Izinto ezibangela iingxaki zoqoqosho. Imbali iingxaki zoqoqosho

uluntu lwale mihla yenza konke okusemandleni ukuphucula umgangatho kunye neemeko zobomi bakhe. Kuyenzeka ukuba ukufikelela ngokusebenzisa ukukhula koqoqosho oluzinzileyo, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa bengatshatanga, kodwa ngasinye amazwe ehlabathini. Imbali ibonisa ukuba ngamnye maxesha ukuchuma iphela kozinzo kwezoqoqosho okwethutyana.

Imeko idlulela koqoqosho

Uninzi ezingqondweni zehlabathi qaphela 2 ithi zibe ophuma kuqoqosho lwelizwe ngalinye ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha.

• Imali eseleyo. Lubonakala yi ulungelelwano yemveliso lwentlalo umphakathi. Kwimarike, ezi ngcamango zimbini zaziwa nofumaniso kunye nemfuno. Inkqubo yokukhula koqoqosho luphawulwa isindululo olubonakalayo kumgca othe ngqo. Ngamagama alula sinokuthi ukuba ukunyuka abagqibayo mqulu ngokomlinganiselo nokunyuka imiba kwimveliso.

• Disequilibrium. Olu hlobo lunengxaki hormone kumanqanaba kwezentlalo. zonxibelelwano eziqhelekileyo baphula, ngenxa yoko, xa kuthelekiswa uqoqosho.

Yintoni na emaxongo yezoqoqosho?

Le ntlekele koqoqosho ngokuba ukungalingani epheleleyo kwicandelo lezoqoqosho yona ilahleko semvelo kunye kwamathambo neentlobano gingxi, kokubini kwimveliso kunye nobudlelwane emarikeni. Iguqulwe ukusuka ingqiqo yesiGrike «krisis» evakalayo njengendawo ekujikeni. Oku kubonisa ukwehla olukhulu imeko yezoqoqosho karhulumente, apho esibonakala ukuncipha kwemveliso kunye umsantsa kobudlelwane zemveliso, imilinganiselo ye inani elikhulu leenkampani kunye nokunyuka kwemisebenzi. Ukuwa kwezoqoqosho kukhokelela ekuncipheni imigangatho yokuphila ukonakala-ntle lonke labantu. Le ntlekele ezinxulumene iingxaki zophuhliso jikelele. Enye iifomathi isenzeko - lo ukuqokelela inkqubo ezibanzi kwamatyala kunye nokungakwazi abantu ukuba ahlawule ngexesha konke okusemandleni abo. Izizathu eziphambili ezibangela kwintlekele yoqoqosho, abaninzi abezoqoqosho ezinxulumene disequilibrium kwi iperi kwaneliswe kwemfuno yeempahla kunye neenkonzo.

ezibangela Proximate wesimo zoqoqosho

prerequisite Global ukuya ukuvela zentlekele lwehlabathi kubizwa ayiphikisani yabasebenzi kunye neentlobo non-imveliso yemveliso okanye phakathi kweemveliso, phakathi kwenkqubo kunye nehlabathi ngaphandle. Xa ukungalingani imikhosi zemveliso kunye non-imveliso yephule ubudlelwane emveliso-mali. Xa intsebenziswano kwenkqubo kunye nokusingqongileyo xa kuthe iintlekele abangakwaziyo ilawulwe, kukho ukusilela ekusebenzeni yoluntu. Izinto ezibangela iingxaki zoqoqosho, iingcali ezinxulumene nzulu kunye nophuhliso nentsebenziswano, zobungcali, kwandisa umahluko phakathi kulawulo kunye nemveliso. Nditsho shift olucothayo ukusuka imveliso yorhwebo ukuya intsebenziswano kunye nokuveliswa wamtyhala ukubonakalalisa iingxaki zasekuhlaleni. Kwiimeko ezininzi, uhlobo lendawo iingxaki ayaphunyezwa inkqubo loovimba lwangaphakathi isakhiwo Self-umqondo.

Imvelaphi kunye zimpawu lobunzima

Izizathu ezikhokelela iingxaki zoqoqosho, kuba nempembelelo enkulu nemfuno lwemali, eyayikrolwe-indices, ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi uhlalutyo borhwebo. Uqoqosho lwehlabathi ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha sivelelwa kungalingani. Le kwenzeka qho emva kweminyaka 8-12. Oku esizibonakalisa kwiimeko ezininzi iingxaki:

• Ubunzima kunye nokuthengiswa kwempahla;

• sizinze kwalo ezibukhali yoqoqosho;

• ekuncipheni imveliso;

• nokunyuka kwemisebenzi;

• ukuncipha umsebenzi mali;

• dislocation yokubolekisa sphere.

Zonke iingxaki angasentla ezintsokothileyo kwimbali ziye ngokuthi lunengxaki hormone.

A indima enkulu kwi lokusekwa meko ezimbi kweli lizwe ukudlala imali, kodwa kuphela ukuba zithathwa njengendlela yonxibelelwano kunye sisixhobo sokwenza iintlawulo. Lubonakala kwimbali ukuba ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kumazwe ehlabathini lonke yaqala ukubonakala kuphela emva kokuba ifomu lemali-yorhwebo lokufama yaqaliswa ngokusebenzisana ongxowankulu. Yeyona ntswela kwenkqubo yezopolitiko benza ndinyuka ubomi iintlanga nje kuyimfuneko. Isiseko esisiseko ye isenzeko - ukuba ungquzulwano phakathi kwemveliso ayeba kunye nobunini babucala longxowankulu. Iimeko iimeko zemveliso kunye nokuthengiswa kwempahla kwahluka kakhulu ngenxa ngokwexabiso surplus. Ukuveliswa imveliso etsholo phezulu kuthintela amandla nabasebenza nzima, kwaye nokufezekisa iimpahla ezikhutshiweyo - imimandla ukulingana yoluntu, nto leyo kuxhomekeka kwiimfuno zabantu kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukubhatala. Le ntswela ephambili kukuba imveliso intsimbi yehlabathi ukuvelisa ezininzi iimpahla ukuba uluntu ehlabathini nje akakwazi kubadla bonke bephela.

Indima kobungxowankulu ukuyilwa lobunzima

Ezininzi ezibangela iingxaki zoqoqosho ezinxulumene ngqo ne-capitalism, njengokuba bendalo esisiseko isekelwe sekwandiseni mda kwemveliso. Ukugxininisa ukutyebiseka ecwangcisiweyo ivuselela ukukhululwa rhoqo yeemveliso ezintsha kunye ezintsha. Ukuya Ukuphuculwa kwezixhobo kunye nokuqaliswa iiteknoloji ezintsha kuwo onke amacandelo umsebenzi. amanyathelo asebenzayo anjalo nempumelelo kushishino ayimfuneko iinkampani kunye namashishini amakhulu ukumelana kwinqanaba lezikolo ukhuphiswano. Imfuneko yokunciphisa iindleko ekuvelisweni yomzabalazo asebenzayo ngokuchasene okhuphisana yenza ezininzi oosomashishini azinyine ukukhula kwemivuzo. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni ukwanda elibukhali kwimveliso mkhulu kakhulu ukwanda yokusebenzisa zabucala. Lungisani ungquzulwano phakathi kwemveliso kunye nabathengi ukusombulula imiba ezisisiseko kwezoqoqosho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi kwimarike yezemisebenzi esemgangathweni kangangoko, urhulumente uya inkcitho yentlalo ehlabathini. Le ngxaki zangoku nga kubizwa yoko eyondeleleneyo yokwandisa ngetyala.

ezahlukahlukeneyo iingxaki

wesimo Global linokuchazwa njenge ixesha ngxabano etsolo phakathi koqoqosho karhulumente kunye nawabucala ngoosomashishini okwethutyana. Yeyona iinkampani yabonisa ziingxaki etsolo kwinkqubo. Phakathi kwabo ivelele:

• kokuwa yenkqubo yemali;

• hormone kunye underproduction;

• nengxaki ukuthengiswa kwempahla kunye neenkonzo;

• umbhodamo kobudlelane phakathi ngamahlakani kurhwebo.

Konke oku kunciphisa yokuhlawula amatyala sabantu, ngoko, kubandakanya imilinganiselo iinkampani ezininzi ezibe yimpumelelo. Ixesha lobunzima kweli kwinqanaba olukhulu iphawulwa kukwehla elibukhali kwi-GDP kunye ukuwa kumsebenzi ishishini. Ukunyuka ukhula kwicala bomtya, ukunyuka kwemisebenzi kunye nomgangatho wokuphila abantu liyehla. Naxa ingumbandela ozaliswe ziziphumo ebuhlungu imiba yezoqoqosho enxulumene esezantsi ingxaki zemali. Le umsantsa phakathi iimfuno zomgangatho kwezoqoqosho elitsha lokuphila kakhulu amaziko zemali endilisekileyo. iingxaki zoqoqosho, izizathu kunye neziphumo zazo zihlelwa iminyaka emininzi, unako kuvela iingxaki ezincinane kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho. Isizathu soku - ubukho intsebenziswano phakathi ekule nkqubo kunye nenkqubo yeendlela ezisezantsi. ubunzima Local kakhulu ngokukhawuleza ukugubungela yonke le nkqubo, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuphelisa iingxaki ezithile xa kuthe kwavela ezifuneka ingxaki xa iyonke. Ubangelwa zentlekele yoqoqosho lwehlabathi kunokuba obungafaniyo kakhulu, kodwa ziyenzeka nokungazinzi koqoqosho ngokwendalo. Ukuba wenza nokuthelekelela yophuhliso loqoqosho, intshukumo iza kwenziwa kwindawo uwele.

Eyona Isigaba le ntlekele

Imbali iingxaki zoqoqosho (kunye nabaphandi zexesha elide kunye nzulu owaziwayo) kuvunyelwa ukuba kubabela elo kuphuhliso nganye kwintlekele yoqoqosho amanyathelo eziphambili 4:

• sigaba lifihlakele. Eli xesha awazalelwa iingxaki. Iimbangi bokwenyaniso kwintlekele yoqoqosho sele zenzekile, kodwa okwangoku ichazwe ngokucacileyo. Ixesha liye uphuhliso eqaqambileyo lizwe kwimveliso kunye nempumelelo, leyo ifikelele incopho yayo.

• Beqokelela eziphikisanayo. Ngeli xesha ekwindla nokutshintsha kweemeko. iinkqubo Crisis ziqala ukubonakala ukuba imperceptible kwi inyathelo lokuqala.

• Temporary step ozinzileyo. Le senze bokwexeshana amathupha, kuqhelekile kubantu bonke kwintlekele yoqoqosho omkhulu. Oonobangela kunye neziphumo ingaba mibi. Society phezu kwala kancane ukusinda. Society nto wakubo ngokungqinelana bamazwe umsebenzi. Bright amaqela amabini abantu kungabonwa. Abanye ngokuzola outstay ubunzima ngethemba lokuba kungekudala uza kuba phezu, enye - ngokusebenzayo esebenzela ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi babo, ukhangela indlela yokuphuma.

• Recovery. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba uqoqosho hlabathi ufumana ladodobala, abantu bebeziqhelanisa. Oku kuba Ukuzinziswa predosylkoy becala ezisezantsi zasekuhlaleni. Kweli nqanaba inkqubo release imeko yabo main sele ziphuhlisiwe kwaye alungele ukusebenza. Themba eluntwini oluphuculweyo. dynamics Social ngcono.

US azinampembelelo ukwakheka iingxaki zehlabathi

Imbali sobunzima bezoqoqosho lubonise ukuba edala umdintsi ekuhlaleni isenokuba ngenxa yeengxaki eyayikho eUnited States. Kucacile ukuba zonke uqoqosho yehlabathi oqhagamshelwano phakathi kwaye kube yinto efunekayo wakhetha eMelika. Ubunzima GDP eli lizwe kuqoqosho planethi ingaphezulu kwe-50%. Urhulumente oluhlasela i-25% tu ioli. Ukuthumela uninzi ihlabathi ithi sijoliswe kwi-United States.

Xa intliziyo uqoqosho American yinkqubo entsonkothileyo-mali, nto leyo, ngelishwa, ebangela neentlobo iingxaki zehlabathi kwezoqoqosho. Hi ndlela leyi, kwiminyaka yakutshanje inkqubo yemali karhulumente baqalisa ukusebenza kakhulu ngokuzimeleyo. Kulo mzekelo, i-asethi eziphambili kwesiya hayi ukusuka kwiinkampani noshishino lokwenza, kwaye efunyanwa fiddling kunye lwemali. Ngoko ke, oko kwasekwa uhlobo "isepha currency bubble", imali leyo amaxesha amaninzi umthamo yeemveliso eziveliswe licandelo mveliso. Kukho iingcali abakholelwa ukuba unobangela zentlekele yoqoqosho akaqhagamshelwanga kwi-mortgage Ukuwa eUnited States. Isenzeko kuphela umfutho ekhokelele ekubeni utshintsho kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho.

Ukuboleka - njengenyathelo lentlekele

Ngokuhambelana kunye nemithetho rhwebo, imfuno idala ubonelelo. Kulo mzekelo, ngenxa hormone indlela wafumanisa ukuba isindululo enokubangela ukuba imfuno eziya luxhaswe yi izibonelelo zamatyala. Xa Bank waqhubeka ziboleke abantu, ngokucwangcisiweyo ukunciphisa amazinga enzala kunye nokubonelela iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu intsebenziswano, imali bangene ezandleni zabantu utshonile. Ubunzima iintlawulo ezingekahlawulwa kukhokelela ekubeni isibonelelo iwaranti, kwipropati ethile, iqala ukuba athengise. Ngelishwa, ukwanda konikezelo kunye nokunciphisa imfuno akazange avumele ibhanki ukubuyela asethi zabo. Phantsi kuvuthelwa hits icandelo zokwakha, kunye nokungabikho amatyala uba ingcambu unobangela kwentlekele kakhulu kuqoqosho lokwenene.

Nangona iinxa yekhredithi, njengoko kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuyilwa ntlekele, oonobangela isenzeko ziyaphikisana kakhulu. Iimpembelelo ukufika ingenzeka izinto ezifanayo nggamathuba ngexesha ezahlukeneyo kwenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuba ilizwe ngalinye, luphawulwa iimpawu zayo ngamnye yophuhliso. Uninzi ziingcali kanga nesenzeko yovandlakanyo ukusuka kuphuhliso States yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe. Inxalenye esebenzayo lwezakhono kwendawo ukuguga iminyaka 10-12. Oku kukhokelela imfuneko sohlaziyo wayo, oko kukuthi umqondiso lesibini ukuya ukuvuselelwa uqoqosho. Indima yokutyhiliza kuphuhliso urhulumente ukudlala ukuqaliswa izixhobo ezitsha kweli imveliso kunye nokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe ezitsha ezinxulumene ngqo yokubolekisa ngemali. Oku sisiseko zonke umjikelo woqoqosho. Njengokuba esi sicatshulwa kwexesha, ixesha ngokwaluphala eyinkunzi waqala nciphisa. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, ixesha lancipha kwiminyaka 10-11 kamva ukuya kwiminyaka 7-8. Emva kwemfazwe, ngokubonakala iingxaki zabo bonke ubukhulu ndaphawula qho kwiminyaka 4-5.

A kangako kwintlekele ekwelo amazwe ehlabathini

Phantse wonke lilizwe elisakhulayo elijonge ntlekele. Zibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo inkqubela. Uzinzo kunye nokungalingani kuqoqosho nje engenakususwa. Phambi kwavela iingxaki capitalism ngenxa underproduction, namhlanje ukuntsonkotha ezinxulumene ne hormone. Ukususela crisis wokuqala kwezoqoqosho bajamelana abahlali yaseNgilani kwakude kudala 1825. Yaba ngeli xesha, eli lizwe kwacala kulawula ongxowankulu. Iingxaki sihlaselwe elandelayo iBritani kunye Melika ngo-1836. Sele 1847, umbhodamo olubachaphazela phantse onke amazwe aseYurophu. Ukususela ekuqaleni, ukusa yokuqala ukuhla ngokunzulu zongxowankulu ehlabathini bobabo 1857. ukuntsonkotha Great koqoqosho lwehlabathi ekufuneka ndazigcina, 1900 ukuya 1903, Njengokuba ngokunjalo kule minyaka 1907 no 1920. Omnye kwaba ukulungiselela kuphela lelona xesha linzima kwimbali yehlabathi. ezibangela imifuziselo kwintlekele yoqoqosho ka 1929-1933 kwakhokelela ekwehleni onke amacandelo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Kuphela US akanyukanga ngaphantsi kwe-109 lamawaka iinkampani yimali. Ukudakumba emva komnotho elide. Against oku isiphelo. Emva kweminyaka 4 iintlekele, emva kwexesha elifutshane yesiqhelo, uye wangena ukuhla entsha, Itsiba ngempumelelo isigaba recovery. Ngeli xesha, umthamo yemveliso mveliso ehlabathini lehle ngaphezu kwe-11%. Kwi-US, eli nani ifikelele-21%. Inani iimoto eziveliswa yawa-40%. Development kunye ukuqhubela yeengxaki oluphazanyiswa Second World War, eyathatha ukususela ngowe-1939 ukuya 1945. Ukugqitywa impi ephawulwe yeengxaki zasekuhlaleni noqoqosho, betha nje kuphela America kodwa eKhanada. Kwi-US, imveliso yezoshishino yawa 18.2%, Canada - kwi-12%. amazwe nkulu ukunciphisa imveliso nge-6%.

Le ntlekele jikelele olulandelayo akuyi kufuneka ukuba ulinde ixesha elide. amazwe nkulu baqalisa ukuba nzima kunye umva kuqoqosho sele 1953-1954, yaye ngo-1957-1958. Enye mathuba zinzima ekuphuhliseni uluntu mbali zibhekiselele 1973-1975 biennium. A isici esasenza eli xesha kwimbali - inqanaba eliphezulu lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso. lamashishini abalulekileyo ihlaselwe. Iingxaki ezachaphazela icandelo amandla, imikhwa impahla yorhwebo, iinkqubo emali kunye nezolimo.