Materials yokubhala. Ekulobeni. Yintoni na?

Ukususela kwixesha lakudala, abantu baye basebenzisa ukugcina inkcazelo ebhaliweyo iisimboli, nesikhumba. Yintoni na ukutshela umfundi ngamnye, nto leyo ingqalelo elincinane kwizifundo yembali.

Ziphathwe ngendlela ethile ngendlela ulusu ezahlukeneyo izilwanyana kuba ezoqoqosho ngeenjongo wasetyenziswa yamandulo amaPersi yesihlanu BC. Yabizwa ngokuba "umphimbo". E Egypt, ngqangi yasetyenziswa zokubhala. Le izinto yaveliswa apha kuphela. Noko ke, ooFaro ziyekisiwe ukuthunyelwa yeengcongolo evela lizwe. injongo yabo yayikukuba bazisunduze izinto zamathala eencwadi yasePergamon odumileyo ekuveliseni iincwadi ze aphakamise kwithala-Alesandire. IPergamo abahlali besixeko balahleke, kodwa waqalisa ukuya kufuna enye indlela. Umntu wacinga ukubola komqala. Ngaloo ndlela weza ukusetyenziswa sasibiza yamandulo. Kwemveliso olungiswe kwaphela, kunye negama utshintshile.

production yamandulo

Izinto, igama kuloo mzi lasePergamo, kwakubiza. I iimfele zeegusha, iihagu, namathole (ngaphandle kwe-esile) kusingathwa a okhethekileyo zobuchwepheshe, multi-isigaba ixesha elide nelityayo ixesha. Bona bazihlamba ngocoselelo, isuswe iinwele baberhabaxa kwaye erhabaxa, tixi ngenxa iiveki ezimbini kumxube lime. Ke isikhumba, angabi noboya watsala ngapha komda wesakhelo, wazisusa inyama ongama. Ngoko ke ndaba emhlabeni kunye elirhabaxa kusonjululwa, ngetshokhwe atyabukile (ngokuba ukufunxa igrisi nokugqithisa iintsalela umphezulu ukufana). Mhlophe izikhumba yamandulo ngokukhuhla umgubo, ubisi okanye protein, nangona izinto eziveliswe bebala. Iindleko isigqubuthelo balo babulingana nesandla. Ukubhala usebenzisa i-inki iresiphi leyo yahlala iyimfihlo, amaxwebhu kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo abhalwe isilivere negolide.

Ngoko ke, le codex (oko sele kakuhle) - ukulungiselela ukuveliswa iincwadi eziphathekayo, kwakunye ngqangi itekisi sele ebhaliweyo. Nangona ixabiso layo eliphezulu, abemi yiPergamo fyabo kakuhle yayahluke ukusuka papyrus. Yaba owomeleleyo ngokobunene ezibonakalayo engase ukugoba, re-ukusetyenziswa, leyo malibhalwe omabini amacala. Kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, le nto yenza kuyo nayiphi na indawo apho izilwanyana.

E kubomi bemihla ngemihla, yaye a obizwa - a okhethekileyo ekulobeni. Yintoni na? Le izinto zisebenziseke evela kwisicatshulwa ezindala bucinyiwe, kwaza kwabhalwa ezintsha. Ngamanye amaxesha ingafundwa zombini ngqangi, kodwa 691 nabefundisi esalelweyo lokuhlamba engcwele iitekisi.

Ukufika kwephepha yoshicilelo abaninzi kwaye kwaphumela ukwehla woveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa ngesikhumba ngenxa yokuba izinto kubiza kakhulu. Abanye ngexesha magama, kodwa ekugqibeleni ephepheni won. Namhlanje izikhumba ezenziwe ngezikhumba zezilwanyana zaseKosher, sebenzisa kuphela amaYuda ukubhala iincwadi zabo ezingcwele.

izikhumba kwezoqoqosho

Kukwakho lomnotho ekulobeni. Yintoni na? Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izibonelelo zokuncedisa ukufunda nasesikhumbeni zezilwanyana, yokuba ingashiyelwanga nto. Eli phepha amanzi, izinto njengesiqhelo zokubopha, leyo imvelaphi yezityalo. Imifuno izikhumba nemixawuka, phantse ngaphaya, ungaphoswa inqatha kunye namanzi, njalo lisetyenziswa ekuphekeni, yezemithi, namayeza. Owavela kuyo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba emva kwexesha, lo usomachiza French Louis Guillaume Fige.