Phambi mpuma. Russia kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I.

Yintoni eyaziwayo le ntlekele eyoyikekayo, nokwadala ukuba amazwe amaninzi, le ndoda namhlanje? Qala unyaka - 1914 The First World War yaphela ngo-1918 eRashiya wathabatha inxaxheba kuyo, kodwa ilizwe libe winner. Lwabulala abantu abaninzi. Le mfazwe, ababhali-mbali Soviet ndibize impiriyali kunye kwanolwabangemalungisa. Kutheni kunjalo? Ngenxa ngecebo kwenzeka ngenxa yeempikiswano kumazwe zongxowankulu. Ngandlel ngoyaba umbuzo okuhlaseleyo ngaye. Akuthathwa ithuba lokuphumelela, kwaye eRashiya baba, kunye nekhulu ekhulwini. Iintshaba Kwanyanzeleka ukuba beka, kwaye ngaphandle inxaxheba kwilizwe lethu, akazange abe izixhobo ukuba aqhubeke nomzabalazo. Ukuba ngaphambili osempuma akabanga ukuba phantse yatshatyalaliswa iziganeko olululo kunye ubuxoki anti-imfazwe, oko kwakuya kwenzeka ngaphambili. Ukuba ...

ubutshantliziyo German

Kukho nemvukelo elinqatyisiweyo amaJamani siyaqeqeshwa, kukho amajoni kwazalwa abakwaziyo ukwenza umatshini imfazwe enamandla kwaye lisebenza kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izibakala ezaziwayo-kakuhle, musa ukuthetha kwicala le mbono le ubumfazwe zendalo waseJamani.

iimfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi ezenzeke kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Bobabini baqala yi eJamani, yaye yena wabethwa elihlazo. Not wanceda isiyalo ngokwemvelo. Ngaba engenamandla zobunjineli ezinkulu German. Yayibonisa ukunqongophala kobuchule iinjengele abaziwayo waseJamani. Eyona ukufika kakhulu amajoni lehlabathi wanikezela imikhosi yonke, ikhokelwa ngu-ngqwayi. Mhlawumbi ke kwiimeko ezizodwa kwenkulungwane XX, yaye umoya ngaphambili Nordic womelela kwaye gidi? Akunjalo, yaye kwiinkulungwane elinesibhozo kwaye yeshumi elinesithoba ngamajoni German, kakhulu, ayaba nako kubagubungela umxakatho salo uzuko. Ikhanye ...

Iziganeko kweMfazwe Yehlabathi namhlanje, nangona kwizikolo ezikude ngokulandelelana, umdla hayi nje kuphela ngenxa yokhuphiswano leminyaka. Imbali lidla ukuphinda, ukuba ngokoqobo, kodwa ukufana ethile kungabonakala manqaphanqapha. Enye Uthelekiso umdla kule ntlekele ezimbini ehlabathini, ingakumbi kule nkalo inxaxheba Russia kunye USSR. Ababhali-mbali nabezopolitiko kuya kuba ingozi sicinga izifundo elidlulileyo ukuze ukuba ukuphinda iimpazamo kwintlekele.

Phakathi Okokuqala ne Okwesibini, njengoko mzekeliso uthi, pereryvchik ... iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesithathu - yinto kancinane, eli xesha ukuyenza ibingeyonto isizukulwana definition. Kuba kancinane engaphezu kwamashumi amabini, abantu abakwazi ukuba becala babe nabantwana, babathande, kwaye ukudala iimeko kwisigaba esilandelayo kwisizukulwana yokuzala, kuqikelelwa ukuba kuthatha iminyaka engama-30. Kodwa ukuze siphile ngokuvisisana ubudala emkhosini umntu uye ixesha.

Kunokuba ukulungele ukulwa

Izixhobo kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I wayengafezekanga, kodwa 1914 wayesele 'ukusekwa iintlobo ezintathu ezingundoqo yongungelwano: ibutho, wenqanawa nomkhosi womoya. Iinqwelo kunye dirigibles zaye zasetyenziswa ukuze kwesimo lwasemoyeni zokuqhushumbisa. Kwakukho lweenqanawa ezintywilayo, ebangela izithonga engalindelekanga kwi iinqanawa kunye iinqanawa zabarhwebi enzonzobileni yamanzi. imigodi Sea ezifunyenwe kakhulu mihla "Ezineempondo" imilo. Kakade ke, ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ukusuka ngaphezulu nemilo yakutshanje nowangoku exhobileyo kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Zemifanekiso ethathwe nomphambili wayo, le mfumba akumangalisi womntu umkhosi. Mabutho kuseyimfuneko ekuxabeleni amandla engundoqo ye kushenxa, kodwa endaweni yayo kwindawo yokubonela yemfazwe ngcembe wathabatha izithuthi vehicles kunye namatanki, ekuqaleni enzima kangaka. Zokudubula liqulunqe ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba abaninzi kwiisampuli zayo sharing-10 abaye bakhonza eminyaka. Imipu waba Izinga Mxim imipu ngomatshini, esile kunye Hotchkiss nako cheba utshaba nomkhosi kakuhle ngaphezu ngemipu eziqhelekileyo.

Kakade ke, ezi zixhobo eyoyikekayo leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi - igesi ityhefu. On-line phambi kwabo Isicelo ayifuni nobuganga Hitler ukuwa epheleleyo Wesithathu.

Not yonke arsenal eyabalandelayo beqela nobutshaba kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe ngowe-1914, abanye kakuhle ukwenzela wazimisa "endleleni", kodwa ke ngokwendlela isantya iinkqubo kwakhona, wesiseko yayisele iphile kwinqanaba iiprojekthi kunye AMAGQABAZA ▸. Momentum nalomsebenzi kushishino zokhuselo ukuba usinike leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Uluhlu obonisa umthamo nokuveliswa kwezixhobo zomkhosi izinto eRashiya iminyaka emine, ibonisa ukunyuka omkhulu kushishino lwasekhaya:

La manani namhlanje kubonakala ukuba yinto ebalulekileyo.

Mhlawumbi isixhobo embi? Hayi, iyavumelana kakhulu kunye nemigangatho yexesha, yaye ezinye iisampulu baphatheka ezifanelekileyo ukusetyenziswa kwiMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic. Imbi ukuba amajoni Russian befake? Akukho fomu, nezikhali kakhulu ezifanelekileyo kwimozulu zethu, ngcono ubuncinane ngaphezu Austria. Malunga ukufakela ukutya kwakhona into engalunganga akukho mntu ubuya ayikhumbule. LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, amalungu apho baye siswele kuwo onke amazwe, kuye ayibangelwa kuxinizelelo lokutya eRashiya. Wenza "isithintelo", nangalo akukho namnye ngonyawo. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kwinkxaso yobugcisa. Iimfaniso izixhobo, ukuveliswa ethe okwangoku yoncutshe ziinkampani ekhaya, umkhosi Russian ezifunyenwe Britain neFransi. Moya "Farman" yaye "Nieuport" zakhiwa mveliso zethu usebenzisa Allied amaxwebhu iinjineli abanobuchule nabasebenzi ngendlela ngokwaneleyo. Le Inkolelo yokuba i "lapotnoy" umva eRashiya, nto leyo baphela ngequbuliso ngowe-1914 leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, ngoku lixesha lokuba yokususa.

isiza-

Ngowe-1914, Kakade ke, kwakungekho umabonwakude ngokukodwa Internet, ngoko imfazwe ulwazi lalwa kuphela amaphephandaba ukuba ulibele, emini omnye ingxelo ngoJuni 16, iindaba ezimbi kukubulawa yindlalifa kwitrone Austria-Hungary kunye nomfazi wakhe. Kubekho nolwaphulo-mthetho kwisixeko Serbian saseSarajevo, kwaba esi sihlandlo apho First World War ka 1914-1918, apho ubaphathe kakubi abantu abaninzi. Oorhulumente bamazwe abachaphazelekayo zifuna iimeko ezimbini zokuhlala esinoxolo ngesiganeko: ukwamkelwa iqela yamapolisa Austria ngokubulawa kunye nokuqaliswa-mkhosi. YayingamaSerb uyavumelana uphando joint, kodwa ephikisana ungenelelo ngoncedo. Ke Austria-Hungary wathi imfazwe kwi eSerbia. In Russia waqala ngokugaya, sikhatshwe isilumkiso malunga nokwenzeka lokusebenzisa amandla ukukhusela abantu Orthodox wobuzalwana. EJamani, ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe, wathi imfazwe. Eli xesha ayikho Serbia, naseRashiya.

ngumba

Kwaye kwakukho ezingenakugwemeka World War I? Imbali ongabunyamezeliyo mood esimo, oko, oko akaguquguquki. Kodwa, abantu bayakuthanda neminqweno, yaye kumaxesha ngamaxesha kukho iinguqulelo ngento eyayiza kwenzeka xa umfundi Gavrila wathabatha ndimoneka? Okanye ukudubula akazange ngesiquphe abamba Ukwehluleka Christian Orthodox ukuya kubulala?

Around kubonakala ukuba kulo mzekelo, kusenokuba olunye usuku okanye unyaka, kodwa kwakuza kufuneka leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. amalungu awo kwimo ukhuphiswano isigxina kwizikhewu ezikule ehlabathini lonke. Germany wayefuna amakoloni, yaye ukwabelana nge-Afrika, imimandla Asia kunye nezinye phesheya okanye France, okanye eNgilani baba Musa ukungxama. Russia akazange afune ukuba ahlukane ithi lweBaltic kunye Poland, enyanisweni, eli lizwe iye yazuza ngokukhawuleza kwezoqoqosho, nto leyo kulindeleke ukuba kunyaka 50 Bismarck kaThixo wayemiselwe ukuba abe yinkokeli lwengingqi, kwaye mhlawumbi jikelele. umlo enkulu elandelayo "indawo phantsi kwelanga."

Izibalo ze-General Staff German

phambi naseMpuma ixesha elide yaba indawo ephambili edabini, kodwa ukuze kuhlolwe izakhono yomkhosi Russia, umyalelo Austria-German wathabatha ixesha elithile. Like uHitler kweminyaka 23 kamva, von Moltke, umthetheli-General Staff Austria-Hungarian-German ayekholelwa ukuba loyiso enokwen- kuhlaselwa olukhawulezayo, isandla simahla ukulwa ngumchasi omnye. Isikakhulu indiva ngokokuma idabi ezizayo, inkokheli Triple Alliance akazange athathe ngqalelo kunethuba elikhulu kwezoqoqosho ubukhosi Russian, ukuzimela kwayo ukutya kunye eqela labasebenzi elikhulu, ngoko imiphambili ze leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi zaye swi edyokhweni. On the East Austrians wathumela kuphela seshumi yomkhosi wakhe, yonke enye into swi kumda Luxembourg kunye Belgium. Ukususela 2 ukuya 5 ka-Agasti, kwiintsuku nje ezintathu, phantse ngaphandle kokulwa, Ambamba mazwe mabini kwaye ahlasela France. Ngo-Agasti 25, ukusebenza utshaba phezu komlambo Marne, Austria-Hungarians kunye amaJamani waya eParis. Kwakubonakala olo loyiso ikufuphi. Kodwa ...

; Kusenjalo eRussia

Ukukhulisa mazwi yobuzwe ntoni lokuqala inqanaba na imfazwe. Emva kokuba isaziso yayo ebantwini ngokuqhelekileyo bacinga ukuba umkhosi kwi akhawunti ezimbini uya kuyiqhekeza ezintshabeni. Oku lula yi bubuxoki ezibonwayo kwisimo kweeposta, amaphephandaba, yaye namhlanje, kunye namajelo eendaba ngempumelelo ngakumbi. Russia ayenziwanga rearmed, kungekhona kwexesha, kodwa uBukhosi Austria-Hungarian ngexesha kwanele wemboniselo-mbali abaninzi. Noko ke, nkqu urhulumente pre-ukulwa imikhosi Soviet axhobileyo 1941 Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngokubalisa imalunga efanayo. Isiphumo, Noko ke, wajika iphume ezimbini kwezi unpreparedness ezahlukeneyo. phambi Eastern alukhange phambili nzulu kumhlaba Russian ngakumbi Carpathians, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba sethu impi leyo zingekondeli abaxhobileyo kunye nabasebenzi. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kwimiba yonikezelo. Military kushishino umfutho ngokukhawuleza wazuza wavelisa izixhobo ezaneleyo neembumbulu hayi kuphela de kube sekupheleni impi. Xa yaphela leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi (1914-1918), eRashiya zabuya zarholelwa ibe ngogonyamelo elide fratricidal lweminyaka emine. Lonke eli xesha, iifektri imijukujelwa, sekhe, howitzers, afohlela, imipu umatshini phantse engasebenziyo emthethweni, nezikhali evela kumacala alwayo ( "red" yaye "white") azidluliselwa, konke oku kwathathwa evela warehouses. amakhadi imbijana zaye zaziswa emva kwe eFransi, eNgilani, eJamani kunye Austria-iHungary, kwaye wavakalelwa ukunqongophala kokutya wada wafika wangumlawuli kwiBolsheviks.

Ukulwa kwilizwe kunye kwintsimi enkulu kangaka kunye amathuba ezoshishino lwezolimo yamandla enjalo cishe akunakwenzeka. Ukwenza isiqalo ngokukhawuleza a qinisekisa ahlula ekugqityweni amazwe Triple Alliance imikhosi yayingekho ngokwaneleyo, kwaye ukulwa eliphezulu lokushiya ngokokuma kunokukhokelela kuphela nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. ubunkokeli Kaiser kaThixo wayethembe ukuba ithuba waseMelika kukuzisusa Russia emfazweni ngokusebenzisa izilonda ezikhwankqisayo okanye naziphi na ezinye iindlela luli.

Ezinye zeziganeko leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi lubonise ukuba ezi zicwangciso zilawulwa ngokuyinxenye, ukuba kunjalo, uloyiso Austria-Hungary, boyisakala.

Isanda

Russia usoloko wazama ukuba amhlangule namahlakani zabo ezinzima kubo. Yaba kungekho ngaphandle kwaye leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Imbali ekuqaleni izenzo umsebenzi Russian Imperial Army uzele weqonga. Emva kokoyiswa i-Marne yocwangciso ucaphula imisebenzi ingumsebenzi lwenziwa ngo-Agasti 1914, nto leyo ilungiselelwe kwaye ngcono. umkhosi ezimbini (ngaphantsi umyalelo iinjengele Samsonov AV kunye PK Rennenkampf) wabalekiselwa uhlaselo East Prussia baza bawoyisa Austria 8 Army M. Pritvits. Kaiser German lekile, ukwenzakala, kodwa, nangona oku, kuye kwamkelwa oyinyaniso ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa isisombululo alimwi. Yazixhoma advance kwi Paris, wathumela imikhosi ezinkulu ukuya ngasempuma. Kuqala esenza enye indlela, umyalelo eliphezulu Russian wenza impazamo qhinga. Army ubetha kwizikhombisi eziphambukileyo kwi eBerlin kunye Königsberg. Le mbini liyatshona phambi lwasempumalanga, oko kwakhokelela ekuncipheni xi zeentsebenzo, kunokuba kunqunyukelwa ukuthatha ithuba Lwabasebenzi German Jikelele. imikhosi Russian kwenziwe umonakalo enzima, uze emva koko kwabonakala ukuba bacinge malunga ekuqaleni yaye kwakungekho nto. Iintshukumo ezifunyenwe ubhalo ngokokuma, leyo, ethetha ngokubanzi, kwaba ezandleni Amanyeneyo. amajoni Austrian zaye amanqina, ndayihluthwa phane kushenxa, lo gama ixesha uyasebenza kubo.

ukulahlekelwa

Iimbumba ye leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi baba nanto kwimbali ubude. IRussia ukuze alwe imfazwe nxamnye eTurkey, kwaye wayesele ezimanye Triple Alliance Bulgaria. mazwe angama-38 zaye inxaxheba ungquzulwano wamagazi idlabhuzwe ifanele. kwicala Entente wathabatha iYiputa kwaye utshaba kutshanje Russian - Japan. Italy akazange abonise ukubambelela kwimigaqo, wakhetha nomdla wesizwe umsebenzi encedisayo. Owaqala imfazwe kwicala le Triple Alliance, oko ikhondo layo batshintsha bayonets indlela wamajoni zabo.

Yibani amaqela neemeko kunye namanye amazwe. KweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, iminyaka yayo ezine ngokwaneleyo ukuze osisiqhwala ezimashumi mabini izigidi kwaye zibulala abantu abazizigidi ezilishumi. Kuyimfuneko ukuba bawavale kujoliswe umlinganiselo abonzakeleyo imikhosi ithi alwayo. Akumangalisi, xa kukho iqela elikhulu zamajoni (hayi eRashiya kwabalelwa phantse zizigidi. 1.7 Amajoni), eli nani lingaphantsi kunolo amazwe Triple Alliance. Ngubani uninzi amaxhoba bazisa leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi? ilahleko yabantu Itheyibhile ufana:

Umkhosi Russian, nangona yokusilela umyalelo (zisoloko zaba nokuthanda na onobundlobongela), babonisa ukusebenza ngokwanelisayo phezulu. Akazange avumele kwii-mkhosi wotshaba nzulu nommandla wayo, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi ibethe utshaba na inani kunye nobuchule. Kanti ke noko, ngenxa yonke iminyaka leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, hayi ityala olunye utshintsho eentloko ezaxhobela Russian elutshabeni, singasathethi ke nokufunyanwa defectors regiments, iimbambaniso nemikhosi. It nje ayikwazanga. Nesithunzi nesisa ngayo amabanjwa emfazwe zaye zaphuhliswa kwiimeko ezininzi, onke amaqela kule ungquzulwano ngezixhobo phakathi kwamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngokokuma kunye nokulungela ngenxa lohlaselo

phambi Eastern, kwakunye West, iye yazinza emva 1915. Abantu bathabatha kwizikhundla yaye wenza abomeleze, ukumba emingxunyeni kunye nokwakha enqatyisiweyo. Ixesha kukho amalinge ukuba atyhudise, kodwa ithala abanamandla okanye ukusetyenziswa lamatanki, okanye yeKhlorini enetyhefu swi nga hi pfuna ku kuphumelela baze bangene kwigumbi yokusebenza. Ndikwazile ukwenza oko kanye kuphela yonke iminyaka leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Umbhali wale loyiso yaba Jikelele Brusilov, ngubani entwasahlobo kunye ekuqaleni kwehlobo 1916 ezicwangcisiweyo kwaye yakhiwe ndaqonda idabi sixhobo sekhombuya esinee ukuziphendulela imikhosi Austria-German kwi-South-Western Front. Impumelelo negalelo ekuzithembeni okuphantsi yotshaba, ulawulo olulungileyo kunye yoxinaniso ngempumelelo amajoni Russian. Miscalculations nabo, ingakumbi, koovimba enganelanga, leyo zamthintela ukusebenzisa iziphumo ukusebenza ngobuchule ngokupheleleyo.

Ulandelelwano impi ngo-1914-1918

Nyaka ngamnye, imfazwe eyoyikekayo waphawulwa ngumlinganiswa ethile imeko qhinga. Ngowe-1914 kwakukho izenzo ubudlelwane article yomkhosi Russian kunye semkhosini Entente. Ukuphambukisa yinxalenye imikhosi yaseJamani kwaye waseOstriya waqhuba kokuhlaselwa Compostela.

1915 yaba ngokokuma, kodwa amanye amaphulo amaJamani wayebonisa, bakwazi ukuba ulidle ilifa Poland, inxalenye Western Ukraine, i aseBalti kunye Belarus.

Ngowe-1916, kwakukho emv olwenze linqanaba lokugqibela elingunozala wale lonke leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ukuqondisa engundoqo uhlaselo imikhosi yaseJamani baba eFransi, kummandla laseVerdun. Brusilov ekhubekisayo kwakhona phula izicwangciso yelizwe Triple Alliance, kwafuneka ukuba ungxamile, ukudlulisela amajoni ukuya ngasempumalanga ukuze uphephe ntlekele yasemkhosini.

Ngowe-1917 eRussia wemka kuyo emfazweni, waza kamva (1918) kunye eJamani Austria-Hungary a uxolo eyahlukileyo.

Isiphelo?

Zonke iingxaki neentlekele kanye sivala. Yaye yaphela leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. 1918 kwaba umhla xa imipu cwaka. UMbuso Austria-Hungarian isiqaqa. Abaphumeleleyo ibhiyozelwa, baye befuna ukuba ukusebenzisa le meko ukuze kubuyekezelwe iindleko eziphathekayo ezenzeke ngexesha impi, ukohlwaya eJamani, ukunyanzela kuyo indemnity, ukuba bahlomela yinxalenye yommandla. Russia kule nkqubo zange inxaxheba. I-February Revolution ka-1917, kwaye ke revolution Oktobha abatyhafileyo umkhosi, phantsi uqoqosho, eziqwalaselwayo zezopolitiko ziye zakhokelela iinkokheli yamaBolshevik ukuba bashiye kwiingingqi ezithile yoBukhosi baseRashiya ngakwicala kwamanye amazwe okanye abanike ulongamo. LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, leyo nxaxheba asayina isivumelwano uxolo, yaye emva kokuba liqukumbele ngasekhohlo iingxaki ezininzi engekasonjululwa. EJamani, utshaba ephambili Entente, woyiswa, ndihlazekile nokuphangwa, kodwa imvakalelo sikweni kunye nengqumbo bahlala nabantu waseJamani. Emva elishumi neminyaka enesiqingatha wafumana uMlawuli, Onguyena ikwazile ukuba basebenzise ezi mvakalelo, zixinaniswe njenge yasentwasahlobo. isivumelwano Versailles, imisiwe, yaye akuzange kube kudala ngaphambi mzuzu xa French kwafuneka ukuba anikezele iinkokheli kuloo ndawo apho waphumelela leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Amafoto imoto kaloliwe evela Kempen, esatyikitywa ngowe-1918 ukuze ihlabathi edume German iya uzakufun aukugqithisa onke amaphephandaba zehlabathi.

Kodwa oku elinye ibali ...