ECrimea: imbali lizwe. Njani eCrimea, yaye yintoni na ke imbali yabantu bakhe?

Kunyaka odlulileyo, usingasiqithi iCrimea yaba yinxalenye ngobume Ukraine. Kodwa emva kokuba Matshi 16, 2014, yena indawo yi "indawo yokuhlala" kwaye yaba yinxalenye ye-Russian Federation. Ngoko ke kakhulu achaze umdla kwanda ukuphuhlisa indlela eCrimea. Imbali ye-lizwe ubuhlungu gqitha kunye namandla.

Abemi yokuqala belizwe yamandulo

Imbali kwizizwana eCrimea isusela emva zeminyaka emininzi. Kwi usingasiqithi, abaphengululi bafumana amathambo abantu bamandulo ababephila njengokuba kude kudala lolawulo Paleolithic. Kufutshane yokupaka Kiik-Koba kunye Staroselie Abembi bezinto zakudala bafumana amathambo abantu ngelo xesha kumiwa le ndawo.

Xa BC nenkulungwane yokuqala, i Cimmerians babehlala apha, uphawu kunye amaSkitiya. Egameni uhlanga nsimu, okanye mandithi intaba yayo eselunxwemeni iindawo wababiza Tauris, lophawu, okanye Tauridia. abantu bamandulo benza oku echumayo ukulima umhlaba kunye nezilwanyana ukulima umhlaba, ngokunjalo ngokuzingela nokuloba. Ihlabathi elitsha, IiReggaeton eliqaqambileyo.

AmaGrike, amaRoma kunye ngamaGoth

Kodwa amanye amazwe yamandulo nomtsalane kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kwindawo kwafumaniseka ukuba abe eCrimea enelanga. Imbali ye-lizwe kwaye ntlokoma Greek. Around 6-5 iinkulungwane we BC, le ndawo aqala ukwenza amaGrike ngenkuthalo. Bakha yonke ithanga, emva koko kwafika umbuso kuqala. AmaGrike weza kunye nabo iingenelo impucuko: bakha iitempile kunye zemiboniso, amabala kunye iibhate. Ngeli xesha baqala ukuze kukhule imikhumbi. Ivela mbali zamaGrike ziye kuthiwa uphuhliso ukulima. Kwakhona, amaGrike watyala imithi yomnquma apha yaye wenza ezikuqokelelo oyile. Kukhuselekile ukuba kunye ukufika yamaGrike kwimbali eCrimea lifumene umfutho omtsha.

Kodwa emva kweenkulungwane ezimbalwa, iRoma yamandla iliso lakhe kule ntsimi yaye bababamba yinxalenye bonxweme. Le nokuhlutha waqhubeka kwaze AD ngenkulungwane yesi-6. Kodwa umonakalo elikhulu kuphuhliso lizwe yabangela izizwe Gothic ahlasela i kwiinkulungwane 3-4th kwaye apho waqhekeza karhulumente Greek. Nangona kungekudala ukulungele kwanyanzeleka ezinye iintlanga, uphuhliso eCrimea kakhulu ngelo xesha lancipha.

Khazaria and Tmutarakan

ECrimea nayo ngokuba Khazars yamandulo, kwaye kwezinye yemihla Russian lo mmandla ebizwa tmutarakani. Kwaye akukho igama lwengcingane ummandla apho eCrimea. Imbali ushiye usingasiqithi kumbuzo abo igama toponymic, ngelo xesha omnye okanye omnye wabiza le yinxalenye yomhlaba umhlaba abaninzi. Ukuqalisa ukususela kwinkulungwane 5, yonke eCrimea iwela phantsi kwempembelelo engqongqo Byzantine. Kodwa sele kwinkulungwane 7, yonke indawo losingasiqithi (ngaphandle Chersonese) kuwo Khazar Khaganate, enamandla kwaye womelele. Yiyo loo nto e Western Europe ebizwa ngokuba "Khazars" ezifumaneka ngqangi ezininzi. Kodwa Russia and Khazars lonke ixesha ubandezele, yaye kwimbali kunyaka-960 luqala eCrimea Russian. Khanate wabatshabalalisa, nabo bonke kuxhomekeke Khazar Old ubunini karhulumente Russian. Ngoku le ndawo ibizwa ngokuba tmutarakani.

Hi ndlela leyi, bheka eKiev Prince Vladimir, ngubani wathabatha Kherson (Korsun) ngo-988 yaye christened ngokusemthethweni.

Tatar-Mongol trail

Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-13 kwimbali nokudliwa eCrimea kwakhona kukhulise meko umkhosi; usingasiqithi elihlaselayo Mongol-nangezinto.

Kukho kwakheka iCrimea Khanate - iCandelo Golden mkhosi. Emva kokuba zolotaya Orda iqhekeka, ngo-1443 kwi-lizwe kukho Krymskoe Hanstvo. Ngowe-1475 owayo ngokupheleleyo phantsi kwempembelelo Turkey. Ivela ekuhlaseleni ezenziwe apha amaninzi kwi-Polish, Russian kunye namazwe Ukrainian. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-15, ukuhlasela uba yandile amsongele ingqibelelo zombini kaRhulumente eMoscow Poland. Ngokusisiseko, baseTurkey awayezingela nokungahlawulwa kakuhle kwabasebenzi, ukuba babe ngabantu kwikhompyutha ezithengisa ebukhobokeni kwiimarike ikhoboka Turkey. Esinye sezizathu ngokusekwa Zaporizhzhya isinxibelelanisi ngo-1554 unganyangeki kwezi amaSiriya.

imbali Russian

ibali transfer eCrimea Russian siyaqhuba-1774, xa iSivumelwano Kucuk Kaynarca iye yatyikitywa. Emva kokuba imfazwe Russian-Turkish ka-1768-1774 ukuya ekupheleni phantse 300 kweminyaka kobunganga Ottoman. I Turks wala eCrimea. Yaba ngeli xesha kwi usingasiqithi kukho imizi lukhulu Sevastopol kunye Simferopol. ECrimea ichuma, imali ityalwe apha, iqala nokugqama ngokukhawuleza norhwebo kwakunye noshishino.

Kodwa Turkey akazange ukunika izicwangciso aphinde amabala enomtsalane kwaye elungiselela impi entsha. Kufuneka uhlawule irhafu umkhosi Russian, leyo akazange avumele ukuba enze njalo. Emva kwenye imfazwe iSivumelwano Jassy esayinwe Ngo1791.

ngabom of uCatherine II

Ngoko ke, eneneni usingasiqithi ngoku inxalenye ubukhosi onamandla, ogama - Russia. ECrimea, ogama kuquka eninzi utshintsho ukusuka kwesinye isandla imbali, kwakufuneka lokuzithethelela olomeleleyo. amazwe akumazantsi Acquired kufuneka bakhuselwe ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko umda. UKumkanikazi uCatherine II olusezandleni Prince Potemkin ukufunda eziluncedo kunye nobuthathaka nokudliwa eCrimea. Ngowe-1782, Potemkin wabhala ileta eya kwi uKumkanikazi, leyo unyanzelisa ukwamkelwa izigqibo ezibalulekileyo. Catherine iyavumelana kunye neengxoxo zakhe. Yena uyaqonda indlela ebalulekileyo eCrimea for zokusombulula iingxaki zangaphakathi karhulumente kunye kwicala lomgaqo angaphandle.

April 8, 1783 uCatherine II wakhupha Manifesto on ukulawula le eCrimea. Yaba uxwebhu sibi. Ukususela ngoko, ukususela kuloo mhla, iRussia, i-eCrimea, imbali ubukhosi, kwaye usingasiqithi ngokusondeleyo sase kangangeenkulungwane. Ngokutsho Manifesto, bonke abahlali iCrimea zaye wathembisa ukhuselo intsimi lutshaba, ukulondolozwa kwezakhiwo kunye nokholo.

Nangona kunjalo, abantu baseTurkey ukulawula le eCrimea eRashiya waqonda kwiinyanga ezisibhozo kuphela kamva. Lonke eli xesha, imeko ezingqonge usingasiqithi wayesoyika kakhulu. Xa yapapashwa IManifesto, owokuqala zokunyaniseka ukuya uBukhosi Russian wafungayo ngabefundisi kwaye kuphela - bonke abantu. Usingasiqithi amalungiselelo imibhiyozo lwesithethe, emthendelekweni, wathwala imidlalo neentlanga amahashe, umpu ipali umlilo anikwe emoyeni. Njengokuba kuphawuliwe ababephila, yonke eCrimea ngovuyo nangomgcobo, wegqitha waya uBukhosi Russian.

Ukususela ngoko, i-eCrimea, imbali lizwe kunye nendlela yokuphila abemi balo abaninzi kuhlangene zonke iziganeko ezenzeka kuBukhosi Russian.

A umfutho enamandla kuphuhliso

Imbali Emfutshane eCrimea emva nokudliwa ukuya uBukhosi Russian linokuchazwa ngazwi linye - "bayatyatyamba." Kukho sebeqala ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza kushishino kunye nezolimo, iwayini, iViticulture. Emizini kukho intlanzi kunye neenkamba ityuwa, abantu ngenkuthalo asakhasayo amaqhina zorhwebo.

Ekubeni eCrimea ukho nemozulu efudumeleyo kakhulu nethandwa, abantu abaninzi abazizityebi Tsarist Russia wayefuna ukufumana apha elizweni. Izikhulu, amalungu entsapho yasebukhosini, mveliso wakugqala njengelungelo wafumana ilifa usapho ekusingasiqithi. Kwi-owuva ye-19 - 20 ngenkulungwane th, kukho iqala nokugqama ngokukhawuleza izakhiwo. Abathetheli mboni, amanenekazi yasebukhosini, elite Russian ulwakha apha iingxande yonke phula iipaki ezintle ezithe alondolozwe kummandla eCrimea namhlanje. Kwaye emva kokuba ngabafo usingasiqithi wasolula amagcisa, abadlali, neemvumi, amagcisa, imidlalo yeqonga-ezinkonzweni. ECrimea sekuba esise yenkcubeko yoBukhosi baseRashiya.

Musa ukulibala malunga nemozulu salubrious losingasiqithi. Ekubeni oogqirha esebenzisekayo ukuba umoya eCrimea kukholekileyo kakhulu ukuba unyango lwesifo sephepha, apha kusiyiwa ngobuninzi onqwenela kuphila na kwesi sifo esibulalayo. ECrimea isiba nomtsalane nje kuphela eseleyo bohemian; kodwa wokhenketho zempilo.

Kunye lonke ilizwe

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 usingasiqithi saphuhliswa kunye lonke elo lizwe. Hayi idlule, kwaye Oktobha Revolution kunye nempi yombango eyalandela. Ivela eCrimea (Yalta, Sevastopol, Theodosia) baya iinqanawa elidlulileyo kunye neempahla, apho i-Russian washiya nezazi Russian. Oku kulapho kwakukho imfuduko abaninzi yabeLungu. Ilizwe udale inkqubo entsha, kwaye eCrimea angamshiyi.

Kwakunjalo 20 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela yenzeka inguqu eCrimea zonke-Union iiholide zempilo. Ngowe-1919, i-iiBolsheviks amukela "Ndiwise SNK kwiindawo zonyango kubaluleke wesizwe." ECrimea ubhalwe kumnombo wakhe obomvu. Emva konyaka esayiniweyo enye uxwebhu ebalulekileyo - ". On ukusetyenziswa eCrimea ukuba unyango abasebenzi 'ummiselo

De imfazwe, intsimi lizwe ukuze isetyenziswe njengecebo for consumptives. E Yalta ngo-1922 nokuba inika Institute ekhethekileyo TB. Inkxaso-mali kwinqanaba eyaneleyo, yaye kungekudala ESRI isiba liziko enkulu kweli lizwe ngenxa utyando semiphunga.

Conference Epochal iCrimea

Ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, usingasiqithi yaba kwindawo imisebenzi omkhulu wamajoni. Apha walwa phezu komhlaba elwandle, emoyeni nasezintabeni. imizi ezimbini - Sevastopol kunye Kerch - wafumana itayitile Hero City ukuba igalelo elibonakalayo uloyiso phezu Fascism.

Noko ke, asingabo bonke abantu abangabemi eCrimea ngamazwe, walwa ecaleni Soviet Army. Ezinye abameli ye iCrimea AmaTatar inkxaso ngokuphandle bahlaseli. Yiyo loo nto ngowe-1944 Stalin wayalela ukugxothwa iCrimea AmaTatar ngaphandle eCrimea. Amakhulu koololiwe ngosuku ziye lonke uhlanga e Central Asia.

ECrimea wehla waya kwimbali Bulelani yokuba ngoFebruwari 1945, eyayibanjelwe Livadia Palace ababhekisanga Yalta. Iinkokheli kwamazwe amathathu - Stalin (USSR), Roosevelt (USA) kunye Churchill (United Kingdom) - esatyikitywa eCrimea amaxwebhu ebalulekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe apho umyalelo ihlabathi besisoloko sichazwa amashumi ezininzi post-imfazwe.

ECrimea - Ukrainian

Ngo-1954 kuza isiganeko esitsha. Ubunkokheli eSoviet isigqibo ukubugqithisa Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of eCrimea. Imbali ye-lizwe baqalisa ukuba isimo esitsha. Eli phulo kwafika buqu ukususela ngoko intloko Communist Party Nikita Khrushchev.

Oku kwenziwa ukuze Umhla ngeenxa zonke; kulo nyaka eli lizwe yabhiyozela isikhumbuzo sama- 300 ka Pereyaslav rada. Ukukhumbula lo mhla eyimbali uze ubonise ukuba abantu Russian kwaye Ukrainian bamanyene, eCrimea yadluliselwa Ukrainian SSR. Kwaye ngoku ukuba zibonwe lilonke inxalenye yonke iperi "Ukraine - eCrimea". Imbali ye-lizwe nichinaet echazwe yeembali ezaziphila ekuqaleni.

Ngaba isigqibo ngokwezoqoqosho kufanelekile, ngaba kubalulekile ngelixa ukuba elo nyathelo - imibuzo abanjalo nkqu wabonakala ngelo xesha. Ekubeni yiSoviet Union waba mnye, akukho namnye enike ukubaluleka ekhethekileyo nokuba eCrimea kuya kuba yinxalenye RSFSR kunye Ukrainian SSR.

Lokuzimela ngaphakathi Ukraine

Xa bakha geqe Ukrainian, eCrimea uye wafumana iwonga lokuzimela. NgoSeptemba 1991, yayamkela le Declaration of State Ulongamo weRiphabliki. A December 1, kwabanjwa 1991-zimvo apho 54% yabantu iCrimea inkxaso geqe Ukraine. NgoMeyi kunyaka ozayo, usamkela umGaqo-siseko weRiphabliki eCrimea, yaye ngoFebruwari 1994 Crimeans nizinyulele uMongameli wokuqala weRiphabliki eCrimea. Baba kaYuri Meshkov.

Kwaba kule minyaka perestroika zonke iimbambano baqalisa ukuba kuvela rhoqo ukuba Khrushchev wanika eCrimea ukuya Ukraine ngokungekho mthethweni. imizwa Pro-Russian kwi usingasiqithi babomelele kunene. Ngoko ke, kamsinya nje ithuba, eCrimea wabuyela eRashiya.

Sibi th March 2014

Ngoxa Ukraine ekupheleni kuka-2013 - ekuqaleni 2014 waqala ukukhula omkhulu ntlekele karhulumente, amazwi ngakumbi nangakumbi kwi eCrimea ukuba usingasiqithi kufuneka ubuyele eRashiya. Ngobusuku-26 ngoFebruwari 27 ngabantu engaziwayo iflegi Russian wavuswayo phezu kwesakhiwo yeBhunga ePhakamileyo ka eCrimea.

I Ephakamileyo Council of eCrimea neBhunga City Sevastopol lamkele isibhengezo geqe eCrimea. Ngelo xesha ke wavakalisa ingcamango ukubamba zimvo lonke-iCrimea. Ekuqaleni, oko ezicwangciselwe ngoMatshi 31, kodwa ke ubunzima kwiiveki ezimbini ngaphambili - ngomhla we-16 Matshi. iziphumo zimvo iCrimea yaba ezihamba; kwi eCrimea wokujoyina Russia vo 96,6% abavoti. Inqanaba iyonke inkxaso isigqibo yabantu lizwe iCrimea yaba 81,3%.

Imbali yanamhlanje eCrimea uyaqhubeka imilo phambi kwamehlo ethu. Asingawo onke amazwe kumbona isimo eCrimea. Kodwa Crimeans bahlala benokholo nekamva eliqaqambileyo.