Semites - ngubani na ezinjalo? Imvelaphi Semites

Igama "Semites" - igama othatyathwe eBhayibhileni. Incwadi yeGenesis isixelela engowemizalwane uNowa kunye noonyana bakhe. Omnye wabo Sim. Yena waba nguyise ka-Elam, eAsiriya noEbhere,, ngokulandelelana, evela kuyo Aram, amaHebhere kunye Asiriya.

Semites Homeland

Igama elithi "Semites" wabonakala kwinkulungwane XVIII, xa izazinzulu baseYurophu ogama lakhe behlonipha Sima uhlanga, eziquka abantu bamandulo mihla yakuMbindi Mpuma. Inyaniso ukuba bazalana omnye komnye, kungqinwe ukufana iilwimi zabo. Apha, igama kwandiswa kwaye ilungiswe. ngabembi bezinto kunye kwendyebo kuMbindi Mpuma lubonise ukuba ngaphambili kwakukho nabanye abantu abangabakhe kweli qela.

Semites yamandulo belimiwe ummandla bomxukuxela, eSiriya, Palestine neMesopotamiya. Ngexesha kuphangwa kunye neenkampani zomkhosi bashiya ilizwe labo. Ezinye Semites Akwazi ukuba bafumane zintshula eMntla Afrika. Kudala phambi kokuvela ubuKristu, zaya anamhlanje Ethiopia. Kufika arhola ubutyebi bendalo kulo mmandla. Ngoko ke eLwandle oluBomvu ukurhweba zokuhlala, abemi apho kamva wadala State of Aksum.

Bamathanga neendwendwe

Ngaphandle izizwe sele sitshilo, Semites - nayo baseFenike, balihlutha ubuqaqawuli bamathanga ubalaseleyo kunye nabahloli ixesha lakhe. Uthungelwano kwezithuba zokurhweba kunye zokuhlala zayigubungela yonke lweMeditera. amathanga baseFenike wabonakala eSpeyin, eAfrika eSisili. Nangona kamva aba bantu asinda ukwehla shwaka, ngamasuntswana yokuphila ezigcinwe kwiindawo ezininzi lweMeditera.

Imbali Semites kubonisa umzekelo Maltese - abemi zemveli lesiqithi encinane yiMalta. Kuyabonakala ukuba, ukuba inzala ngawo. I-Maltese Kudala baphila phantsi kolawulo kwezinye iintlanga. ephethwe yi amaRoma, amaByzantine kwaye nkqu ngokusemthethweni Isiqithi sabo. ngoko Malta waba yipropathi Catholic Order saseMalta, yaye ngenkulungwane XIX yaba lithanga of Great Britain. wabonakala geqe kwi onge indawo embindini uLwandle lweMeditera kuphela ngowe-1964. Kanti ke, nangona ubomi obude phantsi kolawulo amazwe, abantu baseMalta obulawulwayo ukukugcina inkcubeko yalo obahlukileyo kunye nolwimi.

Enye into ekusasazweni iilwimi Semitic kunye namasiko yokufuduka yamaYuda. AmaYuda ukuba ahlale kumazwe angaphandle ngaphambi kokutshatyalaliswa kweYerusalem ngamaRoma, yaye emva kokuba isiganeko uye jikelele nokuhlaliswa.

mbuya Society

Ukuziphatha kunye nombono Semites benziwa ngokungqinelana iimeko zendalo apho ayehlala uphile. Ukususela ekuqaleni impucuko, abalusi baba mbuya. Ekubeni iimeko entlango ukutyhubela iinkulungwane awuyitshintshanga, amanye amaqela akwanti namhlanje kuqhubeka ukugcina le ndlela akudala yobomi. Semites - mbuya, abakwazi ukumelana ubukho Arabia ngenxa ukufuywa yeenkamela. Emiphethweni entlango aba bantu abalusa izimvu kunye needonki.

Iyunithi esisiseko ye-ntsapho kuluntu lwabo. Ilifa wacanda umgca eyindoda, igunya elongamileyo ubuzuze kuyise. Iintsapho zimanyene kwimibutho ezihlangeneyo - izizwe. Ezi kungaquka amakhulu abantu. Wonke Semite yamandulo, ilungu yesizwe, iye yanxulunyaniswa igazi labo amaqabane kunye izinto ezifanayo. ingqiqo yamanyama yasungulwa ngamandla phakathi kwakhe nabemi bamandulo entlango. Kwimeko nokuhlaselwa naliphi na ilungu wesizwe, namaqabane akhe wamphindezelela ngokuyimfuneko mthetho. Kubonakele phakathi Semites ngokubanzi, 'nezinyo ngezinyo' yaye 'Iliso maliphindezelwe ngeliso. " Umgaqo ukuziphindezela yegazi iye yaba yinxalenye ezininzi codes zomthetho zeentlanga kuMbindi Mpuma.

Amori

Amori - enye izizwe ezininzi mandulo Semitic, ezavela BC III kwiwaka. e. Ezi izizwe awuzange umanyano kakhulu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, phakathi kwabo rhoqo ngaphakathi kunye neengxabano phakathi kweentlanga, nto leyo ekugqibeleni akazange avunyelwe ukuba bazikhusele abamelwane ndlongondlongo.

Isixeko iphambili ye-Amori uthathwa eUgarit. amanxuwa ayo esafunyanwa zakudala isisiFrentshi 1929. Namhlanje, ukuba indawo Aram. Apha bahambela iinkomo namantshontsho nezolimo. Amori ingqolowa akhule, namafutha wavelisa omnquma, newayini. iinkuni yabo uxatyiswa kakhulu eYiputa naseMesopotamiya. SaseUgarit waba ngomnye izibuko lokuqala ngamazwe. Waba kwindawo yonqumlo iindlela zorhwebo evela eAnatolia, kuLwandle iAegean, iBhabhiloni, kuMbindi Mpuma neYiputa. idolophu Amori yawa azisalungiseki kwi BC ngenkulungwane XVI. e. ngenxa ye ngesinyanzeliso ezigqugqisileyo amaHeti Kassites.

Aram

Abanye abantu bomthonyama neSiriya-Aram. Ukukhankanywa yokuqala kubo ilungu le BC III kwiwaka. e. UmAram waphumelela ezendeleyo ukuya embindini emEfrati, kudume phantse yonke kuMbindi Mpuma. Ngu ekuqaleni ixesha lethu, ulwimi lwabo waba iziyelelane eziphambili ezithethwa ePalestina, Arabia neMesopotamiya.

NgesiAram waye iziko inkulu eDamasko. Ehlabathini sixeko baseka ubukumkani olwalukho X-VIII iinkulungwane. BC. e. EDamasko wombuso yoyiswa eAsiriya. izikumkani ezahlukeneyo Middle impi omnye nomnye nangona into yokuba bonke bephela omiweyo yi Semites. Kwakunzima umhlaba ochumileyo kunye neminye imithombo ebalulekileyo yamandulo.

amaJuda

Ukuba Arabia bekusoloko lizwe entlango, le eMesopotamiya, kwelaseFenike Lower eYiputa, olungqonge usingasiqithi ngokuhlupheka kumaxesha amandulo baba IZemgale iphambili kwezolimo loluntu. Kulapha kule Uchumileyo Crescent wahlala Semites yokuqala. Iifoto kwezi ndawo zibonisa emanxuweni ezikhumbuzo kwesokunxele impucuko yamandulo.

Enye yezi zizwe amaYuda. Bavela kule BC II kwiwaka. e. Palestine kubangela iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ethnological. Semites-abelusi abahlala entshona Uchumileyo Crescent, ugalelwe kunye namafama kohlaza yezolimo phakathi Amori. Ngoko ke wazalwa impucuko entsha.

Imvelaphi amaYuda ngokusondeleyo edibene amavo yebhayibhile ezibekwe kwiTestamente eNdala. Eyona elikhethekileyo yaba bantu ithe fithi ukholo lwakhe - unqulo endala Abrahama kubuYuda. Ezinye iimpawu ayo emva kweenkulungwane ezininzi nempembelelo ukubunjwa Christianity and Islam.

AmaYuda walawula Palestine de ngeniso amaYuda eRoma I BC. e. Emva koko kulandele ithuba elide ekuthinjweni. AmaYuda ahlala bonke uBukhosi baseRoma, yaye emva, kwaye aphuma kwitekisi ithi zakhe amaqaba. Kangangexesha elide, ukuba babephala intshutshiso nocalucalulo kokubini ngamaKristu kunye Muslims. Kuphela emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, amaYuda likwazile lokuphinda urhulumente wabo kazwelonke ePalestina - kwaSirayeli.

Asiriya

abantu Asiriya lasekwa ngo-II nenkulungwane BC. e. kumantla eMesopotamiya. Isiseko zoluntu ezintsha ngokobuhlanga ezithe zabaziNtshatsheli ze-Amori, kunye harritov subareev. A isici esasenza yabantu isiAkkadia, ukuze ziqonde leyo ukubetha izizukulwana ezininzi abembi kule mihla. State waseAsiriya ithathwa ubukhosi lokuqala embalini yoluntu. Intliziyo ummandla yawo avareji vekele kunye Omkhulu kunye Njengomncinane Zab entilini. Apha kwakukho imizi ebalulekileyo yamandulo: uAshur iNineve.

Ngexesha layo i-Asiriya elawulwa zonke kweMilambo, Palestine, Turkey yanamhlanje, eSiriya, iYiputa, kwaye nkqu Cyprus angabamelwane. Njengoko esifanele umbuso kwi esibhakabhakeni karhulumente enkulu babehlala izizwe ezininzi ingxe-. Kungenxa yoko le nto inkcubeko Asiriya ibuye ibe bhuqe eyenziwe amasiko zezizwe angabamelwane. SoBukumkani safika amandla alo incopho ngo VIII BC leminyaka. e. Ngo-609 BC. e. Ubukhosi Asiriya yatshatyalaliswa yiBhabhiloni.

amaKaledi

Zemihla-Asiriya, ezinxulumene 878 BC. E., Le mbali wafumana ukukhankanywa yokuqala kwabanye abantu Semitic - lamaKaledi. Babehlala kunxweme nePersian Gulf. iindawo zawo amachibi kunye imigxobhozo ze esezantsi omEfrati iTigris. Abantu wamaKhaledi inani ezahlukeneyo amancinci - ezintandathu kuphela eyaziwa esizweni sakhe. Bathetha phezu ikuyo ngesiAram.

I VII-VI cc. BC. e. bomlibo wamaKhaledi waseBhabheli imithetho (ukuba waseka uBukhosi Neo-waseBhabhiloni). Ezi Semites baba nabahedeni. Khankanya ngabo eBhayibhileni. Ukusuka apho lithe laqhenqetha kwintsingiselo yesibini elithi "wamaKhaledi" - ngoko ke wabiza abenzi bemilingo, oosiyazi, izanuse, zeenkwenkwezi nabavumisi. Imikhondo aba bantu zifumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi engalindelekanga. Enye inguqulelo kwiimfundiso ithi ukuba izilumko zamadoda abeye isaphetha nje ukuzalwa uYesu, baba amaKaledi. Amanye amaKristu owayephila kuMbindi Mpuma kuqhubeka ukuphatha ngokwabo abantu isiJuda.

Arabhu

Ehlabathini BC ngenkulungwane X. e. ezinkqantosini bonke baseArabhi, eMesopotamiya, uhlanga olutsha eliqela isiJuda. Baba Arabhu. Semites eli qela wadala imhlophe yakwaShebha iza kum, leyo kwakheka kwi kummandla Yemen yanamhlanje.

Kumantla elo lizwe-Arabhu akha Palmyra, alam, Lahm kunye Ghassan. Baba kwezorhwebo sisityebi, amabhodlo apho ziye zaba uphawu adumileyo kudala. Phakathi Arabhu emantla kunye nakumazantsi baba kwentlabathi entlango Arabhu. Abahambi inkxaso unxibelelwano nge iindlela zabarhwebi nge Hijaz.

Kokufika Islam

Kwinkulungwane V le impucuko Arab lifumanise ukwehla kakhulu. Kwakubonakala ukuba aba bantu ngonaphakade shwaka phantsi koxinzelelo ummelwane wayo ndlongondlongo - iPersi Byzantium. Noko ke, ekuqaleni VII kwenkulungwane-Arabhu waqalisa ukuthandwa unqulo omtsha Islam. mshumayeli baso umrhwebi evela eMecca ogama Mohammed. Wadala Islamic Caliphate, leyo zalawula lonke kuMbindi Mpuma, North Afrika kunye eSpeyin ngexesha layo. Ngokutsho izinga lokwanda ukuba impumelelo kwezopolitiko kakhulu kakhulu ukuba Semites.

AmaYuda, nangona lweengcambu yobuhlanga kunye Arabhu, baye babe ziintshaba zabo. Ungquzulwano phakathi kweentlanga ezimbini yaye unqulo eyahlukileyo. Namhlanje, longquzulwano phakathi kwamaYuda Arabhu yenye yezinto ezinobungozi kuMbindi Mpuma.

iilwimi isiJuda

iimpawu kweelwimi ulwimi - yenye inkalo eyahlukileyo eyenza Semites. Abantu beli qela, nokuba emva kweenkulungwane ezininzi kangaka, yaye namhlanje zifana ezininzi morphology, kwezivakalisi, phonology kunye nesigama. Ngokomzekelo, xa Arabhu kumaXesha Aphakathi ahlasela eSpeyin, amaYuda yengingqi ixesha elide wayengazi kwilizwe lawo yembali, bafumana ukuba ulwimi lwabo kufana ngokuphawulekayo ulwimi ezingaqhelekanga.

phonology lwaya iphawulwa linani elikhulu consonants - umqala, guttural, esigxininiswa kunye uvular. Kwiilwimi zaseYurophu, akukho nto efanayo okanye kufutshane efanayo. ukuziqambela Special kwahluka iilwimi olusemazantsi Semitic - Arabic kunye Ethiopic. Ukuba lamkele indlela ekhethekileyo yokutshata izininzi. Imvelaphi Semites neyantlukwano wabo ngakumbi abantu eziliqela kwakhokelela ukuvela iinguqulelo phambi kokuba Proto-isiJuda ulwimi jikelele.