelwe kwimveliso mveliso kunye nohlobo lemarike ulwalamano, ukhuphiswano. iiklasi oluntu yahlulwe eliphezulu, phakathi, ephantsi, indima ebonakalayo kakhulu bentlalo abasebenzi kunye noohlohlesakhe.

Ukungqinelana kwingqikelelo Marx kunye Engels, kumazwe amaKomanisi-uhlobo kuthetha kwimveliso becala kufanele ngumnikazi karhulumente kunye nommiselo kwezoqoqosho zenzeka ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Iiklasi zentlalo eziphambili - abasebenzi, abalimi kunye zizifundiswa.

iintlobo Historical karhulumente, njengoko indlela yokwakhiwa kwe-, kufuneka utshintshe njengoko nokuphunyezwa kwe revolution lwentlalo kuvela ngenxa yobunzima, ubudlelwane phakathi sikhokelo iinkqubo zentlalo noqoqosho. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kubonakala kwinto yokuba phezu kwabo kuba ngoku wanelisekile kwi eqhubekayo ulawulo nolondolozo nkqubo yamaqela eziphambili zentlalo, "top".

Yintoni ukwakheka ngoku?

Iindidi ezisisiseko karhulumente njengenxalenye indlela ukubunjwa kwethu ngokuba. Noko ke, abanye babo thina bangahlela amaqumrhu mihla kwezopolitiko enguMongami? Kwaye ngoko criteria? Ngokutsho ingqikelelo Marx kunye Engels, emva kokuba lokusekwa yoohlohlesakhe mayibonakale inkqubo wamaKomanisi. Amava bokwakha kwaba eRashiya, kwaye ngoku imodeli, ubuncinane ukwenzela nokuthobela iimpawu ukuba China ephuhlisa, yaye mhlawumbi North Korea. Kodwa kuthekani kwamanye amazwe? Ngokutsho kwithiyori Marx kunye Engels, ukuyilwa nkulu kuye kwavela ixesha elide, malunga neminyaka engama-300 eyadlulayo. States ezaqala ukuphuhlisa kwi-sikhokelo imodeli efanelekileyo, waqalisa ukusebenza kwisiseko, njengokuba benditshilo, kule inkalo bayo ngasese izinto zokuvelisa. Phakathi kwabanye, abaphengululi qaphela iimpawu lokhu - ukuzimela yomthetho sabasebenzi oohlohlesakhe. Ngokuphathelele ezi mpawu zimbini ezininzi kumazwe aphuhlileyo, njengoko abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa, ngendlela enye okanye omnye kunganxulunyaniswa uhlobo yokuhlelwa yamaphephandaba Marx kunye Engels.

Kukho ke, iingcali ingqalelo esemthethweni ukwahlula ekuthiwa imodeli yenguqu capitalism ukuba ukuyilwa bohluke kuzo, apha naphaya ukulungiselela iimfuno zoluntu, abanganelisekanga iinkqubo yangoku. Phakathi abaphandi akukho ukuqonda okufanayo kwi ecacileyo criteria yano naliphi na ilizwe kule ukwakheka. yokusebenza kwalo ube neentlobano lwemveliso, kwezinye iimeko - ubukho kwezinye izinto wobukhosi. Iindlela ezithile apho zento ohambelana ukusuka ukubunjwa omnye yenziwe ukuya kwenye, bakholelwa abanye abaphandi ukuba lusekelwe kwiinkqubo uhlanganiso. Oko kukuthi, komdibaniso iinkqubo yezoqoqosho kumazwe ahlukeneyo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko -, hayi kuba union ezopolitiko apho nemeko enjalo yeyonanto. Phakathi kusenokwenzeka pre-imifanekiso zezi yunithi kwezopolitiko, ezinye iingcali ebizwa ngokuba EU. Njengoko sisazi, phakathi ezininzi amazwe EU akukho ulawulo yokundwendwela, esebenza lwemali olulodwa, imigaqo yomgaqo-nkqubo bezinye iintlanga baseYurophu nazo ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi uhlanganiswa.

Nangona kukho imbono yokuba European Union - ukuba othile ukubuyela ukuba kanye oko waba eYurophu. Imbali amaRoma kubo bonke States. Kwixesha elidlulileyo yayi bukhosi etyhutyha emikhulu, apho ngokobume uquka inxalenye enkulu EU yanamhlanje. Nangenxa ukuhlanganiswa mihla baseYurophu, abaphengululi bakholelwa - ukuba mhlawumbi hayi kangako ukuyilwa ukuma ngokwesiseko esitsha yokuzala eyayikho ngaphambili, umbutho yemodeli lwezwekazi ulongamo kwezopolitiko.

Noba indlela, iimpawu iintlobo zembali karhulumente ukususela kwinqanaba Ngenxa yendlela lokusekwa kuquka izibonelelo ukuvumela ngendlela ethile lokuhlela ilizwe mihla. Kungenzeka, ngoku ihlabathi iyaqhubeka ukuba baphile ngakumbi inkqubo yobungxowankulu. Kodwa ke oku, njengoko sele sibonile ngentla apha, asiyiyo kwiimpawu kuphela ukuhlelwa kwamazwe. Cinga olunye uhlobo ethandwayo.

indlela civilizational

iintlobo Historical karhulumente sikhokelo le ndlela zihlelwa ngenxa nje kuphela iikhrayitheriya ezentlalo nezoqoqosho, kodwa ngenxa yokuba egqubayo nemibutho yezopolitiko zenkcubeko, imigaqo zokomoya, zomthetho kunye nezithethe, ezithi zizonke zenze iseti iimpawu yempucuko. Cinga ngemizekelo kwezi ndidi.

impucuko umhlaba

Iintlobo ezeMbali kunye neefom zikarhulumente-sikhokelo indlela oluphucukileyo ecetywayo yi abaphandi inani elikhulu iingqiqo theoretical component. Umzekelo, Oswald Spengler wayekholelwa ukuba yonke imbali yoluntu iye yaphuhliswa ngaphakathi 8 iinkcubeko civilizational, uKarl Jaspers wakhetha 9 impucuko, Arnold Toynbee iimfundiso inani labo 21. Enye iimbalasane iingqiqo zenzululwazi, umzekelo, 7 lempucuko bamandulo: eMesopotamiya, umYiputa, Greco-Roman, Cretan, baseByzantium, Central American kunye sehlathi, yaye malunga 8 namhlanje: Western, IsiTshayina, IsiJapanese, yamaSilamsi, Hindu, Orthodox Russian, Afrika, Latin American.

Abanye abaphandi ukwahlula impucuko eziziprayimari nezizisekondari. Eyona kwingongoma nganye kwemida - indima karhulumente nobudlelwane kwezentlalo. Hi xikombiso, le mpucuko zaseprayimari kudinga inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kuphuhliso lombutho geqe yezopolitiko. Economy, uluntu, karhulumente kunye nomthetho kule modeli zihlobene. Kwelinye icala, kukho impucuko kwindima yesibini urhulumente noko mxinwa kakhulu. Abile phantsi superstructure - le, ezomthetho icandelo yokomoya, yenkcubeko lophuhliso lwentlalo. Imizekelo lempucuko ezinjalo - Latin American, Western yaseYurophu.

typology kwamalungelo

Ekumisweni kwamaziko karhulumente ngokusondeleyo iinkqubo ezinxulumene, ebonisa ukuvela kunye nophuhliso nomthetho. Ziziphi iingcamango kweli cala kubizwa ixhaphakileyo?

Phakathi kwabo ezithandwa ngesayensi zembali - ingqiqo ukuba ilungelo ukuze sibenokubizwa ngeentlobo ezimbini - zendalo nesimemayo. Eyokuqala ibonisa ubukhulu becala ongabhalwanga, enobuchwepheshe nemigangatho emphakathini wabantu kunye nemigaqo. Okwesibini - oku, nayo, imithetho echaza imithetho nezixhobo zabo, siyenze kulawula ethile.

umthetho wemvelo lwandulelwe positive. Kodwa izazinzulu ihlala into debatable: ngaxa lithile ngexesha correlative kunye, nithi, xa kukuvela ukubunjwa okanye impucuko wabonakala umthetho HIV? Kukho uguqulelo ukuba kunye nabantu ukususela ekuqalweni kwayo, enyanisweni, waqalisa ukuba kwi-sikhokelo indlela formational kunye civilizational.

Indlela karhulumente ukubunjwa njenge typology njengenqobo

Typology enokwenziwa ngokusekelwe kwindlela wadlula kuyo ngemfundo karhulumente. Kwindawo yophando, kukho inani elikhulu kweekhonsepthi kweli cala. Kukho ithi esinokubakho kokufumana inkululeko kummandla ngaphambili ebango iiyunithi lizimele. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi ziiriphabliki nababefudula USSR ezi zinto. Phambi kokuwa yiSoviet Union kuphela bambalwa kubo amava zembali sokumiswa elizimeleyo. imfundo State inokunxulunyaniswa kwi iinkqubo uhlanganiso phakathi kweentlanga, ebonakala ngu inkcubeko efanayo, ulwimi, ideology. Ngoko ke kwasekwa iqela elikhulu ilizwe yaseYurophu. Umzekelo, ukuba Germany kunye Italy - on kummandla kula mazwe ixesha elide kwakukho amaqumrhu lizimele. Ukuze othile eUnited States amava ekhethekileyo. Bona luphawulwa ngabanye abaphandi umzekelo karhulumente njengoko, simanyene kungekhona ngenxa kwamaqhina yenkcubeko kuzwelonke, kunye ngokusekelwe iingcamango lwentando yesininzi ngonyaka ka inkululeko kunye constitutionalism, ngcembe kakhulu ixesha, xa America bagqiba ukuba elizimeleyo ukusuka eNgilani ngenkulungwane ye-18 emva kwexesha.

Russia

Indlela ukufumanisa uhlobo karhulumente Russian? Mhlawumbi kuqala ukuba isigqibo noko ixesha zembali kuthathelwa ingqalelo. Inyaniso yokuba ilizwe lethu ngaphezu kwewaka leminyaka. Ukuba Russia kwaye angqamane iindidi ilizwe, isekelwe phezu ingqikelelo Marx kunye Engels, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwakucingwa ukuba inkqubo yobungxowankulu thina. Ngenxa ukwakhiwa yosongo, njengokuba sisazi, nto ayizange yenzeke. Njengoko sele kutshiwo ngentla apha, kwabakho kakuhle kwaye ukuyilwa feudal kwimbali Russian. Kwenye uhlalutyo indlela ekunokuthiwa urhulumente Russian, endingowakhe ukuya yimpucuko Orthodox Russian.

Ngokumalunga kwiimpawu ezibonisa izinto zemfundo kweli lizwe ngumbutho wezopolitiko lobunganga ukuba, kuthathelwa ingqalelo eminyaka ubudala amava sokumiswa, thina, mhlawumbi, ngokufanelekileyo kwaziwe ukuba amazwe aye kwenzekile ngenxa yenkqubo yokuhlanganiswa - kwinqanaba inkcubeko, ulwimi, inkolo.

Imbali karhulumente Russian - nguwo komdibaniso Slavic, Finno-Ugric, eTurkey kunye nezinye izizwe, eyona meko ingundoqo leyo kukholelwa ngabaphandi abaninzi, ubume ombuso Russia. Phakathi sikhokelo kwethuba yezembali kwilizwe lethu apho kufanelekileyo, ukuba athathe njengesiseko kwithiyori Marx kunye Engels, inkqubo feudal thina, kamva indawo ongxowankulu.

Russia - ilizwe kwingxelo eziliqela?

Emva kokuba revolution 1917, ombane yasebukhosini uyekile ukuba adlale indima, uze emva koko kweli lizwe, apho ngaphambili bekungekho federal okanye olunye uhlobo amaziko azimeleyo, ngaphandle waba ukuzimela enkulu kangangoko ePoland eFinland, kwasekwa iiyunithi eziliqela ezizimeleyo elinobunganga yezopolitiko ngakwisizwe. Noko ke, ngokutsho kwezinye abaphandi, eli lizwe ngokutsha elizimeleyo, ngaphandle ePoland nje eFinland, baba kude ekubeni kule meko eliphezulu zentlalo noqoqosho ukuze kuphuhliswe ngokuzimeleyo. Ngenxa yoko, eMoscow ikwazile ukubethelela bawo kungekudala njengenxalenye USSR kunye kwiimbono omtsha - ubukomanisi. Esihambelanayo ukubunjwa karhulumente evelayo kwilizwe lethu, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ezongeziweyo ingqiqo kwiimfundiso Lenin, Stalin kunye nezinye iinkokheli Soviet, ngokubanzi, ukuba wasondelelana ngokwaneleyo ukuba imifuziselo theoretical component Marx kunye Engels.

Xa, kule minyaka perestroika wokuhlanganisa factor yobukomanisi uyekile ukuba adlale indima, isithuba zopolitiko owayesakuba yoBukhosi baseRashiya yaba njengoko sisazi namhlanje. Kanye njengokuba emva revolution ka-1917, eli lizwe yahlulwe eziliqela amazwe azimeleyo. imibutho yabo, ngo-1922, zange yenzeke. Kutheni? Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi kule isiphumo. On omnye wabo, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ukusuka kumazwe ezintsha akazange izibonelelo zoqoqosho ukwakhiwa kweenkqubo kwezoqoqosho kunye lizimele. Emva perestroika, ke, uninzi yaba izibonelelo ilifa enamandla Soviet kwaye ngaphezulu okanye namaziko olawulo ngaphantsi esebenzayo. Ngenxa yokunqongophala umnqweno ukuqhubeka uphuhliso imigaqo karhulumente omtsha wamaKomanisi ngokwenene babuyele capitalism kunye kusakhiwa ngaphakathi ukwakheka.