Apho nendlela neurohormones zikhutshwa? Yintoni na ke neurohormones yaye yintoni imisebenzi yabo?

Isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi amadlala ezidalwe ukufunda isayensi, njengoko hormone. Uqeqesho kwakhona phonononga ezahlukeneyo iintlobo emzimbeni, intsebenziswano yabo, indlela nokudaleka kunye nempembelelo emzimbeni.

Yintoni hormone?

Le uxhulumaniso, faka egazini kwaye ukungena amalungu ezahlukeneyo ngawo. Ngenxa umsebenzi kwezi zinto zancitshiswa okanye ukwanda umsebenzi ezinye iiseli, nezaziwa ekujoliswe kuzo. Hormone ngenxa impembelelo yabo phantse bonke bafumana imisebenzi ebalulekileyo komzimba womntu. Uyondelelwano lwee- le khompawundi eziveliswa zixhomekeke imiba eyahlukeneyo. Ngokukodwa, eli xesha libalulekileyo losuku, ubudala, iimvakalelo kunye emzimbeni. Le hormone engena igazi njengoko kuyimfuneko, kwaye kushenxiswa umzimba ngohlobo kutshintsha imithamo asakhasayo enyongweni okanye yokuchama. Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo iikhompawundi, leyo abe ithile enoba kukancinane okanye impembelelo kwi imeko yoluntu. Ezinye zazo neurohormones. Ezi zinto ziveliswa kwindawo ethile ebuchotsheni. Ziziphi ezi izinto? Njengendlela neurohormones? Yintoni ifuthe banayo inkqubo umzimba? Kule kamva.

Overview

Ngaphambi sifumanisa apho kwaye kwakha neurohormones, kufuneka aqonde ukuba ezi izinto zonke. Le nkcazelo kukodwa iingcambu zamaGrike. Oku nezwi ngokuthi njengoko neuron (luvo) + hormaino (unokukhuthaza, iya). Yintoni neurohormones? Le peptide compound eziphilayo esebenzayo. Baya kuza ingqondo yebhinqa kwaye ilawula umsebenzi wayo. Neurohormone eyakhutshwa le ngxenye. umsebenzi Ngenxa le khompawundi zezifundo anxibelelana yonyango kunye neenkqubo luvo kunye nabanye. Oku kungenxa yokuba iiseli neurosecretory kufuneka uvakalelo oluthile umsebenzi neurotransmitters - imichiza ezithwala ukubetha ilungu ukusebenza le nesiphelo-luvo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabo xhaxhe ukuze kulawulwe umsebenzi unamadlala ezidalwe ngexesha uphuhliso nokukhula eziphilayo.

ngezigaba

Kolu didi, amaqela amabini iikhompawundi. Eyokuqala i liberiny. Ezi izinto zibe nemiphumela ekuvelisweni yebhinqa iimfihlelo utshixelo. Kweli qela, ngokukodwa, yaye ziquka thyroliberin corticotropin, folliberin, lyuliberin, somatoliberin, melanoliberin, prolaktoliberin. Le netsyrogormonov Iqela lesibini - statins. Ezi mveliso soednieniya bazakucotha iimfihlo yebhinqa utshixelo. Kweli qela, ingakumbi ziquka somatostatin, kunye melanostatin prolaktostatin. Ngokutsho kwiziphumo zophando, umsebenzi neurohormones le ngxenye ayiphelelanga kuphela yashukunyiswa okanye inhibition zokukhokhela iikhompawundi linengxubevange esebenzayo utshixelo. Ezi izinto kufuneka ukukwazi ukuphembelela iinkqubo biosynthesis.

Apho iinkalo yenziwa ukuphuhlisa?

Kwathiwa ngasentla ukuba ukuveliswa ezi zihlanganisi ebantwini yenziwa kwindawo ethile ebuchotsheni. Formation ezi zinto kwenzeka zombini lomqolo kunye ezingenamqolo. Apho nendlela neurohormones ziveliswa kwezinye izinto eziphilayo? Xa ekuyo, inxaxheba secretion le pineal pinealocytes ndlala izinto chromaffin umcu kwi adrenal Medulla, ganglia nemithambo zemithi paraganglia inkqubo yawo neuropathy luvo. Le granules secretory neurohormones ngokuqhelekileyo ukuhlanganisa kwiiproteni yenethiwekhi.

ezinye iimpawu

Ngokungafaniyo uhlobo classical iiseli zemithambo-luvo, ekuthi kwezo nto kuphume imichiza zizimvo zidlulisele luvo - Ntsapho njengabangeneleli, iiseli neurosecretory imveliso kwi icytoplasm (kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, kwi ngumongo) compound ethile. Ezi zinto ahluka ikakhulu kwalapho (kwiitheminali) egazini, hemolymph, ulwelo fluid kunye kwithishyu. Neurohormones kuba nefuthe olawula phezu umsebenzi amalungu visceral (namadlala yonyango, ingakumbi) kunye nenkqubo luvo.

Yiyiphi imisebenzi iiseli neurosecretory? Imisebenzi zezi zinto ilawulwa yi-luvo yamandulo. axons zabo kwakheka leesynapse ezininzi emzimbeni kwaye ezihlobene iiseli neurosecretory ukuba bayakwazi ukwenza i amandla intshukumo kunye ukusasazeka ubume ecaleni axons.

Indawo kanye yoxinaniso

Ukwazi kanye apho kwaye kwakha neurohormones, kufuneka bacinge usasazo kwinkqubo luvo. Ezingenamqolo eziphilayo kodibaniso asezantsi zabiwa diffusely. Phylogenetically lubonise ingqondo imizimba iseli neurosecretory kumaziko afanelekileyo. Ngoko ke, kukho ukuqokelelana intlanzi we X-emzimbeni, kwaye nezinambuzane, umzekelo, xa prototserebrume. Ngelo xesha kwabakho neyrogemalnye imizimba kunye nendlela neurosecretory. Xa ekuyo, ugxininiso zamvanje kwindawo ethile ye diencephalon (kwaye kwakhona balobe kummandla caudal ye umnqonqo - urofize). Ngenxa yoko, kwasekwa inkqubo neurosecretory eziphambili ezimbini: caudal (kuphela iintlanzi) kunye hypothalamic-yebhinqa.

izigaba yokuphuhlisa

Apho nendlela neurohormones zikhutshwa? Yindibanisela iikhompawundi ezinxulumene kwiiproteni carrier, ikhutshwa phandle phezu ribosome. Ukuqhubeka kwenzeka tubules ye reticulum endoplasmic. ekugqibeleni zithutha nezakhiwo eqalisiweyo isakhiwo Golgi. La macandelo, ogama ubukhulu le-50 ukuya 500 NM abe lipoprotein imvulophu. Oku abazahlulayo ukusuka kwiziko electron-ashinyeneyo. Yena, ke, iquka protein othwala a neurohormone. Ukuhambisa granules yenziwa ukuya axons. Ezinye axons wadibana emithanjeni kwi neurohypophysis. Abanye - kunye iiseli glandular kwi adenohypophysis (ikakhulu nesabelo salo intermediate). Xa intlanzi, i axons kwenkqubo neurosecretory caudal kudala aksoventrikulyarnye abafowunelwa. Isiqulatho ukhetho ngqo granules oluqhutywa database lwabafowunelwa yi exocytosis okanye imizimba avela neyrogemalnyh, isithuba precapillary intercellular kwaye ethubeni kwinqanaba eziphilayo.

zokugula kunokwenzeka

Neurohormones ababandakanyeka ekulondolozeni hemostasis (amanzi kunye netyuwa, njalo njalo), iinkalo ezahlukeneyo ukutya, ulawulo kwezihlunu egudileyo. Ukongeza, ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo baqinisekisa ukusebenza ezinzileyo ye elements kwamadlala yonyango. Kwakhona ingqalelo ukusebenza iikhompawundi peptide negalelo abasabela zokuzikhusela olulungisiweyo eziphilayo. ke abangena hemolymph kwi ulwelo lwe-cerebrospinal okanye izihlunu, zibe nefuthe olawula elide kude. Kwimeko yanyhashwa yomsebenzi le ngxenye kunye nokuvelisa, ngokulandelelana, neurohormones hypothalamic, kukho ukuphazamiseka ekuvelisweni hormone ingqondo yebhinqa kunye nezinye namadlala yonyango. Le ndoda yaqala ukuba iintlobo zezifo le nkqubo yonyango. Ngokukodwa, ezi ziquka hypothalamic-yebhinqa insufficiency, isifo Cushing kaThixo, acromegaly, hypothyroidism kunye nezinye izifo.