Charophytes: inkcazelo, isakhiwo, marekhodi kanye umsebenzi

Yendalo, ngokubanzi, ubukhulu ezincinane ixhomekeke izityalo kumaqela ebalulekileyo osezantsi. Isikakhulu nempembelelo entle kuwo ukuba amanye amalungu oluphezulu. Kukho iimeko phakathi Ingca yolwandle. Ezi ziquka charophytes isebe, owayekho ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Enye into kukuba namhlanje eli qela kweentlobo uchazwa hayi nje ngokubanzi nezinye abameli yobukumkani. Hi ndlela leyi, olu didi ulwelwe ekuthiwa harofitami.

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga iqela Charales

Ngaphandle, lona lisiza ke omkhulu izityalo eyayizalwa a lot of umahluko ukusuka kwamanye amalungu ubukumkani. Ukuba uya wobuso uhlalutyo isakhiwo eli qela, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukudida nabo kwiiklasi aphezulu kwezityalo. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba dule asezantsi ukudibanisa iimpawu ulwelwe kunye nezityalo ephakamileyo, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kwimisebenzi yabo. Kubalulekile ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukileyo eli qela, bemanyene uhlobo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le charophytes mizekelo ilandelayo ume ngaphandle: .. Hara Aspera, Nitella Fleksilis, Nitella Sinkarpa njl Ezinye iintlobo zithanda ukuphila imizimba kufuphi yamanzi, ngoxa abanye kuloo matheku, amachibi kwelizwe amtyuba. Amaninzi Stoneworts olukhulayo uluhlu kwabameli eziliqela kunokuba enye kwenye. Ngenxa yoko, zakha ematyholweni, eziquka iindawo ezinkulu emazantsi ichibi.

plant systematics

Kangangexesha elide oosonzululwazi ngqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqela ngendlela ngezityalo charophytes emigudwini yayo engundoqo. Into yokuba ubukho yiklorofil iiseli kumaqela A and B sachaza ukuba unikeze isityalo ukuba abameli kwisebe Chlorophyta. Bakhetha oluhlobo ebonisa ubukho otashi kunye enzayimi njenge spare. Ngokutsho kwezinye izifundo, lona lisiza zibandakanyiwe kwisebe Charophyta. Isiseko iingxelo ezifana wakhonza isebe kwisityalo kwi ekuqaleni ulwelwe eluhlaza. Kwabakho imbono yokuba iqela kuthathwa eliphakathi ukusuka ubulembu ukuya ulwelwe eluhlaza. iziphumo Modern efanayo hormone, eziphilayo ultrastructural ahlalutye ubone indlela isebe nabameli Stoneworts Streptophyta. In kuhlobo olufanayo ziquka izityalo zignematalnye.

Eyona uhlobo

Okokuqala, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho iintlobo ezintathu ezisisiseko ezi zityalo. Oku ngqo Hara kunye Nitella kunye Tolipella. Abameli uhlobo lokuqala luphawulwa kunikezelo olunolwazi kwaye ukhetha namachibi nzulu. endaweni yawo yemvelo - a ubunzulu 1-1.5 m Kubalulekile ukuba amanzi acocekileyo, hayi zinodaka .. Kwezinye iinkalo olu hlobo ekunokuthiwa kakhulu nabalulamileyo - umzekelo, izityalo aphile amtyuba nahambayo bume. Noko ke, ukonakaliswa amanzi kubo okulungileyo. Ke ukuba uhlobo Nitella, abameli balo bube ngakumbi amanzi acocekileyo, kwaye nazo zifumaneka amachibi kunye isinqe uyisanti. Ukuba charophytes kuqala uhlobo musa abayithandi substrates, olu hlobo lula iyavuma kule ndawo - ezifana iziqwenga daka. Tolipella kwakhona sensitive ukungcola, oko ngokulula ezityalwe kwi kumhlaba oyisanti, yaye ngokukhethekayo onobunzulu encinane.

ezihlala

ERashiya, eli qela ulwelwe ibikukuphila phantsi West Siberian Plain kunye besekhaya. Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-yeshumi elinesithoba, izazinzulu rhoqo ubone abantu abatsha kunye iindawo ukuzalela lisiza. Kuyabonakala ukuba kwiimeko ezithile Stoneworts ukuze eziluncedo phezu nkqu nabameli izityalo ngaphezulu. Ngokomzekelo, kubhaliwe waphawula kumacandelo zexeshana baza bankcenkceshela ngaphandle okugcina amanzi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kule ngasezantsi West Siberian Plain wafumana iintlobo 17 Chara, no-4 iintlobo Nitella. Kukho iintlobo ngaphantsi eqhelekileyo ayikwazi ukuba abe luncedo ukhuphiswano kuphuhliso layo phezu kwezinye izityalo. Kulo mzekelo, amachibi kunye mgxobhozo namageduka hayi charophytes kuphela. Amalungu sodidi lwe Nitella, umzekelo, zifumaneka kuphela ezintlanjeni imilambo emikhulu kunye emaqeleni ehlathini. Kwaye oku nangona iintlobo yonke zezityalo Charales kwiindawo ezinjalo kakhulu asezantsi xa kuthelekiswa amachibi efanayo.

isakhiwo

Ngo Charales enye izakhiwo kakhulu entsonkothileyo thallus ukuba ngandlela ithile kwaye kwakhokelela yokufana kwawo zizityalo aphezulu. umzimba yabo umahluko kulo interstices kunye namacandelo eliphezulu-grade, ezo zifumaneka whorls amasebe. Xa amtyuba nahambayo amachibi, ukuba ziqhotyoshelwe komhlaba rhizoids. Ke ezifanayo kunye uhlaza ephakamileyo, kule meko, kukhankanywa kunokwenziwa hornwort kunye horsetail. Thallus ukuphakama ifikelele kwi-avareji yama-30 cm, nangona kukho iimeko ukuya kwi-120 cm. Amasebe osecaleni anqabile, kakhulu, ngoko ke isityalo colonizes emazantsi ayikho yengqingqwa. Kodwa oku zonke iimpawu eziye charophytes. Isakhiwo luphawulwa bubukho internodes elide iiseli baba ixolo ayegqunyelelwe kwezinye iiseli ezivaliweyo ezincinci. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iqokobhe iiseli obyzvestlennaya.

ulwelwe ukuzala

Stoneworts iqela izityalo ezithile ze ngesondo kwaye andise kwezityalo. Kwezityalo indlela usebenzisa eziguqula ekwikhompyutha rhizoids. Ukongeza, lo msebenzi yenzelwe inkwenkwezi-ezimile iseli ulwandiso, ibekwe kwi maqhuqhuva esiqwini asezantsi. Ukuba uzale thallium entsha. uphuhliso Higher ngexesha ubomi besityalo ifikelela esini zimelwe oogonia kunye antheridium. Esi sakhiwo multicellular ezidla ukuphuhlisa kwisityalo efanayo. Nangona kunjalo, i eyaziwa kunye charophytes dioecious, kodwa usasazo akukho mkhulu kangaka. Ngenxa unpretentiousness yayo yokuhlala iimeko dule nje kwiminyaka embalwa nga kugubungela ummandla omkhulu, wakha iintshinyela okuqhubekayo.

zokuzala

Antheridium kufana ibhola, ubukhulu bakhe babe 0.5 mm. Ekuqaleni, isiphathele nombala oluhlaza, kodwa inkqubo yobomi nokuyitshintsha ukuba ebomvu okanye naorenji. It is on the kwiseli mfutshane isakhiwo stem kwaye iqulathe 8 iiseli tyaba ngokusondeleyo qhagamshelana omnye elintlangothi wona aqoqiwe. Ukususela umbindi nganye yolawulo-iiseli waqondisa antheridium zezindlu yokubamba yokuqala, eziphela entloko setyhula apho zilungiselelwe iiseli ezininzi ngenxalenye elincinci. Ngamnye kubo inika ambalwa ezilikhulu neseli imigca spermatogenic. Ngenxa yoko, ngamnye iiseli elalisandul 'ukusekwa nayo edala anterozoid. Ngokumalunga oogonia, ukuba unalo ubungakanani enkulu kangangoko, xa kuthelekiswa ne antheridium. iiseli ezingu eziyijikelezileyo kwaye enze uhlobo isithsaba spiral. Kulo mzimba charophytes ziqulathe iqanda enye enkulu. amadlozi isithsaba oluya kwaye kwiglasana ebethelelwa zibe oogonia. karyogamy Eminye kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ukuyilwa kwento elilodwa.

Imisebenzi Charales izityalo

Ixabiso biosystem wobomi ezi lona lisiza akuyomfuneko, nangona iingcali zithi nempembelelo ezinye imvelaphi zoxinzelelo lwamanzi kunye nomgangatho eziphilayo kwemizimba amanzi kuwo. Ingakumbi, le imo zolwelo uba uzinze, kwaye kananjalo oko ukuyilwa biocenosis okhethekileyo. plant amagqabi kwinkqubo yophuhliso kuba inani elikhulu epiphytes. Le ntsholongwane esasinokubonwa ulele, ezisetyenziswa kukutya ezingenamqolo. Ukongeza, charophytes zamafu ukuze enze ngasezibukweni ngandlel 'ithile kweentlanzi ezincinane, zifumaneka kukhuselo site undergrowth kumarhamncwa. Xa amachibi kunye nohlaza efana nophuhliso kwenzeka kwindawo iingcongconi encinane kakhulu. Oku kungenxa nje kuphela ukhuseleko, kodwa isenzo-ntsholongwane ethile ukuvelisa izityalo. Kwangaxeshanye, lona lisiza nga kuba kukudla kweentaka. Oku kwaphawulwa ngexesha ekwindla yabhabha phezu ezigcina amanzi. Zasemanzini becala wasebenzisa oospores elilodwa, leyo ngeli xesha azele zamathontsana ngamanqatha.

Isicelo Economy and Science

ukusetyenziswa Character izityalo ubomi bomntu ugqitywa izinto eziqulathwe kuyo. Umzekelo, ubukho kwekalika kwenza ulwelwe ubenomtsalane ukusetyenziswa nje isichumiso. Ngokukodwa, charophytes isebe Charophyta kuluncedo ukusuka kwindawo umbono ubonelelo layers zomhlaba enzima. Nokuba ngaphandle unyango olungaphezulu kunye awo zendalo neetyuwa Charales ibe udaka kuliyeza. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, umdla kweli qela kwizityalo ebonisa iingcali kwinkalo yophando eziphilayo. iiseli ezinkulu, interstices ukwakha, ukuvumela isifundo olunzulu inwebu cytoplasmic ngenxa permeability yabo.

isiphelo

Stoneworts kancane isikhundla salo sabaphathi yezityalo. Nangona ukungawi ezinye iintlobo ze data nobulembu iimpembelelo yangaphandle, ukunwenwa bokungcola kwezibonelelo ezinamanzi nangoku ophazamisa inkqubo yophuhliso lwabo. Kwakhona musa ukulibala ukuba charophytes - iqela ulwelwe ephantsi, nto leyo ikhonkco yexeshana phakathi kumasebe ahlukeneyo. Kwaye nangona izazinzulu namhlanje ngokuzithemba nokumisa eli qela, abaninzi imiqondiso abameli balo ibonisa ukuba utshintsho yendaleko kwi thallus efanayo. Kwelinye icala, iingcali bayaqonda ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa ne iifosili, Stoneworts mihla akukho nje iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo.