Iindidi eziphambili iibhondi chemical: kutheni kwaye akhiwa ngayo

Imithetho eziyifaneleyo le nto ixesha elide wahlala akanakwaziwa engekasonjululwa umntu. Imfundiso classical neentambo atomic zanikezelwa kakhulu emva kwexesha - ngo-1916. Ukususela ngoko, izimvo izazinzulu 'wazivelela. Enyanisweni, akukho ivule nto intsha ukususela ngoko, kunye neentlobo iibhondi imichiza ngoku siyazi umfundi ngamnye, ngubani ubuncinane uzama ukufunda. Kuba olu lwazi ezinye izazinzulu aphakathi Ndothengisa imiphefumlo yawo.

Ngoko ke, kukho iintlobo eziphambili iibhondi yemichiza obizwa ezongezelelweyo intsebenziswano buthathaka. Ngamanye amaxesha ke, babe ezibalulekileyo, umz; xa ukuyilwa kobume protini. Iindidi eziphambili iibhondi zeekhemikhali ziquka covalent kunye ionic kunye netyhidiweyo.

Makhe siqale covalent. Kumnandi ke kubo Gilbert Lewis wanikela ingcamango yakhe yokuqala wezinto iqhina kwemichiza. Yintoni na ingcamango yokuba sisazinzulu nangoku mlonyeni? Iqhina covalent luqokelelane kuba ifomu ebotshiwe kwinkqubo athom ifunyenwe amandla ngaphantsi kwe atom zibangele. Kwaye oku kubalulekile chemistry. inkqubo nganye ijolise lokuyigxotha le mali ubuninzi wamandla. Ngexesha lokusekwa iqhina covalent, ngalunye athom yokudibanisa inegalelo kwendalo zo xhulumaniso. Ngenxa yoko, yangaphandle kwinqanaba elektroniki igcwele, amasuntswana nentlawulo ezimbi kudlula 'asetyenziswa jikelele. "

Iintlobo iibhondi yamachiza zihlukaniswe iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela. Umzekelo, ibhondi covalent kudla non-polar - umzekelo, phakathi atom le nto imichiza. Ngoko ke bakha zegesi ezifana initrogen, fluorine, hydrogen. pair Electron "ubunini oqhelekileyo" yi geometrically emhlabeni phakathi. Nangona kunzima ukutsho, kuba uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba umendo electron cishe akunakwenzeka ukuchaza.

Enye into - Iimbophelelo phakathi atom imichiza ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, kwi uqhagamshelwano phakathi fluorine yehayidrojini atom umphunga eqhelekileyo nendawo kufutshane kwenye i-athom, eyile - to fluorine. Olu lwalamano igama ezibandayo.

Kodwa atom azisoloko "ukunyaniseka negalelo ngokulinganayo" ukuyilwa yedipozithi. Kwakhona kuyenzeka ukuba enye athom inika ngqo elektroni ezimbini, kwaye eyesibini - orbit ngenxa ukuba isibini bekuza ekusebenziseni jikelele. Indlela igama uhlobo oku? Donor-acceptor unxibelelwano iintlobo. Le ammonium ion inokuba abe ngumzekelo omhle. Ezintathu atom hydrogen bazibandakanye ngemixokelelwane eqhelekileyo polar covalent, kunye eseleyo isibini simahla elektroni zenitrogen ukuze zikhutshwe ukusetyenziswa ekwabelwana nenye atom hydrogen. Sekunjalo, ukuhlobana kugqalwa covalent, kuba iindawo eyandileyo electron ezinoxinano phakathi atom na.

Ziziphi ezinye neentambo zeekhemikhali zikhona? bond Ionic phakathi amasuntswana ukuba intlawulo eyahlukileyo. Umkhosi yomtsalane elements kulo mtshato kuxhomekeke kuphela kumgama ebahlulayo kubo, yaye orientation - ezizimeleyo. Apho kukho link ezinjalo? Kuqala kwinto zonke, kwizinto crystalline - alkalis, carbides, iityuwa, nitrides, oxides esisiseko. Ukuba zesiqinisekiso kunye anion ziyafana ngobukhulu, ukuxhumeka ingakumbi izinzile. Ezinye ekhemisi uye ucinge olu hlobo lonxibelelwano ityala kanobom kwelinye covalent iqhina polar. Kodwa ingongoma moot, ngokuba loxinano electron ayide eduze kwe zesiqinisekiso kakubi ityala.

Iqhina sisinyithi idla eyahlukileyo kakhulu kwezinye iintlobo iibhondi imichiza. Ekubeni nje kuphela iikhemikhali kodwa ngokwasemzimbeni isenzeko yinqobo kuye. Inyaniso yokuba kukwenziwa elektroni inxaxheba atom zonxibelelwano. Yaye intshukumo yayo zemiyalelo sicacisa ithuba ombane conductive kakhulu nesinyithi. Ngoko ke wonke atom kwi site emkhusaneni inegalelo ubuhlobo.

Njengokuba kuye kwacaca ukusuka inkcazo engasentla, iindidi iibhondi yamachiza ahluka kanye yimithetho-siseko nokudaleka.