Imbali kwengqondo yophuhliso kunye namacandelo yayo engundoqo

Imbali kwengqondo yophuhliso ( "psyche" kuguqulelo evela yamandulo yesiGrike "umphefumlo", "iilogo" - .. "Science"), njengoko ulwazi okhethekileyo, buqala BC kwinkulungwane 4-5, ekubeni zivela khona, ndineemfesane ifilosofi. umyalezo yaMandulo uAristotle wabhala wakhe othi "On umphefumlo" kuyo wayesiza nentandanekazi imithetho esisiseko kunye nemigaqo nokusebenza kwayo.

Imbali psychology yophuhliso ngendlela efanayo isiyalo lwenzululwazi ozimeleyo, sele enxulumene ne uphando Wundt ngenkulungwane XIX. Ngenxa yokuba ngelo xesha kwakukho inkqubo wokuqala owadalwa iinzululwazi zigxininise ekusetyenzisweni indlela jikelele yesayensi. Ngoko ke, kwakukho umfuniselo, kwaye ilebhu yokuqala, elisuke laba indlela engundoqo self-komkhanya (anze).

Kwixesha elizayo, iisayikholojisti baqala ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza, ngaphakathi kwayo inani elikhulu kwimimandla imigaqo yeengcingane esisiseko ezahlukeneyo, izimvo ngesihloko inzululwazi kunye nophando iindlela.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX ngcembe waqonda ukuba anze akanako ukutyhila iinkalo eziphambili psyche, ngokuba kwesazinge nesenzeko psychology wafunda kukho inani elikhulu iziganeko.

Ngenxa yoko, kwakukho imfundiso uSigmund Freud, owaba ngunozala ingcamango psychoanalytic. Amalungiselelo eziphambili kuyo yenzelwe ukuba abawafundi nje ingqondo yomntu, njengoko kwicala yokuqala, kunye ubuntu bakhe. Kungenxa yoko le ndlela isekelwe kwimigaqo efana: Determinism kunye nophuhliso. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo iye ihlawulwe kwi zingqondweni njengomthombo lomsebenzi lwangaphakathi.

Sina lika imfundiso Watson, leyo yaziwa ngokuba "behaviorism." Psychology ngaphakathi lwaphumelela njengento isebe umfuniselo njongo zendalo inzululwazi. ZeziFundo efanayo - yokuziphatha ethi kuqondwa isethi abasabela kwimisipha glandular kwizinto yangaphandle, nto leyo kuyabonakala. Ngoko ke, indlela engundoqo uphando yeyona nokuhlola zokuziphatha.

Imbali psychology yophuhliso ngenkulungwane yokuqala XX, kuba nzima kakhulu. Ukususela ngelo xesha, oko waqala ukwenza inani elikhulu saa, zikhuphisane kwaye wayedla paradigms ezingahambelaniyo. Yaba imeko eyahluke kukwenziwa inzululwazi, njengoko nayiphi na uqeqesho wayengekho inani enjalo elikhulu yangqubana yi paradigms eyahlukileyo kangaka.

Unga lula kukhokelela kuluhlu engaphelelanga ndlela elavela ngeli xesha: i behaviorism cognitive; psychoanalysis Adler kaThixo; ingqiqo nezakhi Lewin; ZeGestalt wezengqondo; Spranger psychology esichazayo; theory Piaget kaThixo; izimvo Vygotsky kaThixo; imisebenzi imibono ezimbalwa; reactology spondylitis, njalo-njalo.

Ngoko ke, inzululwazi ixesha singakwazi sithethe ntlekele Enayim, kungekagqitywa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Inyaniso yeyoba, e-bengqondo mihla luphawulwa ukwahluka kwezimvo eziphambili paradigms. Kodwa ke, ngenxa concepts abaninzi kangaka ezikhuphisanayo, kuyenzeka ukuba babe nolwazi olupheleleyo ngakumbi zesifundo kunye neendlela nenzululwazi.

Ngoko ke, ukuze kuqwalaselwe ukuba kwimbali psychology nalo ukusukela ekuqaleni yophuhliso lwayo. Umphumo waba uyilo lwe inani elikhulu amasebe awo.

Imbali bengqondo lwentlalo - yindlela ende. Kodwa ekubeni le uqeqesho kwasekwa ukusuka kwinani elikhulu kwimithombo, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba ukujonga ukuba wonke umntu onako ukuma ngaphandle imida izinto eziphambili. Kuyinto umbuzo ulwazi kwezentlalo nasengqondweni.

Uninzi kwimimandla emikhulu esayensi aye kuye kwasekwa ngendlela efanayo. Leyo ke imbali kwezomthetho bengqondo, ubudala, ezemfundo, kunye nabanye abaninzi.