Kwelabantu cosmonauts: amagama, iibhayografi

Imbali ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni, ngelishwa, lizele kuphela ukunyuka meteoric, kodwa ukuwa eyoyikekayo. oosomajukujuku Abafileyo, hayi ayanda okanye imijukujelwa unexploded, engozini - konke oku kwakhona ilifa lethu, Ukulibale ngayo - ngoko isusa kwimbali bonke abo ngabom esichengeni ubomi bakhe ngenxa inkqubela, ezenzululwazi kunye nekamva elingcono. Imalunga amaqhawe awileyo USSR Space esiza kuxubusha ngayo kweli nqaku.

Space kwi USSR

Ide spaceflight kwinkulungwane yama-20 thaca into kakhulu kumnandi. Kodwa sele ngo 1903, uKonstantin Tsiolkovsky wabeka phambili ingcamango okubhabha emajukujukwini kwi rocket. Ukususela kulaa mzuzu ukuya phambili kwinkqubo kwisithuba asakhulayo ngendlela apho sisazi namhlanje.

ESoviet Union ngowe-1933, ngokususela Keldysh Research Centre (RNII) ukulungiselela isifundo ye jet basafunda. Yaye ngowe-1946 waqalisa umsebenzi ezinxulumene ne irula.

Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba umntu wokuqala boyise womxhuzulane koMhlaba, wavela yonke, oko wathabatha omnye iminyaka embalwa iminyaka. Musa ukulibala malunga iimpazamo endiwazuze ubomi eziqinisekisa. Eyokuqala abafileyo cosmonauts. Ngokutsho data ezisemthethweni, kukho ezintlanu kuphela kubo, kuquka uYuri Gagarin, owathi, ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, akazange afele kwisithuba, yaye emva kokubuyela Earth. Kunjalo usomajukujuku wavuma ukufa njengoko iimvavanyo njengelinge mkhosi, nto leyo evumela ukuba kube kuludwe wasondeza apha.

Komarov

cosmonauts Soviet abafa isithuba, enziwe into nanto igalelo kuphuhliso lweli lizwe labo. Loo ndoda Vladimir Komarov - cosmonaut kunye injineli-colonel, ngubani wawongwa isihloko Hero eSoviet Union. Wazalelwa eMoscow nge-14 Apreli 1927. Yena wayelilungu okokuqala kwimbali yehlabathi nqanawa isithuba kwaye mkhosi yawo. Kangangezihlandlo ezibini kwisithuba.

Ngowe-1943, usomajukujuku elizayo kweminyaka esixhenxe, uze emva koko wangena kwisikolo semfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa Air Force, ofuna ukufunda kulo msebenzi ye pilot. Yathi yakudlula loo nto ngo-1945, yaye emva koko waya abafundi Sasovo Aviation School. Ngomnyaka mnye usiwe kwi Borisoglebsk Higher Military Aviation School.

Emva kokuba ephumelele ngo-1949, Komarov abhalisela kwi Force Air waza waba pilot mbono. kwisahlulo yakhe ise Grozny. Apha wadibana Valentina, utitshala wesikolo waba ngumfazi wakhe. Kungekudala, uVladimir waba pilot abaphezulu, yaye ngowe-1959 waphumelela Air Force Academy yaye ulwabiwo kwi Air Force Institute. Kwaba apha ukuba wakhethwa ukuba iqela lokuqala cosmonauts.

Flying emkhathini

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, njani babulawa oosomajukujuku ezininzi, kufuneka kuqala bonisa kanye umxholo moya.

Ngoko ke, lo moya yokuqala emajukujukwini Komarova kwenzeka kwi isiphekepheke "Voskhod"-Oktobha 12, 1964. Yaba kwiphulo lokuqala Multi ehlabathini; abasebenzi nazo ziquka oogqirha kunye iinjineli. Lo moya yathatha iiyure ezingama-24 yaye yagqitywa ngeenyawo zakhe.

I Komarova yesibini kunye moya lokugqibela kwenzeka ngobusuku ukususela nge-23 ukuya kuma-24 Apreli 1967. Le cosmonaut owabulawa ngexesha lokugqitywa ngokusaba; ngexesha ekuhleni kwayo iparashute engundoqo zange ukusebenza, kunye iirholithi onga ifukame ngenxa ujikelezo elinzima device. Inqanawa wabetha emhlabeni yaye yavutha ngumlilo. Ngoko ke wafa ngenxa yengozi ebulalayo Vladimir Komarov. Nguye lo cosmonaut wokuqala wafa. Imbeko yakhe wamisa lesikhumbuzo e Nizhny Novgorod kunye umhlola lobhedu eMoscow.

Gagarin

Aba bonke oosomajukujuku abafileyo phambi Gagarin, njengoko imithombo esemthethweni. Oko kukuthi, enyanisweni, ukuze usomajukujuku omnye kuphela Gagarin wafa eSoviet Union. Noko ke, Gagarin yeyona cosmonaut edume Soviet.

KaYuri A., cosmonaut yiSoviet, wazalwa ngomhla ngoMatshi 9, 1934. Wachitha ebuntwaneni bakhe kwilali Kashino. Waya esikolweni ngo-1941, kodwa kwilali zihlaselwa amajoni aseJamani, kunye nezifundo kuphazanyiswa. Kwaye Gagarin ekhaya SS kwango abanini workshop wamgxotha phandle esitratweni. Kuphela ngo-1943 kwakhululwa elalini, kwaye ukufunda kaYuri yaqhubeka.

ngoko Gagarin ongena ngowe-1951 e Saratov ekholejini, apho waqalisa ukuya Aero Club. Ngowe-1955 awathunyelwa emkhosini ize ithunyelwe kwi-School Aviation. Emva kokuba ephumelele, wakhonza kwi Force Air yaye ngowe-1959 labhabha malunga 265 iiyure. Lowo wamkela isihloko kweklasi wesithathu pilot zomkhosi kunye elikwisikhundla uLieutenant.

Uhambo lokuqala nokufa

Kwelabantu oosomajukujuku - abantu ayazi kakuhle ubungozi ezilandelayo, kodwa kunjalo oko ningabaleli. Ke Gagarin, umntu wokuqala emajukujukwini, wabeka ubomi bakhe phambi kokuba abe ngusomajukujuku.

Nangona kunjalo, ithuba lokuba owokuqala akazange angaphosi. 12 ku-Epreli 1961, Gagarin lathumela rocket "Vostok" indiza space Baikonur. Lo moya lwathatha Imizuzu 108 yaphela ngeenyawo zakhe kufutshane nedolophu Engels (kummandla Saratov). Nantsi ke usuku lonke ilizwe ngomhla Cosmonautics, nto leyo lubhiyozelwa namhlanje.

Ngokuba bonke-moya yokuqala ihlabathi yaba isiganeko engakholelekiyo, yaye umqhubi, owonileyo, ngokukhawuleza abe nendumasi. Gagarin atyelelwa zokufunwa kumazwe angaphezu kwama mathathu. Iminyaka zilandelayo zaye kuphawulwa post-flight usomajukujuku ukuba imisebenzi esebenzayo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko.

Kodwa kungekudala Gagarin waye kwakhona eqeqesha-moya. Esi sigqibo kwaba buhlungu kuye. Kwaye ngo-1968, ngoMatshi 27, ukuba wabulawa ebudeni moya yoqeqesho kwi-moya lwe MIG-15 Uti. Ezibangela ukuba yengozi ayaziwa.

Noko ke, oosomajukujuku owafa soze kulityalwa kwilizwe labo. Ngomhla wokufa Gagarin kweli lizwe wayelila. Yaye kamva kumazwe ahlukeneyo siye saseka iqela ezikhumbuzo ukuya cosmonaut kuqala.

potter

Vladislav Nikolaevich the - cosmonaut eSoviet. Wazalelwa eMoscow ngo-1935, ngomhla we-23 Novemba.

usomajukujuku elizayo izidanga ukusuka eMoscow inombolo yesikolo 201 ngo-1953, emva koko wangena Moscow Aviation Institute kwaye wafumana okukhethekile yenjineli electromechanical ophethe imijukujelwa. Wangena ukusebenza kwi CB Queen kwaye kunceda ekudalweni technology isithuba. Ngelo xesha eqalisa ukuya kwizifundo emidlalo yabaqhubi club endiza Kolomna.

Ngowe-1966, potter waba lilungu angaphathi cosmonaut, yaye kamva iminyaka emithathu wenza moya yayo kuqala ku "Soyuz-7" kwi indima injineli yokubhabha. Lo moya yathatha iintsuku 4, iiyure 22 imizuzu engama-40. Ngowe-1971, bekukho moya yesibini kunye lokugqibela Volkova, apho waba engineer. Ngaphandle Vladislav Nikolaevich Iqela ibandakanya Patsaev kunye Dobrovolsky, leyo sixoxa ngezantsi. Xa wayekhwela umkhombe kwenzeka depressurization, baza bafa bonke abathathi-nxaxheba moya. cosmonauts abafileyo sitshisiwe nothuthu zawo zibekwe eludongeni yesicelo.

Dobrowolski

Georgiy Timofeevich Dobrovolsky, apho siza senditshilo, wazalwa e Odessa ngo-1928, ngomhla we-1 Juni. Umqhubi, usomajukujuku kunye Air Force colonel, waye kokufa imbasa kwisihloko Hero eSoviet Union.

Ebudeni bemfazwe waba phezu kummandla ndawo abasemagunyeni ngesiRomania waza wabanjwa ngenxa ilifa izixhobo. Kuba ulwaphulo wagwetywa iminyaka engama-25 entolongweni, kodwa abahlali bakwazi ngentlawulelo. Kwaye emva kokuphela yeSibini yeHlabathi leMfazwe Georgy Dobrovolsky engena Odessa Air Force esikolweni. Ngelo xesha akazange azi ukuba yintoni nxi ilindele. Noko ke, oosomajukujuku, yalahleka isithuba, kwakunye njengezelatha, kwangaphambili ukulungiselela ekufeni.

Ngowe-1948 Dobrowolski wayengumfundi kwisikolo yomkhosi Chuguev, yaye kamva iminyaka emibini baqalisa ukukhonza eSoviet Air Force. Ebudeni inkonzo, ukuba wayephumelele Academy of Air Force. Yaye ngo-1963 waba lilungu angaphathi cosmonaut.

indiza yakhe yokuqala neyokugqibela waqalisa ngoJuni 6, 1971 ababekhwele kweso "Soyuz-11" kwindima ngqwayi. Oosomajukujuku baye batyelela isithuba "Solutia-1" station, apho wachitha nentwana yophando. Kodwa ngexesha lokubuya ukuya Umhlaba kwenzeka, njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe ngentla apha, le depressurization.

isimo zomtshato kwaye nemivuzo

oosomajukujuku abafileyo na Amaqhawe kuphela lizwe, yena wanikela ngobomi bakhe ngenxa yakhe, kodwa umntu-Aron, abayeni kunye nooyise. Emva kokufa Georgy Dobrovolsky WolawuloUxolo, eneentombi zakhe zombini, Marina (1960 p.) Yaye Natalia (1967 p.). Enye ngasekhohlo nomhlolokazi hero, Lyudmila Stebleva, utitshala omkhulu wesikolo. Kwaye ukuba yakwazi ukuba ukukhumbula intombi enkulu kayise, oyena mncinane, owayeneminyaka eli-4 kuphela ubudala ngexesha ngokuwa philisi ayiyazi loo nto.

Ukongeza kwisihloko Hero eSoviet Union Dobrovolsky yena wawongwa Order of Lenin (kokufa), "Gold Star" imbasa "Kuba Inkonzo e Battle". Ukongeza, igama nenombolo cosmonaut umhlaba ka1789 zaye igama, wavula ngo 1977, zenyanga mngxuma kunye nophando inqanawa.

Kwakhona kule mini, ukususela ngowe-1972, kukho isiko ukudlala Dobrovolsky Cup, nto leyo Ikhutshelwa ngokutsiba ilungileyo kwi kwitrampolini.

Patsaev

Ngoko ngokuqhubeka ukuphendula lo mbuzo, ukuba oosomajukujuku abaninzi babulawa emajukujukwini, sisiya kolandelayo Hero Umsebenzi Union. UViktor Ivanovich Patsaev wazalelwa Aktobe (Kazakhstan) ngo-1933, ngomhla we-19 Juni. Kwakusazeka umntu oye waba cosmonaut yokuqala ehlabathini, owayesebenza ngaphandle koMhlaba. Yena wafa kunye Dobrovolsky and the ekhankanywe apha ngasentla.

uyise kaVictor ebengekaweli edabini ngexesha Second World War. Ke usapho emva kwemfazwe, kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele kummandla eKaliningrad, apho cosmonaut yokuqala elizayo waya esikolweni. Njengoko kubhaliweyo memoirs bodade wayo, isithuba waba Victor nomdla sele - wavuka abambelele "Journey eNyangeni" yi K. Tsiolkovsky.

Ngowe-1950 Patsaev efika Penza Industrial Institute, owaphumelela, kwaye ithunyelwe Central eliphezulu-air observatory. Apha, yena uthatha inxaxheba kulwakhiwo imijukujelwa zemozulu.

Yaye ngowe-1958, uViktor Ivanovich wathunyelwa CB Queen, kweli sebe kuyilo. Kulapha wahlangana bawa eSoviet cosmonauts (potter, Dobrovolsky kunye Patsaev). Noko ke, kuphela cosmonaut iya abunjwe kweminyaka eli-10, endihleli phakathi ziya Patsaev. uqeqesho lwakhe luya kuhlala iminyaka emithathu. Ngelishwa, le mission usomajukujuku lokuqala lwaphela usizi nokufa kwa aba belungu bayehluthe lonke.

Zingaphi oosomajukujuku wabulawa emajukujukwini?

Lo mbuzo akakwazi ukunika impendulo ocacile. Isibakala sokuba ezinye iinkcukacha malunga lamaphulo isithuba zisahleli zihlelwe unanamhla. Kukho ezininzi kokucingelwayo kwaye ezicingelwa, kodwa ubungqina eziphathekayo okwangoku akukho bani.

Njengoko i data ezisemthethweni, inani lokufa cosmonauts kunye oosomajukujuku onke amazwe abantu malunga 170. Olungileyo nokwazeka kwayo kubo, Kakade ke, abameli eSoviet Union kunye United States. Phakathi yokugqibela, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye Francis Richard, Michael Smith, Dzhudit reznik (omnye abafazi zokuqala oosomajukujuku), uRonald McNair.

abanye abafileyo

Ukuba unomdla oosomajukujuku abafileyo weRashiya, ngomzuzu azikho zona. Nangaliphi na ixesha ukususela ekuweni eSoviet Union kunye nokusekwa naseRussia njengohlobo geqe akazange ingxelo ityala olunye ekuweni kwisiphekepheke kunye nokufa ayo.

Kuyo yonke le nqaku, sathetha ngabo bafa ngqo esithubeni, kodwa thina asikwazi ngoyaba abo oosomajukujuku abangazange Bendinalo ithuba lokuba athathe off. Ukufa afika kubo nkqu on Earth.

Lo Valentin Vasilevich Bondarenko, owayephakathi iqela le cosmonauts kuqala wafa ngexesha loqeqesho. Ngoxa sudobarokamere waba apho usomajukujuku ukuba abe yedwa malunga iintsuku ezili-10, wenza impazamo. abenzi boluvo Unfastened ingxelo umsebenzi obalulekileyo yomzimba zabo bawuqhole kunye cotton wool zifakwe utywala uze ulilahle. kwibhola yomqhaphu libetha coil sombane etshisayo, sibangele umlilo. Xa ikhamera evulekileyo, lo usomajukujuku wayesaphila, kodwa emva 8:00 wafa Hospital Botkin. Kwelabantu oosomajukujuku phambi Gagarin, ke ngoko, kuquka xa ubulungu umntu layo elilodwa.

Noko ke, Bondarenko uya kuhlala kwimemori izizukulwana zexesha elizayo kunye nezinye oosomajukujuku kwabafileyo.