Cross Marshall: indawo lizama, ukuveliswa nemfuneko

Kuluntu yanamhlanje ayikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle ulwazi engundoqo kuqoqosho. Kwaye yintoni ke? Isiseko ezoqoqosho ubonelelo kunye nemfuno - ekuthiwa-Marshall umnqamlezo. Kwaye ke kukho uhlobo Umfuziselo kwale nzululwazi. Ngoko ke ahlale phezu kwayo ngokweenkcukacha.

Alfred Marshall: ibhayografi elifutshane kunye neemfundiso

Future ngezoqoqosho ezaziwayo-kakuhle owazalwa usapho bhanki eLondon. Wafunda Oxford uze eCambridge. Emva kokuphumelela, Marshall wasebenza njengomfundisi. Ngowe-1885 waba umphathi yeSebe Economy zezopolitiko eCambridge. Alfred Marshall ebesoloko lweli ukhuphiswano simahla kwiimarike. izimvo zakhe ziye zaba nempembelelo kwicala abameli zakudala kunye marginalist.

Sinokholo ephambili Marshall na ukuba nako ukuphuhlisa i ingcamango kwezoqoqosho njengento science oluhlangeneyo ekuhlaleni. Ngexesha ubomi zezenzululwazi epapashwe "Principles of Economics" i-volume ezintandathu, nto leyo kuseyinto umsebenzi classic entsimini. Marshall wayengekho inxaxheba kwimpikiswano phakathi abaxhasi isicelo iindlela zezibalo kwi economics kunye nabalandeli isayensi "olunyulu". Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba i "Principles of Economics" yingxoxo lonke unikwa ngamazwi kuphela, yaye zonke imifuziselo kunye zibalo kwi njengezihlomelo. Indawo ezizodwa noosozoqoqosho zemfundo wathabatha ingcamango yonikezelo, imfuno, yaye lizama emarikeni. Zakutshanje kunye Cross ebizwa Marshall.

Ingongoma of kuvuselele

Namhlanje, nokuba umfundi, sasinda waqalisa ukufunda ezoqoqosho, kucacile ukuba ixabiso olubekwe ngokusekelwe unikezelo kunye nemfuno. Cross Marshall - ishedyuli ukuba phantse akunakwenzeka ukuba ukukhumbula. Kuyinto elula udandalaziso, umile ehlangana kwindawo. Kubonakala okanye "isikere" "umnqamlezo", besebenzisa ezo kulula ukuchaza inkqubo yomiliselo lweForam kuvuselele kurhwebo.

Nakuba kunjalo, kuyinto encinane ngaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka eyadlulayo akazange kubonakala obucacileyo. I lizama yokuqala kwimarike phakathi ubonelelo kunye nemfuno nje achazwe Marshall. Wacacisa ngendlela eyiyo kwithambeka kwigophe nendlela basebenzisane. Cross Marshall kuqoqosho wenza revolution wokwenene. Ixabiso yemarike yaye lizama umthamo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sele Lexicon, nkqu abemi abaqhelekileyo. Kwaye xa intliziyo nayiphi na imfundiso. Le Isazinzulu wenza lukhulu ekuphuhliseni yenzululwazi lwezoqoqosho. Noko ke, ilifa wayo yahlulelwe kwii ariya ezine: imfuno, unikezelo, lizama lwemarike kunye nokuhanjiswa yengeniso. Siqala nalowo wokuqala.

Imfundiso ebango

Marshall ke ukuyakha kwiindlela ezimbini. Oku kukhula ixabiso kunye Ukwanda kwemfuno zabathengi. Bavumela ukuba ukuziphatha zesimo abathengi ubona logic injongo neyakhayo. Marshall naye ehlukene imfuno iyonke kuloo mntu. Ukongeza, waba ingqiqo ka "luthambe yexabiso". Kwaye Marshall wamnika kakhulu utoliko mihla le mbono. Wabanika makungeniswe ileta ebhaliweyo echaza zezibalo sokubekwa njengoko kwesidingo elastic.

Ukongeza, i-nzulu na olibazele indlebe kwisikhundla sokuba lizama indawo e Marshall Cross ngokuxhomekeke Ubude bexesha ixesha ingqalelo. Osoqoqosho bathi kunokuba imfutshane, ngakumbi nefuthe imfuno, ixesha elide, kokukhona isiphumo isiphakamiso, oko kukuthi, iindleko zemveliso. Marshall wazisa umba "surplus umsebenzisi", apho kamva yaphuhliswa imfundiso ntle. Umele umahluko phakathi kwexabiso abasebenzisi bazimisele ukuba ahlawule imveliso, kwaye eyona ixabiso layo.

Ngesi sicelo

Cross Marshall ibonisa ukuziphatha kubathengi nje kuphela kodwa abavelisi. Ithiyori inika Marshall wasahlula imali iindleko zemveliso ye eyiyo. Lokuqala - yintlawulo izibonelelo. Okwesibini - iindleko yonke into esetyenziswa kwinkqubo yemveliso, kungakhathaliseki enoba yathengwa ukuba imali okanye impahla yenkampani.

Marshall wathathela ingqalelo ekunyuseni kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo imiba kwi isikali. Wabe ingqiqo iindleko abasisigxina, ebekiwe kanye iyonke kwimveliso. Ithiyori ikunikeza Marshall wazisa ixesha factor. Ngokukodwa, yena ngelithi ukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha iindleko ezizinzileyo abe variable.

On the lizama market

Xa iziko kwengcamango ISAZINZULU - Cross Marshall. Wayezithethelela ixabiso njengoko umlawuli emarikeni. Marshall wambona belingana kunye nemikhosi ezifana nofumaniso kunye nemfuno. Kwaqaliswa ingqiqo zezenzululwazi kunye umthamo lizama, oko kukuthi, inyanda kwimveliso uyazanelisa zombini abathengi kunye nabavelisi. Marshall wayesithi ukuba iimeko kukhuphiswano ezamahala, ukuba ixabiso lemakethi udlula lizama, imfuno uwe, yaye oku kukhokhelela ekufuneni malini phantsi. Kwakhona ngokutsha impembelelo zinto temporal lwendawo. Marshall wagxininisa imfuneko ukwahlula iinkalo ixesha elifutshane kunye ixesha elide. Wagxininisa ukuba eli yokuqala yenza imfuno kwi yesibini - sipho.