Amacandelo imisebenzi noqeqesho ukuphucula ukusebenza umsebenzi wokufundisa

Xa umntwana uya ndakubumba ezinye izakhono zokufunda, uya kukwazi ukuba mabafunde ngokupheleleyo kwimisebenzi yokufunda.

Ingakumbi abafikelele kubudala bokuhamba isikolo samabanga

Ngokuba kubantwana abaneminyaka 3-6 lomsebenzi ezizodwa umdlalo umdla. Kwaye kumnandi ngayo awasindise kuphela umdlalo ngokwayo, kodwa ngenxa yayo, nozuza. Educator, ukuba iimpawu zengqondo ephakade, izama ukubandakanya ezindaweni umdlalo umsebenzi wokufundisa. akathantamisi mntu umsebenzi - ukwenza iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo abantwana: kuququzelelo, ukucinga, ukuzimela. Njengoko eyodwa Ukukhula ezixhasayo yokudlala ngokuthe amacandelo imisebenzi yokufundisa nokufunda ufakele. Kuba kids kweli xesha kubalulekile ukuba imvume yezenzo, indumiso ukusuka kutitshala, abazali. Vula ukulungisa lisekwa ngeli xesha abantwana 'impumelelo imeko njani "ixhomekeke ubomi babo yesikolo elandelayo.

System D. B. Elkonina

Formation kwezakhi umsebenzi wokufundisa - umsebenzi obalulekileyo. Le nkqubo entsonkothileyo yaye elide, oko kufuna ixesha elininzi kunye namandla omzimba. Hlalutya iinkalo eziphambili imisebenzi yoqeqesho. Kukho isakhiwo ethile ecetywayo D. B. Elkoninym. Umbhali ugxininisa iziqendu ezi-3 zomsebenzi zokufunda, xoxa ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

nezizathu

Le ke into yokuqala. umsebenzi wokufundisa polimotivirovannoy, yandikhuthaza waza wayalela neenjongo ezahlukeneyo zemfundo. Phakathi kwazo kukho iinjongo ukuba zezona zilungele umsebenzi yokufunda. Ukuba ezi zakhono ebantwaneni kwizikolo zaseprayimari abunjwe kumsebenzi yoqeqesho ngokupheleleyo kwezi abantwana kuba olusebenzayo kunye nentsingiselo. D. B. Elkonin mibala ezinjalo ubiza zemfundo ulwazi. Ezi amacandelo umsebenzi wokufundisa abafundi abancinane ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno yokuqonda kunye neminqweno self. Kuyinto nomdla kokuqulathwe umsebenzi zokufunda ukuya indaba. Ukongeza, izizathu lu dityanisiwe kanye inkqubo umsebenzi, iindlela zokuphumeza iinjongo. Le motif kubalulekile ukuba ukulinywa besikolo abancinane, uphuhliso ubuchule yakhe yendalo.

umsebenzi ukufunda

Ilungu lesibini umsebenzi yokufunda ezikhuthazayo ibandakanya inkqubo umsebenzi ekuphunyezweni apho umfundi efunda iindlela ezisisiseko amanyathelo. Ukufunda umsebenzi yahlukile imisebenzi ngamnye. Guys, ukwenza imisebenzi emininzi ethile, avule indlela yabo izisombululo. izisombululo ezahlukeneyo abantwana iinjongo ezifanayo lemfundo zinokwahluka eziphathekayo. Ngenxa ekuphuhliseni uqeqesho, abaqeshwe kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi, emva "ukufunyanwa lobuqu" ezinjalo, utitshala lushwankathela iziphumo, kunye kwiiwadi zabo ibonisa algorithm jikelele le ngxaki. Abantwana bafunda indlela kusetyenziswa kweminye imisebenzi. Isiphumo ukwanda imveliso umsebenzi wokufundisa, kunciphise inani iimpazamo ezenziwa ngabantwana.

Njengoko umzekelo umsebenzi yokufunda kungathathwa uhlalutyo morfosemantichesky ye isifundo ulwimi Russian. Umfundi kufuneka ukufumana uqhagamshelwano phakathi intsingiselo yamagama athile kunye neefom. Ukumelana nalo msebenzi, kuya kufuneka bafunde iindlela eziqhelekileyo amanyathelo ilizwi. Usebenzisa utshintsho xa kuthelekiswa esekwe ngendlela entsha ilizwi, Yena utyhila uqhagamshelwano phakathi ixabiso kunye ifomu ilungiswe.

imisebenzi noqeqesho

Zabo D. B. Elkonin ubiza ingxenye yesithathu umsebenzi wokufundisa. Umzekelo, ukuba ulwimi Russian, imisebenzi enjalo inokuba yezixhobo zecomputer amagama kumafa, ekuchongeni isimaphambili, ingcambu, nesimamva nesiphelo. Ukuqola yeekhomponenti umsebenzi lemfundo inceda umntwana ukuba atshintshele umzekelo ezithile imithetho jikelele. Kubalulekile ukuba basebenze ngaphandle ukusebenza yonke uqeqesho olulodwa. Ngokwezigaba wokusetyenzwa izakhono wokufunda uphawu kwimfundo yophuhliso, imigaqo apho zavela P. Ya. Galperinym. Esikoleni, ukufumana ulwazi ngokulandelelana yezenzo, phantsi kwenkxaso katitshala kunikwe yenza umsebenzi wayo. Emva kokuba umntwana ngokupheleleyo kakuhle izakhono ezinjalo, loo nto ixela inkqubo "ye pronunciation," oko kukuthi, ekusombululeni lo msebenzi engqondweni, umfundi uxelela utitshala isisombululo turnkey kunye impendulo.

ukulawula

Njengoko igunya lokuqala zokusuphavayiza izenzo notitshala. Njengoko liqala uhlengahlengiso ukuzeyisa kunye nolawulo, nokuzeyisa-learning. Utitshala usebenza komkhapheli, oko kukuthi emva imisebenzi yeewadi zabo, ubanika ngengcebiso njengoko kuyimfuneko. Ngaphandle self ngokupheleleyo akakwazi ukwandisa ngokupheleleyo imisebenzi noqeqesho kwakunye nolawulo yokufunda kungumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu kwaye kunzima zokufundisa. Ukongeza kuvavanyo eziphumo zokuphela konyaka, umntwana ulawulo ebalulekileyo esebenzayo, oko kukuthi, kufuneka zihlolwe uphumezo echanekileyo kwisigaba ngasinye. Xa umfundi efunda ukulawula umsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa, wabumba ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo yetheko ezibalulekileyo ezifana njenge nto.

nokuhlola

Ukuba sicinga amacandelo imisebenzi yoqeqesho, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe uvavanyo. Ukongezelela iliso kwimisebenzi yayo uqeqesho, umfundi kufuneka bafunde ukuba bahlole indlela umsebenzi wabo ngokufanelekileyo. Kunzima ukuba abafundi bezikolo zaseprayimari, sigcine ke olunyuswe ukuzithemba, ngoko ngeli xesha utitshala kufuneka bathathe kowona msebenzi. Kufuneka mazingapheleli nomgangatho banal, kubalulekile ukuba kwiingcaciso awayezifuna. Xa ukulinganisa okunenjongo umsebenzi besikole utitshala ubalisa ngokweenkcukacha malunga inkqubo yovavanyo, ukuze abantwana baqonde ukuba kunini bangalindela ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo yengqondo. It zayo iikhrayitheriya evaluation kunye nabafundi ngokwabo. Bakholelwa ukuba wachitha ekusebenziseni okanye umsebenzi isixa omkhulu umgudu, umgudu, ngoko ke uvavanyo umsebenzi wabo kufuneka ezinintsi. Kwiminyaka yesikolo yokuqala iphuhlise ukugxeka abanye abafana, lo mba ethile azisebenzisayo utitshala umsebenzi wakhe. Zonke iinxalenye umsebenzi wokufundisa ngokusekelwe yokuhlalutywa efanayo ngemisebenzi labantwana kwi algorithm othile, ecetywayo nendlela eqhelekileyo. indlela enjalo iyasebenza sikwinqanaba lokuqala zokufunda, ekubeni abantwana angekayazi eyona ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi wokufundisa. Ulutsha zikhokelwa izimvo ofunda zabo, ningekalungi ukuba ukuqikelela umsebenzi nabanye abantu, njengoko boyike yokusabela elibi.

Iimpawu umsebenzi wokufundisa

Iimpawu yomsebenzi emfundo izixhobo ozinikiweyo ngokwenkcukacha imigangatho yemfundo federal omtsha. isakhiwo sayo complex lubandakanya edlula indlela ende yokuba umntwana. Bonke abasezantsi abafundi bezikolo eziphakamileyo olunye ubomi esikolweni ukuphuhlisa izakhono ezendeleyo inyathelo wokuqala woqeqesho. imfundo Modern lulutho ekuhlaleni, ugxininiso kukuphuhlisa evumelanayo ubuntu yomntwana.

amacandelo zezakhiwo loo msebenzi yezemfundo, njengoko ibonisa kwaye ukuzithemba, nibe neenqobo eziphambili GEF. imisebenzi Uqeqesho ejoliswe kuphela yokwenza abafundi ulwazi oluthile, kodwa kwakhona ukukwazi ukusebenzisa kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukufunda iziseko zokubhala, ukufunda, ukubala, iziphumo utshintsho self-ingqondo yomntwana. Imigangatho federal zemfundo isizukulwana esitsha iinkalo eziphambili nomsebenzi wokufundisa besikole abancinane lusekelwe reflection rhoqo. Xa kuthelekiswa impumelelo zabo kule veki, inyanga, ikota nqanaba abantwana abaninzi bafunda umkhondo ukukhula kwayo, ukuhlalutya le ngxaki. magazini olulodwa kunye neziphumo vangama ngamnye utitshala okhokelayo. Ngoncedo lukatitshala achonge iingxaki eziphambili ezifunyanwa umfundi ngamnye, ukukhangela iindlela libeyise.

Amacandelo aphambili lwemisebenzi yoqeqesho enxulumene nemveliso yazo yesikolo elandelayo mibuzo: "Andazi - wafunda", "Ayikwazanga - baye bafunda." Ukuba ngethuba le misebenzi umntwana eyonwabela, iyahlutha kunye nokukhula kwakhe, ukwakha umoya psychological kwakulula olunye self-uphuculo nophuhliso self.

D. B. Elkonin ukuhlalutya amacandelo nomsebenzi wokufundisa abafundi, wagxininisa ukubaluleka nokuzixabisa. Waphawula ukuba ekuhlalutyeni iziphumo yesikolo sabo yabasebenzi efumanise ukuba ikwazile ukumelana umsebenzi walo. Amava kubangele ikhutshelwa umsebenzi olandelayo, ezikhandelwa yi kwinkqubo izakhono kunye nezenzo, nto leyo isisiseko self-zophuhliso kunye self-ukuphucuka. " Ukuba imisebenzi zoqeqesho eziququzelelwe liSebe iintshukumo zokwaphulwa kwemithetho engasetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo ingqalelo iinkalo eziphambili imisebenzi structure zokufunda, uvavanyo ngempumelelo lifinyele.

Ngoko, kwi sakhiwo D. B. Elkonina iqaphele ubudlelwane ngala macandelo alandelayo:

• nokwenziwa yezenzo umntwana ezithile ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi yoqeqesho elibekwe phambi kwakhe utitshala;
• ukuphunyezwa imisebenzi yemfundo kubafundi nokufunda;
• esweni kunye nocazululo lweziphumo.

Zezifundo ezahlukeneyo zemfundo ekufuneka zivalele abafundi abancinane, loo nto ixela ukuba basebenzisa amacandelo ahlukeneyo yomsebenzi. Eyona njongo iphambili kukufikelela ngumfundi umsebenzi abazi, zakhiwa nemithetho njongo. Ngokomzekelo, xa inkqubo yokufundisa kuqala-ugrade ukusebenzisa ukufunda linyathelo zemfundo, njengoko ukwahlulwa amazwi alo ahlukeneyo. Ukufunda imithetho utitshala akhawunti yokuqala usebenzisa iityhubhu, izinti, ugxininisa kwizakhono motor omhle. Kunye izifundo ebiqaliswe kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi, ukukhuthaza kukufakwa onke amacandelo nomsebenzi wokufundisa.

izinto umsebenzi

Iintshukumo ephambili eyenziwa yi abafundi, enxulumene izinto esifanelekileyo: izandi, amanani, iileta. Utitshala uyabuza imisebenzi ethile uqeqesho, umfundi imidlalo zabo, uxelisa umcebisi wakhe. Xa kokuba lubekhona ngokupheleleyo izakhono eziziiprayimari olunjalo ngenkqubela iphepha ku ngendlela ethile "step" uphawu livela. Emva koko, lo mntwana ihambisa ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu yophuhliso. Ukusebenzisa obu buchule, yena aqale ukwenza imisebenzi enzima kakhulu. Kuyinto kwesi sigaba eqalisa self-uphuhliso, ngaphandle apho inkqubo yokufunda iya kuba nantsingiselo.

L. S. Vygotsky njengoko umsebenzi zengqondo liphezulu abafundi ezabelwe yentsebenziswano ehlangeneyo. Xa umthetho jikelele yemfuza zophuhliso yenkcubeko, uthi nawuphi na umsebenzi somntwana kuphuhliso enjalo ivela kabini. Okokuqala, ngokubhekiselele kwezentlalo, uze emva koko kwindawo nasengqondweni. Okokuqala, phakathi abantu, oko kukuthi, njengokuba umsebenzi interpsychic, uze phakathi umntwana njenge didi intrapsychic. Ngaphezu koko, Vygotsky elubala ukuba oku ngokulinganayo usebenza kwimemori ubhalo nengqalelo ngokuzithandela.

uhlobo Psychological imele ngokupheleleyo kobudlelwane babantu, nto leyo eyabangela ngaphakathi kunye nomsebenzi odibeneyo abantwana kunye mentor abadala.

Ixabiso iiprojekthi kunye nezifundo kwinkqubo yemfundo mihla

Ukubandakanywa esikolweni kunye nemisebenzi leba , uphando kunye nomsebenzi iprojekthi leyo ayisiso isenzeko ejikelezayo. Kuxhomekeka indlela iiprojekhthi zabo wenziwe ngabanye, ngokwamaqela, amaqela ngobuchule. Ukuze enze iprojekthi, kuqala kunye nomcebisi umntwana kufuneka achonge injongo ephambili isifundo sakhe. Oku kuya kufuna izakhono ezifundiweyo kwimisebenzi zoqeqesho. uphando Eminye watyhila algorithm apho umgangatho weziphumo ngqo yeprojekthi ixhomekeke. Ngoko ke le misebenzi ibe mininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwi umfundi ithuba lokuzimela uphuculo nophuhliso self. Imisebenzi yesiqhelo zoqeqesho ngethuba le projekthi iba ndingenza umsebenzi obhadlileyo yesayensi. Umntwana uba kutitshala "asebenza", kunye bafuna iimpendulo zemibuzo ebuzwa ekuqaleni kwesifundo, ezama ukuqinisekisa okanye aphikise hypothesis. Loo inyathelo elidityanelweyo linyathelo kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubandakanywa ngokupheleleyo umfundi eklasini. Ukongeza yokuqala ekufunyanweni kolunye ulwazi, umntwana kuphuculwe izakhono, ukuphuhlisa izakhono zonxibelelwano.

isiphelo

imisebenzi zoqeqesho Modern ejoliswe 'elihle kwezentlalo, "komntwana ngamnye, umsebenzi wakhe ngempumelelo. Kubalulekile ukuba le nkqubo iye "yathathwa" abafundisi embindini kunye imfundo yamabanga aphezulu, kuphela ukusuka kwiziko lemfundo, abafundi baya Ungasilahli kuphela i "impahla" yolwazi yeengcingane, kodwa ukuvelisa ingqiqo nokuthanda ilizwe labo, ilizwe elincinane, nengqondo eyakhayo yokujongana nabameli bezinye iintlanga neenkcubeko, umnqweno ukugcina nokukhuthaza izithethe namasiko. Awona macandelo aphambili imisebenzi yokufunda zinceda ukwalathisa inkqubo kwicala elifanelekileyo. inkqubo yemfundo Classical ezisetyenziswa ngamaxesha Soviet, waba yangoonomgogwana bezizwe. Akuyi kuvunyelwa ukuba ukuphuhlisa ngokupheleleyo ubuchule bokuyila labafundi, kwakungafanelanga okhankanywe malunga self-uphuhliso kunye self-ukuphucuka. Emva yotshintsho kwemfundo Russian, intshayelelo kwemigangatho yemfundo federal entsha, ootitshala bakwazi ukunikela ingqalelo kwiwadi nganye, ukusebenzisa inkqubo yokusondela ngamnye, ukuchonga abantwana yaye unesiphiwo aneziphiwo, ukunceda bakhulele. Isakhono anze sizuzile kule minyaka esikolweni, ukunceda umntwana ukwenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kunye noxanduva ebomini abadala elandelayo. Eyona njongo wonke umsebenzi wokufundisa - utshintsho yakhe "Mna," ulwazi ngokubaluleka kwalo eluntwini, kuya kuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo.