Abathathi-nxaxheba ye Yesine, iinjongo, iziphumo

Ixesha amaphulo zokulwa kuMbindi Mpuma indishiye uphawu obalulekileyo kwimbali Western Europe. Kweli nqaku siza kuhlawula imvelaphi, iziganeko ezinkulu, kwakunye ezinye nxaxheba Yesine.

Kutheni le phulo kukhethwe ukuba nqaku? Impendulo elula. Kuye negalelo iinguqu ezibalulekileyo kwimephu kwezopolitiko behlabathi idluliselwe ngokupheleleyo umgaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle kumda wesangqa ye kwamazwe aseYurophu.

Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu ngezi ziganeko, uya ukufunda eli nqaku.

Isimo eYurophu

Ngenxa yoko, Zomnqamlezo ezintathu zokuqala lathotywa kakhulu yabemi baseNtshona Yurophu. Abaninzi kwabo abuya isuka eMiddle East ukuba behle igolide ngokukhawuleza ibiwe zokutyela. Oko kukuthi, iminyaka emakhulu, efunde inani elikhulu wamajoni Sivikivekile, nomsindo, belambile.

Ukongeza, amarhe aqalile kubonakala ukuba zonke yokusilela ukoyiswa yenko- ityala amaByzantine. Bathi ukuba badlala kwi miba mibini, ukunceda kunye Amaqhawe Muslims. mazwi aye negalelo ekukhuleni uyintshutshiso Ingxenye oluntu.

Kwelinye icala, ngenxa ukoyiswa amaphulo odlulileyo, i-Funda oyiNgcwele waqala ukuphelelwa ukuthembeka phakathi yasebukhosini zaseYurophu. Ngoko ke, i nxaxheba Yesine ezazifuneka Innocent III eRoma ephakamileyo.

Ngenxa yoko, ubunini lennye kwi kwintsimi Empire owayesakuba Byzantine baba kuphela ibhaso lafumana nxaxheba Yesine. Table ithi ixesha frankokratia uchazwa izifundo kwimbali. Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, ade ase ekupheleni, unako lula ukufikelela kuyo.

Izinto ezibangela le Yesine

Njengoko imbali iye yabonisa, 4 yobu awuyitshintshanga le ulwalathiso nkqubo angaphandle of Western Europe. Ukuba ngaphambili injongo eyodwa yaba kukuphumelela "Holy Sepulchre", kodwa ngoku izinto zatshintsha kakhulu.

Injongo Rule yale 4 Iphulo akuthethi kunye nenguqulelo esemthethweni idibana. Kodwa siza kuxubusha le kamva. Ngoku makhe sikhangele izizathu eli phulo emkhosini.

Ngokomthetho Yesine yabonisa iimfuneko ngamandla yehlabathi yaye wabeka amajoni ukuziphindezela zesiqhelo. Xa baqalisa ukuba bahlaziye izizathu ngokoyiswa maphulo emithathu yokuqala, ingakumbi iphulo yesibini weza ezinye izigqibo Akumangalisi. Kubonakala ukuba le ngxaki inkulu akazange ingxabano phakathi agadwe Crusaders kwaye kungekho sicwangciso olulodwa samanyathelo, kunye ukungcatshwa umlawuli lamaByzantine.

On isizathu sokuba kwisigqibo ezinjalo, siya singathetha kancinci ngakumbi. Ngoku ke kubalulekile ukuqaphela ngenkanuko Pope, nto leyo eyabangela injongo esemthethweni kumadabi.

Yesine 1202 - 1204 kwiminyaka kwafuneka ujije oyiNgcwele Bona kwindawo ephambili eYurophu. Emva kokuba uhambo yesibini neyesithathu babesoyiswa, igunya waseRoma wawa kabukhali. Ukwanda kakhulu, yena Kubaphathi waseJamani, owathi, endaweni yenye 'ukoyisa wengcwaba oyiNgcwele, "abaqalise ubhaptizo ngenkani wends.

Ukongeza, le ingqumbo Crusaders eziqhelekileyo ezikhulayo. Abaninzi kubo amagqala okanye abantwana-nxaxheba kuzo amaphulo yokuqala, kodwa bengazifumananga ihlawule. A Knights odolo zonqulo isuka eMiddle East imibiko ukulalana kunye ubomi kuhlala amajoni apho.

Ngoko ke, lo Yesine yaba sisigqibo bevumelana baseYurophu silwe. Noko ke, izisusa ngamnye zabo. Phezu kwabo kuya kuxoxwa kamva.

Igosa kunye nenjongo yangempela

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, injongo 4 Iphulo hlukile phakathi kwezinye indawo ezahlukeneyo zabemi. Makhe sibone, yintoni waba umahluko.

I Pope kwakhona waqalisa ukubamba 'umkhosi kaKristu "ukuziphendulela yokholo. Kodwa ngoku injongo edunyiswa eYiputa, hayi iYerusalem. I Bona Holy ingqalelo ukuba xa Fatimids ukuwa, kuya kuba lula ukuba koyisa ePalestina.

Kwelinye icala Innocent III wazama ukufumana amandla ezininzi kummandla weMeditera, buthathaka abalawuli Arabhu. Noko ke, uloyiso kwi yenkolo phantsi umyalelo lobuqu Pope ukubuyisela igunya njengommeli Bona Oyingcwele eNtshona Yurophu.

Ikhwelo ku Innocent III yokuqala asabela Count French Thibault, othe wafumana ebonakalayo zemali Uzihluthise enamabhongo imfazwe kunye eNgilani. Ngokubhekele phaya liqiniswe akhonze bakhe. Kodwa ke kungekudala yafa, kunye nendawo umphathi kwi oyintloko uthatha Margrave of Montferrat, Boniface.

Udlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwiphulo, kodwa ungubani iya kuxoxwa kamva kweli nqaku. Yesine kubalawuli yezwe ithuba lokuphucula imeko-mali, ukufumana umhlaba omtsha. Imeko ngobuciko wasebenzisa yaseVenice. Eneneni, amawaka amabutho umkhosi ningagqibi yayo Doge.

Wagqiba ukwandisa impembelelo ngurhulumente kwaye wenze amandla emanzini enkulu kwiMeditera. Le njongo Yesine, kodwa umphumo umane emangalisa. Oku kuya kuxutyushwa kamva kweli nqaku.

Eli phulo nxamnye uBukhosi inkxaso amajoni zesiqhelo kuba umyalelo iye idlalwe isimo zabantu. Ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane, bonke bayathetha ngayo yobumenemene soMhlekazi yaseByzantium, yaye bezimisele impindezelo isiqingatha abafileyo le Crusaders. Ngoku kwakunokwenzeka.

uqeqesho

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi neRoma kunye nabalawuli behlabathi yaseYurophu sele beqalisile ukulungiselela wena ngenxa yenkolo entsha. I-Bona oyiNgcwele ukuqokelela iminikelo yookumkani kunye nezidwangube, abangazange bafune ukuya ngasempuma. Ezi iminxeba wahlanganisa umkhosi omkhulu amahlwempu. Ayekholelwa ukuba xa namanenekazi ahlawule, ngoko ke kufuneka ithuba lokufumana.

Iingangamsha naye wasondela ngakumbi nejonga ukuba umba. isivumelwano sasayinwa kunye Republic yaseVenice imikhumbi ezirentwayo ukuthutha amajoni e Alexandria. Ngoko izicwangciso ukuqalisa kuloyiso laseYiputa.

Doge yaseVenice wacela amanqaku zesilivere 85.000. Ixesha isixa-mali iye yanikwa ngo 1202. Xa eli xesha inxalenye ebalulekileyo yomkhosi ayehla besondela kuwo umzi, imali iye okwangoku ziqokelelwe. Eli joni obekwe kwi kwisiqithi Lido, ecaleni yaseVenice, ukwenzela ukuthintela izifo ukugula. Bamnikela umxhesho kwaye ubonelela ngeenkonzo eziyimfuneko.

Noko ke, xa Doge wafumanisa ukuba umyalelo umkhosi akakwazi zokwenza imali kuyimfuneko, wayeka inkonzo. Abathathi-nxaxheba ye Yesine waqalisa diverge kancinci. Campaign wasongela nakanjani, ngoko Bonifatsiyu Monferratskomu kwafuneka ukuthethana kunye Venetians unaniselwano.

Ukusuka kule ndawo kwi Yesine umva lwayo. Ayehla Umbutho okunene mercenaries Venice. Umsebenzi wokuqala yaba lokufakwa isixeko Croatian ka Zara. Zaba phantsi nokukhuselwa inqaba lamaKristu ukumkani Hungary, osanda zilamkele ukholo kuKristu.

Oku kuhlasela zonke iziseko oluntu ukuze kukhuseleke co-nkonzo. Enyanisweni, umkhosi ayehla benze ulwaphulo-mthetho olubhekiswe ukholo yamaKatolika kunye Bona oyiNgcwele. Kodwa ke amajoni onenqala, akukho namnye unako ayeke, ingakumbi njengoko kujoliswe elandelayo izicwangciso eConstantinople.

ukuthatha Zara

Xa neenjongo Yesine ziye zatshintsha, bafumana ulwalathiso kuphela wempangelo. Malunga na "ukuziphendulela ukholo 'ayikwazanga uhamba nabo nincokola, njengowokuqala ndiwuthimbe lo mzi waba Zara, uligwiba ongumKristu kummandla Croatia yanamhlanje.

Le nqaba esilingana kuphela ukuba ubandezele yaseVenice kwi kwiMeditera. Ngoko ke, le ndlela yokuziphatha Doge neenjongo ezicacileyo.

Xa Crusaders Umyalelo wafunda Boniface ngemeko yentlawulo kuhlehliselwe ukuba kwibhulorho ku Alexandria, abaninzi wala ukuba nenxaxheba. Abanye bade baye ezahlulwe wena uye kwiLizwe oyiNgcwele, okanye wabuyela ekhaya.

Nangona kunjalo, ubuninzi kwafuneka nto ukulahlekelwa, ekubeni inkoliso amajoni bavela kumakhaya ahlwempuzekileyo. Nayiphi ukuphanga kuphela indlela yabo ukuze bafumane imali. Ngoko ke, lo Crusaders oko kucelwayo le Doge.

NgoNovemba ka ngamajoni 1202 lomnqamlezo weza iindonga Zara. Le nqaba lilindwe iikampu Hungarian kunye lweDalmatia. Bakwazi ukuqhuba ngaphandle iiveki ezimbini nxamnye umkhosi omkhulu, nto leyo yaba emininzi amajoni zobungcali magqala akwa amadabi.

Xa yawa umzi, wathi yathotyelwa iphanga noqhankqalazo. Ezitratweni yagcwala ngezidumbu zabantu. Ngenxa yenkohlakalo, Pope akhutshwe Church of the Crusaders. Kodwa la mazwi antywiliselwe ukukhala wegolide ezibiweyo. I Army kwaba nguye.

Njengoko kwafika ubusika, ewela ku Alexandria elinye ixesha de entlakohlaza. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu, amajoni yaya Zara.

Okwesine Iphulo, ngokufutshane ethetha, umkhosi Waqala ke ukushwabula uPhapha, ibuye ibe isenzo ngendlela wamajoni amanye namanye amaKristu.

Ukuwa yoBukhosi baseByzantium

Emva kokuba kuthinjwe Zara Injongo Yesine bafudukela ukusuka ezantsi ukuya empuma. Ngoku, iphenjelelwa intiyo Wezomkhosi mfundisi "abanginizayo Byzantine" ayikwazanga kuzaliseka. Xa ngokuthi le Doge wayenothotho yelo ayithunyelwanga ku Alexandria, apho kwakungasekho umdla Omnqamlezo, kwaye eConstantinople.

Ngokutsho amaxwebhu asemthethweni, umkhosi lusongelwe elikomkhulu Byzantium, ukunceda umlawuli Alexis Angel. Uyise, uIsake, wabhukuqwa lokubhukuqa kwaye entolongweni a emhadini. Enyanisweni, lo mnyhadala uyahambelana nomdla wabo bonke abalawuli yaseYurophu.

4 zenkolo njalo Injongo ukwandisa impembelelo yamaKatolika iCawa empumalanga. Ukuba Palestine ayisebenzi, ngoko ke ithuba lesibini eRoma waye ukulawula of the Greek Church Orthodox. Ngamazwi, bekhanyela bonke III Innocent ngamandla yakhuthaza komjikelo kwi eConstantinople.

iingangamsha isiFrentshi kwakunye nesiJamani, kwakunye kwiRiphabliki yaseVenice nayo salubona ubutyebi yoBukhosi baseByzantium. amajoni eziqhelekileyo, nathe kufuna ukuziphindezela phezu abancethezi, ukuba zingaba sisixhobo abo ngamandla.

Xa besondela umkhosi mzi, kukho kumzabalazo amandla. Alex, ngubani wayethembise umvuzo ukuze Crusaders ngenxa ekumisweni kwayo, luvalo yaye ezama ukubaleka. Kunokuba kulo abantu bakhululwe kwaye umlawuli re-wavakalisa uIsake. Kodwa kartel akazange afune ukuba kulahlekelwa yimali ezifundiswayo, akubufumana jize Alexis. Ngoko eConstantinople ezimbini mlawuli ngexesha elifanayo.

Ngenxa imeko enzima kunye iirhafu imvukelo eliphezulu yaqala. Ukuvimbela Crusaders wangena esixekweni. Kodwa umsebenzi uxolo ukuba kunzima ukubiza. EConstantinople ukuba baphangwe itshiswe.

Imiphumo kokuwa kweConstantinople

Loo nto inika umdla nxaxheba 4 elwela izicwangciso waza wabahlula uBukhosi baseByzantium nditsho Zara. Enyanisweni, ifowuni Alexei Angela waba oyinto ukuba ukususwa iliso yoluntu, kwaye abalawuli bamanye amazwe.

Wathimba urhulumente izicwangciso ukuba yahlulwe izabelo ezine. Bamkela umlawuli wamvakalisa phakathi zenkolo. I-amathathu afunyaniswa yahlulwa phakathi eVenice kunye kartel isiFrentshi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba inxaxheba emacaleni kwicandelo asayina isivumelwano elandelayo. Ummeli we iqela elinye ufumana itrone kaKesare, kunye nezinye - ubhishophu le bathwala. Isigqibo ovimba ukufumaneka kwamandla wempangelo kunye ngokomoya ofanayo ezandleni.

EVenice kwicandelo le bukhosi wabonisa ubuqili wenza ukusetyenziswa kakuhle isikhundla obesondliwa Crusaders. Luhlanga emanzini iye yafumana kumaphondo aselunxwemeni bazizityebi nathembisayo.

Ngenxa yoko, nguye bamba kweConstantinople ngo 4 yenkolo uphelile. Iziphumo kweli phulo ziya kubhengezwa.

Iziphumo ze yenkolo

Thetha malunga iziphumo zeli phulo zomkhosi kufuneka ukuqala iinguqu ezenzekileyo kwi imaphu kwezopolitiko eYurophu. It woyiswa ayeka khona isiqingatha senkulungwane enye kwezi emphaya amakhulu zamaKristu.

Abathathi-nxaxheba Yesine Iphulo Byzantium wababela ilizwe States eziliqela.

Iziganeko aphawula ekuqaleni 'ixesha frankokratia "ekuthiwa-, esiza kuxubusha ngezantsi.

Nangona kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele phawu omnye. Iinjongo ngokwemigaqo utshintsho olukhulu ebudeni Yesine. Isiphumo ubonisa ingxaki enzulu amaphulo afanayo yaseYurophu emkhosini. Ke kaloku, malunga nayiphi ukuziphendulela iindaba zokholo, ukunceda amaKristu eMpuma akwazi ukuhamba uthethe. Ekubeni Crusaders kwiminyaka emibini bakwazi ukuba atshabalalise uBukhosi zamaKristu.

Isiphumo iphambili yale kumadabi ekhokelwa abarhwebi yelo waba ubuKristu zahlulwe phakathi eMpuma West. Ngaphezu koko izinto ezingadibaniyo xa zithelekiswa nezinye.

Zonke iziganeko ezilandelayo kwiinkulungwane weshumi elinesine zibonisa kuphela kwiinzame Funda Oyingcwele ukusebenzisa amaphulo yemveli ukuya ngasempuma ukuze anganomeleza ngamandla akhe.

frankokratia

Njengokuba besesitshilo ngaphambili, yicawa ecaweni yonke nxaxheba Yesine. Impendulo enikwa-mthetho kungekho namnye owayefuna, ukuze kuloo mmandla yoBukhosi baseByzantium akhiwa zikarhulumente kuphela wempangelo.

The Holy Bona ukuwa saneliseke kunye kwakhubazeka lowo yamaGrike iCawa Orthodox okwexeshana.

Ziziphi States badalwa eseByzantium?

Ummandla karhulumente lamaKristu yangaphambili yahlulwa Epirus Despotate kunye imibuso ezintathu - Latin, Nicene, kunye Trebizond. Ezi impahla baba athembisayo ngakumbi kunangaphambili kwimo Crusaders kuMbindi Mpuma. Izizathu zoku ezimbalwa.

Okokuqala, baba sasihlala encinane, ngoko babeza kusinda kwi kummandla "amaRoma" karhulumente. Ubulawuli Omnqamlezo efanayo kwi Levant Sasikhwanqiswa nje i Seljuk otshangatshangiswayo.

inkqubo yolawulo imibuso yayisekelwe imigaqo oozilawuli Western eYurophu. izinduna Petty endle anokunika ukhuselo okukhulu komhlaba ngaphandle kokuba umkhosi omkhulu emi, kanye ahlaliswe eConstantinople.

Makhe sithethe ngakumbi lithi elalisandul 'ukusekwa.

Empire laseNicaea lweminyaka amahlanu anesixhenxe. abalawuli bayo ithathwa ngokwabo njengenzala ngqo yoBukhosi baseByzantium. Waseka le meko Fedor Laskaris, ukuba ungumGrike senior ababaleka eConstantinople. Wakwazi ukwenza lizwe emanxuweni ubukhosi, kwakunye nokukhusela oko umfela ndawonye we Bulgarians ukusuka Seljuks kunye Latins.

Trebizond Empire waba imfundo inde kule ndawo. Sagcina malunga amabini anamashumi amahlanu eminyaka. imithetho emiselweyo kwaye ubukhosi bakhe Comnenus. Olu hlobo abalawuli yaseByzantium owayelawula phambi kokuba iiNgelosi. Kamva, baza bagxothwa waza wabahlalisa yangaphambili kwiphondo lamaRoma wasePonto. Apha phezu izihlobo imali, yesiGeorgia uKumkanikazi Tamara, Comneni kuthenga ubunini. Kamva, uBukhosi of Trebizond wadalwa kule ndawo.

Despotate of Epirus yaba zesiganeko umdla gqitha kwimbali. It yasekwa Mihail Komnin Duka. Le Greek ekuqaleni inkxaso Boniface eConstantinople. Xa wathumela ukuba bafumane zintshula kuloo Epirus, apho uba umphathi ngokwenene uvakalisa ngokwayo ekuziseni uBukhosi baseByzantium. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba bexesha yena wathi "yesiGrike uNowa," nto leyo agcinwa Orthodox ukusuka kuNogumbe Latin.

Lokugqibela kuluhlu lwethu uBukhosi Latin. Yena, ezifana eNicaea, ubukho kangangeminyaka engamashumi amahlanu anesixhenxe kuphela. Zombini ezi meko ziye zayeka ukubakhona emva kokubuya waseConstantinople amaByzantine ngo-1261.

Ezi ziziphumo zibethe kwi Yesine. Isiphumo adventure zomkhosi ezinjalo zangaphaya kobesikulindele, lonke ukwahlulwa Yurophu yaba empumalanga, nina ndiniphuthume nasentshonalanga.

Monferrato - inkokeli Yesine

Eku sunguleni, siye ezidweliswe ezinye nxaxheba 4 yenkolo. Uninzi lwabo bamkela lennye ilifa Empire Latin. Kodwa ngoku siza kuqwalasela yinkokeli kumadabi ka-1202 - iminyaka 1204.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ngowokuqala ukubiza i Pope wasabela Count French Thibaud. Kodwa ke kungekudala yafa, kwaye zenkolo okhokelwa Boniface, yinkosana Italian.

Xa imvelaphi, yena waye Margrave of Montferrat. Abalawuli bathatha inxaxheba iimfazwe nxamnye Lombard League naseSisili. Ukususela ngelo xesha babawa ukuqondwa phakathi Crusaders njenge umphathi onamava.

E Soissons ngo-1201, waye wavakalisa ukuba inkokeli kuphela Yesine. Ngeli phulo, ithe wambu yi Doge yaseVenice, ezinomfanekiso abalawuli aseYurophu ukuba banoxanduva bonke ububi bengengabo zokholo, kunye uEnrico Dandolo.

Noko ke, emva kokuba kuthinjwe eConstantinople, wafuna ukumenza umlawuli. Kodwa akazange ukuxhasa i nxaxheba 4 impi. impendulo amaByzantine waba negative. Abazange bafuna ukuba negalelo ukuphakanyiswa Monferrato. Ngoko Boniface wanika ubunini Thessaloniki kunye kwisiqithi saseKrete.

Abafa irhuluneli likarhulumente labaseTesalonika edabini nxamnye eBulgaria, kufutshane Rhodopes. ilizwe lakhe kwakhona khona iminyaka engamashumi amabini.

Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku siza kufunda ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala neziphumo ekuhambeni neziganeko Yesine. Kananjalo wadibana amanye amalungu ayo abadumileyo.