UPyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa: engobomi, iifoto, kuchaphulo olu

Against kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, kufutshane zero ngokupheleleyo, kumanqanaba aphezulu, eziyimfuneko ukuze Yindibanisela eziba atomic - oko ke uluhlu umsebenzi ixesha elide Academician Kapitsa. Waye kabini iqhawe Socialist leMisebenzi wawongwa Stalin Prize kunye Nobel.

ebuntwaneni

UPyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, ogama engobomi kuya kwenziwa kweli nqaku, wazalelwa Kronstadt ngo-1894. Uyise, Z Petrovich waba injineli yomkhosi kwaye inxaxheba ekwakheni iinqaba Kronstadt. Umama - Olga Ieronimovna - yinto oyingcali lwemveli kunye noncwadi abantwana.

Ngowe-1905 Petya ukuba ukufunda esikolweni, kodwa ngenxa yokuba inkqubela amahlwempu (embi anikwe isiLatin) inkwenkwe simshiya ngonyaka. Fundisisa academician elizayo iyaqhubeka esikolweni Kronstadt. Yena ndayigqiba honors ngo-1912.

Studies e University of

Ekuqaleni, uPyotr Kapitsa (bona ifoto. Ngezantsi) nekucetywa ukuba ukufunda physics nemathematika isebe St. Petersburg University, kodwa akazange athathe. Lo mfana yagqiba ukuzama luck yakhe "Polytechnic Institute", yaye luck wancuma kuye. UPetros ababhalise kwisebe electromechanical. Sele kunyaka indoda abatsha abanetalente wokuqala wafikelela ingqalelo uNjingalwazi A. F. Ioffe kwaye itsale ulutsha kuphando kwiilebhu alo.

Army kanye wedding

Ngowe-1914, Pet Leonidovich Kapitsa waya eScotland ukuba zivaliwe. Apho wayefuna ukwenza IsiNgesi wabo. Kodwa World Okokuqala, kunye naloo mfana owayemphathela ayikwazanga ukubuyela ekhaya ngo-Agasti. E Petrograd, waba kuphela ngoNovemba.

Ebutsheni bowe-1915, uPetros ngokuzithandela kwi-Western Front. Waye waqeshwa kwisikhundla sokuba umqhubi zeenqwelo zezigulane. Kwakhona, ethwele kwilori yakhe elimele.

Ngowe-1916 waba exhaphaza, yaye uPetros wabuyela ekholejini. Joffe nangoko ulayishe umfana kumsebenzi zovavanyo elabhoratri physics latsala ukuba bathathe inxaxheba isemina ezabo (yokuqala Russia). Kulo nyaka Kapitsa wapapasha inqaku lakhe lokuqala. Kwakhona, watshata Nadezhda Chernosvitova, kuza intombi kwilungu le-Central Committee yeCadet Party.

Sebenza kwi Institute entsha Physics

Ngowe-1918 A. F. Ioffe walungelelanisa Research Institute of Physics kunye yokuqala eRashiya. UPyotr Kapitsa, kuchaphulo olu apho unokufunda ngezantsi, waphumelela Polytechnic kulo nyaka yaye ngoko nangoko efika utitshala.

Zobunewu imeko post-revolution akazange athembise nantoni na inzululwazi elungileyo. Joffe inceda ukugcina oomasifundisane babafundi, bekhangele bemgama; kubo uPetros. Wabongoza Kapitsa ushiye eRussia, kodwa urhulumente zange ukunika imvume. Wandinceda Mxim Gorky, koko ingqalelo umbhali kakhulu nempembelelo. UPetros wavunyelwa ukuba ushiye eNgilane. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ukuhamba Kapitsa e St Petersburg ukuqhambuka komkhuhlane. Kuba ngenyanga umphengululi amadodana wafelwa ngumfazi wakhe, intombi kuzalwa, unyana kunye noyise.

Imisebenzi ku England

NgoMeyi 1921, uPetros waya eNgilani njengenxenye Russian Academy of Committee Sciences on. Eyona njongo ephambili izazinzulu sele nokubuyisela amaqhina yenzululwazi, kuliwa imfazwe kunye revolution. Kwiinyanga ezimbini emva koko, yamachiza uPyotr Kapitsa kuhlala Cavendish Laboratory ekhokelwa Rutherford. Wathatha lo mfana uqeqesho zexesha elifutshane. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iCEO yeQumrhu zobunjineli kunye nezakhono zophando nzulu Russian wenza nomvakalelo womoya onamandla kwi Rutherford.

Ngowe-1922, Kapitsa sobuGqirha kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge. igunya lakhe lesayensi wanda zejometri ukuqhubela phambili. Ngowe-1923 waba wawongwa imali Maxwell. Emva konyaka, isazinzulu waba uSekela Mlawuli we-Laboratory.

komzali

Ngowe-1925, Pet Leonidovich Kapitsa wayehlala e-Paris Krylov, ngubani wamazisa intombi yakhe Anna. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, waba ngumfazi sisazinzulu. Emva komtshato, uPetros wathenga Huntington Road ndawo yomhlaba, wakha indlu. Kungekudala apha kuya kuvela ekukhanyeni zoonyana bakhe - uAndreya kunye Sergey.

iqhawe Magnetic

UPyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, ogama engobomi yaziwa bonke yemvelo, ngokubonakalayo usaqhubeka ku dyondza iinkqubo yotshintsho eziba kunye ukubola eqhumayo. Uyeza up ne ufakelo entsha isizukulwana kwentsimi olomeleleyo Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye ufumana iziphumo irekhodi, 6-7 amawaka amaxesha obungaphezu engaphambili. ngoko Andau baqamba kuye "ntshatsheli ngemagnethi."

Buyela USSR

Ngokuhlola iimpawu zesinyithi kwiinkalo owahluke ngokwemvelo, uPetros Leonidovich Kapitsa waqonda imfuneko ukutshintsha iimeko zovavanyo. Funa (gel) amaqondo obushushu asezantsi. Kungenxa endle lobushushu eliphantsi physics Isazinzulu iphumeze yimpumelelo enkulu. Kodwa ke uphando ngalo mbandela, sele uPetros Leonidovich wachitha ekhaya.

Amagosa karhulumente waseSoviet wathi rhoqo ukuba indawo esisigxina yokuhlala kwi-USSR. Izazinzulu ziye banomdla isindululo esinjalo, kodwa bekusoloko wawubonisa inani iimeko, eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi kuzo - uhambo ukuya kuNxweme njengoko oyifunayo. Urhulumente akazange ukuya phambili.

Ngehlobo lowe-1934 Kapitsa kunye nomfazi wakhe batyelela eSoviet Union, kodwa xa beza ukuya eNgilane, kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba visa abo irhoxisiwe. Kamva, Anna wavunyelwa ukuba abuyele abantwana bathabathe nabo eMoscow. Rutherford kunye nabahlobo uPetros ndacela urhulumente waseSoviet ukuvumela Kapitsa ukuba babuyele eNgilani ukuze uqhubeke. Kwaba zonke lilize.

Ngowe-1935, uPyotr Kapitsa, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane kuye kwafika kubo bonke izazinzulu, ikhokelwa ngu-Institute of Physical Iingxaki of the Academy of Sciences. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba uvume ukuya kwesi sikhundla, wafuna ukuthenga izixhobo, nto leyo wayesebenza kwelinye. Ngelo xesha, uRutherford sele larhoxa ekulahlekeni yomqeshwa ezixabisekileyo yaye bathengisa izixhobo mayingasuswa elebhu.

Ileta kuRhulumente

Kapitsa Pet Leonidovich (ifoto eqhotyoshelweyo inqaku) wabuyela ekhaya kunye ekuqaleni uthe Stalin kaThixo. Nakuba kweli xesha linzima, yena ngomsi- wamkhusela iimbono zakhe. Ukwazi ukuba yonke into kweli lizwe ugqiba kubalawuli abaphezulu, wabhala rhoqo oonobumba kwiinzame inxaxheba kwincoko ngokuphandle kunye ngqo. Ukususela 1934 ukuya 1983, i-nzulu waya yesicelo iileta ezingaphezu kwama-300. Esebenzisa songenelelo Pet Leonidovich ukusuka ezintolongweni kunye nkampu wamhlangula izazinzulu ezininzi.

umsebenzi nokufumanisa

Enoba kwenzeka ntoni na yamachiza ngaso ixesha imisebenzi yesayensi. On uyakhululwa setup eNgilani, waqhubeka uphando lwakhe kummandla kwamabala enamandla ngemagnethi. Yemifuniselo ababandakanyekayo abaqeshwa eCambridge. Ezi imifuniselo kwaqhutyekwa iminyaka eliqela kwaye ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Izazinzulu baye bakwazi ukuphucula icandelo turbine, yaye iye yaba nempumelelo kakhulu liquefy umoya. Ufakelo ayidingi pre-Ukupholisa ngomoya helium. Ngokuzenzekelayo luthando ngexesha nokwandiswa ngendlela datendere ekhethekileyo. ufakelo gel enjalo ngoku kusetyenziswa phantse onke amazwe.

Ngowe-1937, emva kokuba uphando kakhulu kule ndawo Pet Leonidovich Kapitsa (Nobel Prize Scientist emva kweminyaka engama-30 ziya kunikwa) bebone esisiseko. Wasisusa ngxaki yokusetyenziswa superfluidity of helium. Eyona Ukuphela kwesi sifundo lobushushu ngezantsi 2,19 ° K viscosity kweintanethi. Kwiminyaka elandelayo Pet Leonidovich bafumanisa ezinye ngezenzeko anomalous in helium. Umzekelo, ukusasazwa ubushushu kuyo. Ngenxa kule uphando kwinzululwazi indlela entsha - nokwakheka lulwelo quantum.

Silumkele nokudalwa ezabo atomic

Ngowe-1945, i-eSoviet Union lasungula inkqubo ukuphuhlisa izixhobo zenyukliya. UPyotr Kapitsa, ogama iincwadi ithandwa e kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, wala ukuba nenxaxheba kulo. Kuba lo wasuswa ukusuka kumsebenzi yesayensi uyibeke phantsi indlu ukubanjwa iminyaka esibhozo. Zezenzululwazi, ndayihluthwa ithuba yokunxibelelana nabo. Kodwa uPyotr Leonidovich akazange amandla kunye nophando waqhubeka iye yagqiba ukuba aququzelele i zelebhu dacha yakhe.

Kwaba apho, kwiimeko nobu-, owaphuma elektroniki eziphakamileyo ngamandla, nto leyo eyaba inyathelo lokuqala ukuya ngaphantsi amandla nokumanyana. Kodwa imifuniselo yinxalenye ISAZINZULU yakwazi ukubuyela kuphela emva kokukhululwa kwakhe ngo-1955. Waqalisa ukufunda-lobushushu eliphezulu plasma. Made kwithuba yokuvula yenza isiseko lenkqubo ye-reactor yenyukliya yesenzo ngokuqhubekayo.

Amanye amalinge akhe umfutho ezintsha nobuchule ababhali yesayensi. iingcinga zabo ukuzama ukwenza umbhali yonke. Peter Kapitza naye wayefunda ngelo xesha fireball kunye hydrodynamics lamanqanaba ezingcakacileyo bolwelo. Kodwa umdla olukhulu wadanduluka iimpawu plasma, neejenereyitha microwave.

Baye phesheya kwaye Prize Nobel

Ngowe-1965, uPyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa wafumana imvume karhulumente ukuya eDenmark. Apho ke, wawongwa ngembasa yegolide ka Niels Bohr. Yamachiza wamjonga iilebhu zasekuhlaleni waza wanikela intetho ukuya amandla aphezulu. Ngowe-1969, i-nzulu kunye nomfazi wakhe wokuqala watyelela eUnited States.

Phakathi-Oktobha 1978 sisazinzulu wafumana ucingo ukusuka Swedish Academy of Sciences. Isihloko othi: "uPyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa. Nobel Prize ". Zesayensi sibe uphando ezingundoqo kummandla obushushu aphantsi. Ezi ziindaba ezilungileyo, "wabanjwa" ISAZINZULU ngoxa bezipholele "Barvikha" kufuphi eMoscow.

Iintatheli lowo wamthabatha beze kudliwano-ndlebe, yena wabuza: "Nguwuphi na impumelelo zenzululwazi lobuqu uqwalasela ebalulekileyo?" UPyotr Leonidovich wathi ukuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba sisazinzulu umsebenzi wakhe ngoku. "Mina, Ndenza ngoku fusion yenyukliya", - wathi.

intetho Kapitsa kaThixo e Stockholm yayingaqhelekanga kwi premium irisithi. Ngokwahlukileyo kwimimiselo, wanikela intetho hayi kwi ezisezantsi lobushushu physics, kodwa malunga plasma kwaye ilawulwe ngayo mbawula. UPyotr Leonidovich echaza isizathu soku inkululeko. ISAZINZULU Wathi: "Kwakunzima ukuba ukhethe umxholo kuba Nobel ntetho. Ndaphumelela ibhaso yophando kwinkalo kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, kodwa benza iminyaka engaphezu kwama-30. Xa kwiziko yam, Kakade ke, qhubeka ukuphonononga esi sihloko, kodwa mna ivuliwe ekufundweni iinkqubo eziyimfuneko basabela yenyukliya. Ndiyakholwa ukuba ngoku le ndawo ngakumbi yenkqubo enomdla kwaye efanelekileyo, njengoko iza kunceda ekulungiseni isondela yingxaki yombane. "

Scientist wafa ngo-1984, kancinane phambi kweminyaka yobudala engama kunyaka-90. Xa ndiqukumbela, esilishumayelayo amazwi akhe adumileyo.

iikowuteshini

"Inkululeko Human angacuthwa ngeendlela ezimbini: ubundlobongela okanye esikhuliswe ukuba conditioner ingqondo."

"Umntu oselula logama nje ukwenza izinto ezihlambelayo zamaxhegokazi zimangale."

"Awukwazi ulungiso mbumbulu zihlasela. Kodwa ke ukungabikho kwabo ingqalelo - eneneni mbumbulu ".

"Umntu abanamakhono owaziyo into ayifunayo."

"Buchopho musa kunokubangela sexesha, kodwa kwixesha azalwe."

"Ukuze ubani onwabe, umntu umele ngqondweni wena simahla."

"Le lowo isantya. exposure kuphela nje ezimbalwa kweeyure, yaye kangangeminyaka emininzi. "

"Musa ukushiya, kodwa ugxininisa ukungaboni. Baya kuba negalelo kuphuhliso yenzululwazi. "

"Inzululwazi kufuneka elula, umdla kunye kumnandi. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo i izazinzulu ".

"Inkohliso nto ibalulekileyo kwenkqubo yentando yesininzi, ukusukela ekuqalekeni kusekelwe inkqubela kwi inani elincinane labantu. Umnqweno uninzi uyeke nje inkqubela. "

"Ubomi - njenge umdlalo card, apho inxaxheba, ndingazazi mithetho."