Amathambo entaka: iimpawu zolwakhiwo

Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha ntoni na iimpawu ubume kwiintaka, yintoni na amathambo wabo. Iintaka umdla kuba iqela kuphela ekuyo (ngaphandle ilulwane), uyakwazi kungekuphela hambisa emoyeni, yaye lo moya. isakhiwo sabo kakuhle le njongo. Njengoko iinkosi zezulu, ikhula emhlabeni yaye phezu kwamanzi, yaye abanye babo, ezifana amadada, - kuzo zonke zontathu iimeko- bume. Oku lidlala indima kuphela skeleton intaka, kodwa iintsiba. Isiganeko ephambili, ukuqinisekisa impumelelo yezi zilwanyana yaba uphuhliso iintsiba. Ngoko ke, thina akuwuqiqi nje amathambo intaka, kodwa ngokufutshane ndithi kuwe ngaye.

Njengoboya bezimvu e ezanyisayo, iintsiba ekhulisa kuqala njengesigqubuthelo ubushushu ubushushu. Kuphela emva kokuba similise yenethiwekhi moya. Iintaka enxibe ngeentsiba, kuyabonakala ukuba, kwizigidi zeminyaka ngaphambi kokuba azuza ubuchule ukubhabha.

utshintsho mvelo kubume yeentaka

Kukhubazeko yokubalekela kwakhokelela kuhlengahlengiso zonke iinkqubo omzimba kunye nokuziphatha. Changed kwaye amathambo njengeentaka. Amafoto ezingeniswe apha ngasentla - umfanekiso ngesakhiwo lwangaphakathi njengehobe. utshintsho walibonakalisa ikakhulu ekwandiseni amandla kwezihlunu ngoxa kuncitshiswa ubunzima bomzimba. Amathambo amathambo abe nomgodi okanye iselula okanye uguqulwe imbasa induku, lo gama kugcinwe amandla aneleyo ukuba enze imisebenzi yabo kwezo. Endaweni amazinyo enzima kuza ngomlomo lula, befake efanayo inshorensi - isampuli ukudlala, nangona inokuba ngaphezu ngamathambo. Zilahlwe phakathi izibilini ebandakanyekileyo uphefumla iingxowa zomoya.

Features ijuba skeleton

Sicebisa ukuba siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha amathambo nevukuthu. Luquka amathambo zangasese, amathambo ka iphiko, umsila omqolo, isiqu, umqolo wesibeleko, kunye cranium. Lukakayi bodwa intamo, sithsaba sam, ibunzi, ngomlomo kunye neziseko iliso elikhulu kunene. Le umlomo yahlulwe kubini - ongentla kunye elisezantsi. Zihamba ngaphandle komnye. Wesibeleko iquka isiseko entanyeni, umqala kunye nentamo. ijuba skeleton kwi amaphiko inxalenye iqulathe sacral, empontshwa kunye omqolo thoracic. Ibele - kwentamo, kunye izibini 7 ezimbanjeni zigxunyekwe amathambo thoracic. Caudal amathambo ziye atshabalalisa kunye disks, eyakhiwa kwithishyu nokuqina eqhotyoshelweyo. Ezinjalo, ngokubanzi, intaka amathambo. Scheme kuye uchazwe apha ngasentla.

skeleton ukuguqula

Ukuguqula skeleton ezinxulumene ngokuya iintaka ngemilenze yangasemva kwaye usebenzise ngaphambili indiza, wavakalisa kakhulu ngokucacileyo emagxeni, nakumbhinqo zangasese. ibhanti Gxalaba ke ubeka edibene kwentamo, nangenxa emzimbeni ngexesha moya njengoko oxhonywe ngamaphiko. Oku kuphunyezwa Bulelani amathambo coracoid ayegqunyelelwe olomeleleyo zilahlekile izilwanyana.

iintaka Amathambo iye yandiswa kakhulu umbhinqo zangasese. Imilenze nemazi yexhama yezi zilwanyana sigcina kakuhle emhlabeni (kumasebe xa lisanyuka okanye xa kuntywilwa phezu kwamanzi) yaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kucima ngempumelelo abaxabela mzuzu lokuhlala. Ekubeni ithambo waba zingcakacile, amandla abo kunyuswa fusion kunye nabanye xa kukutshintsha isakhiwo intaka skeleton. Njengoko ezanyisayo, amathambo ezintathu bafundelane ngezibini zangasese tho emqolo yaye omnye komnye. Buhlanganiswe umboko omqolo, ukusuka thoracic kowokugqibela umsila yokuqala. bonke aba yinxalenye leqela le lo sacrum, nto leyo eye yalomeleza umbhinqo zangasese, ukuvumela iintaka isiphelo ukwenza imisebenzi yabo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza nezinye iinkqubo.

nemilenze iintaka

kwaye yithathele ingqalelo somzimba, echaza enjengesakhiwo amathambo intaka. Bona modified ngamandla kuthelekiswa iimpawu eziphambili uphawu ekuyo. Ngenxa yoko, tarsal kunye amadeo amathambo elide, wawahlanganisa kunye zenze kwiziphelo ingxenye olongezelelweyo. Ethangeni ngokuqhelekileyo efihliweyo phantsi iintsiba. Xa amanqina angemva wabonakala indlela ovumela iintaka baqhubeka amasebe. flexor elele umnwe entla kwamadolo. imisipha yazo elide yandisa ecaleni ngaphambili kwedolo, ngoko ke nesondo umva kwicala kunye umphezulu esezantsi neminwe. Ngokugoba iminwe, xa indlela izaphetha intaka isebe imicu locks kubo, ukuze izinto ezo nto buthathaka, nkqu ngexesha bubuthongo. Ngokwamathambo isakhiwo yayo yangasemva intaka efana kakhulu unyawo lomntu, kodwa uninzi amathambo ngomlenze kunye ngeenyawo ezinyibilikiswe yakhe.

ibrashi

Eziphawula iimpawu intaka skeleton, qaphela ukuba utshintsho ingakumbi ngokukhawuleza ngokunxulumene kukhubazeko ukuya moya kwenzeka isakhiwo brush. Amathambo eziseleyo ngemilenze ziye zakhula kunye ukwenza inkxaso uboya moya yokuqala. Ifudusiwe umnwe lokuqala inkxaso sekukubi ukuba caba leyo isebenza komlawuli ethile, leyo kunciphisa elekhtrons iphiko ngesantya moya eliphantsi. iintsiba moya Secondary eziqhotyoshelwe ulna. Ndawonye iintsiba ngokwayo isixhobo ephawulekayo bonke ukudala iphiko - nomzimba, esibonakala kahle eliphezulu kunye plasticity oluhambelana. Apha ngezantsi kunikwe amathambo an extinct ngenkulungwane ye-17 intaka idodo.

amaphiko

Phakamisa kunye nolawulo zibhabha zibonelela flight nomsila iintsiba, kodwa iimpawu zazo ashukimisayo abangekenzi baqonda ngokupheleleyo. Xa ibhabha eqhelekileyo, amaphiko izandla ukuhamba phantsi kwaye phambili, uze - kakhulu phezulu kwaye umva. Phezu impembelelo iphiko phantsi uba engile eweni zokuhlasela, ukuba iza kucinywa isantya ukuba ngeentsiba kwesikolo ezingaqhutywa ngeli xesha njenge moya carrier ezimeleyo, ukuvimbela inhibition. ipeni nganye esijikeleziswa phezulu kwaye phantsi ecaleni shaft, kangangokuba kwicala phambili ngenxa ibambelele, ezincedwa ngaphandle luphela zabo. Ngaphezu koko, kwi engile elithile uhlaselo vane unikwa kuphuma ngaphambili iphiko. Oku kwenza Imi wehlisa esisiphithiphithi lo moya othwala inhibition ngaloo ucimayo. Yindawo le ekwafikela pre intaka extinguishes isantya, imeko umzimba-moya nkqo kunye elirhoxisa elekhtrons amaphiko ngumsila wena.

Iimpawu ngesakhiwo iimpiko ezahlukeneyo zeentaka

Bird, kukwazi ukubhabha ngokucotha, abe izikhewu ingakumbi ebonakalayo phakathi uMnu. Umzekelo, Golden Eagle (Aquilachysaetos, ingasentla) ngokuma phakathi ngeentsiba enza ama-40% yendawo iphiko iyonke. Ngelo amanqe kukho umsila ebanzi kakhulu kubangela phezulu xa wafukama. Okunye kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ngamaphiko okhozi, kwamaxhalanga zenza amaphiko elide nemxinwa zaselwandle.

Umzekelo, iialbatross (ifoto omnye wabo uchazwe apha ngasentla) phantse hayi Iphaphazelisa amaphiko azo, zindanda ngumoya, uze luxwila, ukunyuka okuthile opholileyo. indlela yobhabho ezikhethekileyo ukuze imozulu izolile ukuba ngokoqobo unamathela emhlabeni. amaphiko Ingcungcu iba neentsiba zaseprayimari yaye bayakwazi ukwenza imivumbo ngaphezu kwama-50 ngomzuzwana, xa intaka oxhonywe emoyeni; xa uhambisa emva naphambili ku tyaba.

iintsiba

Iintsiba ongenza ezahlukeneyo kwemisebenzi. Ngoko ke, kunzima flight kunye nomsila iintsiba zenza amaphiko nomsila. A opaque kunye nentaba ndiyinike iintaka zezulu umzimba faired kwaye Lutho yinto yokwambathisa thermal. Esayama kwezinye tiles ngalinye kophahla ezifana, iintsiba ukudala rhoqo egudileyo. isakhiwo omhle ebuhlanti kangangoko ngaphezu naziphi na ezinye iimpawu yokwakheka, iqinisekisa Nobunqobo intaka zezulu. vane ngalinye lenziwa amakhulu izinkcwe, apho zifumaneka moya elinye macala ze-web, kwaye kuwo omabini amacala ukwandisa barbules abathwele amagwegwe kwicala kude kulo mzimba lentaka. Ezi amagwegwe babambelele ngokulalisa barbules kumqolo sangaphambili izinkcwe, nto leyo evumela ukugcina ifom vane ingatshintshanga. On uphaphe ngalunye Makhov iintaka ezinkulu ukuya ku 1.5 yezigidi. Barbules.

Lo Mthetho osaYilwayo nokubaluleka kwayo

Wesquid iintaka nto balawula umzimba. Kulo mzekelo woodcock (Scolopaxrusticola, omnye kubo eboniswe kwifoto ngasentla), ungabona nzima njani na ibe yintshukumo umlomo, le ntaka singena ngayo emhlabeni, bazingela umbungu. Sikhubekiso amaxhoba, ukuncitshiswa intaka ehambelanayo izihlunu iqhubekela phambili amathambo square eziyinxalenye Arch mandibular. Abo, ke, tyhala phambili ithambo zygomatic, obe ubaqhiphukisa ukuya yokuveza ngencam mandible eliphezulu, i hole elimbhoxo apho imicu kwezihlunu subclavian iqhotyoshelwe kwicala engentla emagxeni. Ngoko ke, lo gama ukunciphisa umsipha subclavian iphiko liphuma, ngoxa kuncitshiswa iintsana - lishiyiwe.

Ngoko ke, sanduluka iimpawu eziphambili nakwiintaka lwesakhiwo amathambo. Ngethemba ndafumanisa into entsha ezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo.