IVevevoda Shein: i-biography efutshane kunye namaqiniso anomdla

Ekuseni kwentwasahlobo ka-Apreli 28, 1634, isihlwele saseMoscow safika kwiRoom Square ngezihlwele ezinomsindo. Kwalapha, enkulu, ejwayele ukubonakala kweentambo, isiganeko esizayo sakhuthaza ngokubanzi-kwakuyihlazo, uMlawuli oyiNtloko uShevard uShein kwafuneka akhuphuke kwi-scaffold, kunye kunye naye noncedisi wakhe uArtemy Izmailov kunye nendodana yakhe uVasily. Yintoni eyabangela aba bantu, ababezungezwe inhlonipho, kwi-scaffold izolo?

Umdlali osemncinci - uyindlalifa kwintsapho yokhokho

Ngokuphi na nini na xa i-voevod yazalwa u-Shein Mikhail Borisovich, akukho lwazi, kodwa ngokweminye imithombo, abaphandi banomdla wokukholelwa ukuba esi siganeko senzeke ekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe ekhulu le-16. Kuyaziwa ukuba uvela kwintsapho yakudala yeentloko zikaShein, ezibhekiselele kwiingxelo, eziqala ngeXIV yekhulu.

Umendo wakhe ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zenkundla yecandelo likarhuluneli uShein waqala njenge-squire phantsi kweTsar Boris Godunov ngexesha lakhe lomkhankaso we-Serpukhov ngokulwa namaqela eTatar khan eGaza-Girey. Wadibanisa isikhundla sakhe ngokutshata nentombi yesinye sezihlobo eziseduze zikaTsar, uMaria Godunova. Emva koko waba ngu-autocrate, wenyuka ngokukhawuleza waya kwinqanaba lomsebenzi, kwaye kungekudala wathola ihlonipho kakhulu kwezo zihlandlo zesohlwayo, oko kukuthi, isigqeba esasiphethe iifestile zewayini.

Ukuqala kwePolish Intervention

Ukusuka kwimibhobho enewayini ephesheya kwezilwandle, umfana omncinci uMikhail Shein waqothulwa yimibutho eyayibonakala ngokuphathelele ukuhlasela kwabantu basePoland-Lithuania ngo-1604 kunye nokubonakala komkhohlisi u-False Dmitri I. Ekulweni kweNovogorod-Seversky, wazikhupha ngokukhazimulisa, esondeza Ukufa kweNkosana uFyodor Mstislavovich, umlawuli wamasosha aseRussia. Kuba lo mlawuli wanikezelwa nguye yinkwenkwe kwaye wayibeka loo mzi kutshaba ngumlawuli oyintloko.

Iziganeko ezilandelayo zenzeke ngendlela yokuba, ngenxa yokufa kukaBoris Godunov kunye nokutshintshwa kwenani labantu abahlala kwiidolophu ezikufutshane kunye needolo ukuya kwicala leDiam Dimitry I, uShein waphoqeleka ukuba afunge umkhohlisi, kwaye kuphela ukuwa kwaloo mva kuye kwamsindisa.

Ukulwa okutsha kunye nokuqokwa okulandelayo

Inendima ebaluleke kakhulu yadlaliswa ngu voivod Shein ekunciphiseni ukuvuswa kukaIvan Bolotnikov, owaye waphuma ngexesha lolawulo luka-Ivan Shuisky. Njengenxalenye yemikhosi ethunyelwe ukukhusela umvukeli, ukushiya igazi lakhe kunye nokubhujiswa kwindlela yempi yakhe, wathatha inxaxheba kuzo zonke iimfazwe eziphambili zelo phulo. Wakwazi ukulwa phantsi kweYelets, kunye nomlambo iPakhra, kunye neendonga zeMoscow Kremlin, apho waya khona igosa laseSmolensk. Kwakukho irhuluneli encinci kunye phakathi kwee-squads ezazingqinga iTula, eyaba yinqaba yokugqibela yamaBoktnikovites.

Xa ngo-1607 kwakukho isongelo sokubanjwa kweSmolensk ngemikhosi yasePoland ukumkani waseSigismund, ngumyalelo wenkosi intloko yesixeko yaqeshwa i-voivode Shein. Ukukhuselwa kukaSmolensk kwakuyimisebenzi ebalulekileyo yeqhinga, njengoko lilele kwindlela yotshaba eMoscow. Kule nkalo, i-voivode yawela uxanduva olukhulu.

Indlela yokulwa nomkhosi

Ngokukulindela kwindlela intshaba leyo, eyathi, ngokolwazi olukhoyo, kulindeleke kwiindonga zedolophu ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba 1609, urhuluneli uShein waqhuba umsebenzi omkhulu wokulungiselela ukuqinisa isixeko. Ngokukodwa, ngomyalelo wakhe, udongxongo olwakhiwe phantsi kweBoris Godunov lwalwakhiwe, kwaye kwakhiwa ezinye iindlela zokukhusela zangaphakathi. Ukunciphisa intshaba ithuba lokusebenzisa iZadneprovsky Posad indawo yokuhlala yakhe, zonke izakhiwo zakhe kwakufuneka zishiswe, kwaye izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwama-600 iiyadi ziza kufakwa ngaphakathi kwinqaba.

Ngeentsuku zokuqala zikaOktobha umkhosi waseSigismund, obala abantu abayi-12,5waka, beza kuSmolensk. Baye bachaswa ngabali-5,5 abayizikhuseli zesixeko. Ukuzikhusela kwesi sixeko, esingazange sibe nesibindi, sahlala kwiinyanga ezili-20. Ngokutsho kwesigqibo sabaninzi-mlando bezempi, kwakuwumzekelo wendlela epheleleyo yeendlela zokusebenzisa iindlela ezintsha, ezincinci zenziwa kwiRashiya.

Ukhuselo, oluphelile ekunqobeni

Ngokukodwa, sithetha ngento ebizwa ngokuba yimfazwe engaphantsi komhlaba eyavela kufuphi neendonga zeso sixeko, xa iigumbi zeemigodi ezigumbwe phantsi kweendonga zenkqantosi zavulwa kwaye zonakaliswa, zenza ilahleko ezinkulu kwiipolisi. Imbali kunye nengcamango yokuhlaselwa amaninzi eyenziwa yimikhosi engqongeyo yangena kwimbali. Baye basebenzisa iqhinga elitsha kulawo maxesha, olwenziwe nguShein voivode.

Ukukhuselwa kukaSmolensk, nangona kunjalo, ngenyanga nganye yayingumsebenzi onzima, kuba ngaphandle koxinzelelo lwangqingiweyo abazange bamkele, kwaye izibonelelo zawo zaphela. Ngenxa yoko, entwasahlobo ka-1611, xa kwakukhuseleka abantu abangama-5 500 kwinqaba kuphela abantu abangama-200 kuphela, amaPoles ayibamba loo mzi.

Ukuthunjwa kunye nokubuyela emva eMoscow

Ingxenye yabemi, bebaleka kwiintshaba, bavalela ecaweni enkulu yedolophu-iConomakh Cathedral, kwaye babulawa ngokuqhuqhuma kwepillar cellar phantsi kwayo. Iipolisi ngokwabo zathinjwa yi-voivode ye-Shein, kwaye zathunyelwa ePoland, apho yachitha iminyaka eyisibhozo entolongweni, kwada kwagqitywa kweDeulina armistice, enye yeemeko ezazisatshintshiselwa amabanjwa.

Inani labo babuyele kwilizwe labo babengumlawuli waseShein. Isithunzi esenza umfanekiso wakhe esithombeni somculi odumileyo waseRussia u-Yuri Melkova (owabekwa ekuqaleni kwinqaku), ukuba akazenzeli ukuba ngumfanekiso ofanayo, ngoko, nangona kunjalo, uthumela umbala wakhe emehlweni abantu abambonayo kuye umkhuseli we-Fatherland, njengamaqhawe e-epic. Imfazwe ayigqityiwe, kwaye intolongo ibanjwe inethemba eliphezulu.

Kwakhona phantsi kweendonga zikaSmolensk

Igosa laseSuzan, uShein, lathandwa ngokuhlonipha yonke indawo kunye no-Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich ngokwakhe. Wayekwalelwa ukuba alawulwe umyalelo wokufunyanwa ngumcuphi, kodwa i-rhu runeli yazinikela emoyeni ngenhliziyo yonke, kwaye ngo-1632, xa i-Deulino armistice yaphela, ixesha lidlulileyo, yathunyelwa ngu-mlawuli ukukhululwa kweSmolensk.

Nangona ukuba phantsi komyalelo wakhe kwakukho umkhosi ophezulu kakhulu kunamandla kubantu abakhuselayo benqaba, lo msebenzi wawungenakwenzeka kwi-voevoda. Abaphengululi abaye bafunda le ngqaqambano yembali yaseRussia, baqhubela phambili iinguqu ezininzi ezichaza oko kwenzeka.

Ukutshatyalaliswa okutsha

Ngokwemininzi yabo, isizathu sokungaphumeleli kukuphuculwa kobugebengu bamagosa ezempi abanoxanduva lokuzisa izixhobo ezinamandla zokudonga kwi-Smolensk engqonge, ngoncedo lwabangqingili abangena kulo mzi. Abanye bathetha ukuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo kwinkqubo yempi yeTraska Mikhail Fedorovich kule ndawo kunye nempazamo eyenziwe nguye. Kukho nabaxhasi beenguqulelo, ngokubhekiselele kuyo, iwayini kwiindawo ezininzi zithembele kwirhuluneli ngokwakhe uSheine.

Enye indlela okanye enye, kodwa umzuzu olungele ukukhululwa kwesi sixeko wawungabikho, kwaye umkhosi weSigismund III owawufikile ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwisixeko unyanzelekile ukuba iinqununu zicele i-armistice. Yafunyanwa kwaye yavunyelwa uShain kunye namagunya akhe azinikeleyo ukuba ahoxise kwiindonga zaseSmolensk, kodwa phantsi kweemeko ezihlazisa zona.

Ubomi, unqunywe kwi-scaffold

EMoscow, irhuluneli eyayinokulindela yayikulindele ngaphezu kokubanda. Yayiphiwe ityala lokusweleka komkhosi. Ukongezelela, intandokazi yezolo yeTsar yahlawuliswa ngokunyaniseka okukhulu, ngokusekelwe kumahemuhemu asithi, ngenkqubela ePoland, wafungela uKumkani uSigismund III. Abaphandi abaninzi banamhlanje bakholelwa ukuba isizathu sokuba uSarraf Fedorovich unqwenela ukulahla iziphoso zakhe kwinqununu yomlawuli wezempi kwindlela yokusebenza komkhosi. Enye indlela okanye enye, kodwa ikhomishana yenkwenkwe yabizwa ngokukhawuleza yamgweba.

Iindaba zokuthi urhuluneli uShein unetyala lokutshatyalaliswa kwakhe phantsi kweendonga zikaSmolensk, kwabonwa ngolu hlobo uluntu luyingozi kakhulu. Ininzi yamanani emikhosi awalwa ngaphambi kokuba phantsi komyalelo kaShein ayevulekile kwaye esongelwa ukuba ashiye umkhosi ngonaphakade, kodwa kwakukho abanye ababengenakuwuthintela ukugcoba kwabo. Ngokukodwa abaninzi babo babezungezwe ukumkani. Kungenzeka ukuba ixhoba lezonyango liwe xa lihlonishwa yilo rhu luneli uShein, i-biography emfutshane eyenza isiseko sebali lethu.