Abathathi-nxaxheba lumenza evela yaseScandinavia. Abahlala yaseScandinavia - nxaxheba ukuhamba ngolwandle

usingasiqithi yaseScandinavia - indawo enkulukazi kumantla Europe. Laziwa imbali indawo awazalelwa kuyo Vikings. Kodwa yaseScandinavia uye waba yindawo apho ukuya zokukhempisha kunye abaziwayo abahambi kunye nabahloli amaxesha mihla.

Ngoobani aba Vikings?

Vikings - bangabathathi-nxaxheba ukuhamba ngolwandle ukusuka yaseScandinavia. izazinzulu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba lo Vikings eRashiya wabiza Vikings, yaye Western Europe - ngokusemthethweni. Zidume embalini njengoko bamazwe akhaliphileyo, discoverers amazwe amaninzi. On aba bathi angaboyisi nya kunye Pirates. Ngelo xesha linye i Vikings abanamava abarhwebi.

Oonobangela ukuhamba ngolwandle

Marine kwaqeqeshwa Vikings banduluke ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela. Lokuqala - ekufuneni umhlaba ofanelekileyo ukuze kungonakali, nto leyo e Northern Europe akwanelanga. Ukuphuhliswa kumaziko amatsha apha ibisoloko ezinxulumene ne umsebenzi onzima wokucoca amatye, ndiyakuncothula imithi kunye namatyholo. Kwaye ke, babefuna ukufumana kwilizwe lula ngakumbi yaye otyebileyo.

Isizathu sesibini - trade. I Vikings aba bokuqala wasebenza entla kunye neentlanga esemazantsi. Hayi nto ukuba kukho ndlela 'ukusuka Vikings ukuya namaGrike. "

Kwaye isizathu sesithathu - lokuwina udumo nozuko. Oku kwakubaluleke kakhulu ngexesha xa amalungelo abaphathi abanyulwe - ookumkani. Ukuze ukugcina amandla ezandleni zabo, kwafuneka ukuba abembi nethamsanqa, nokuba urhwebo okanye ukuphanga elwandle. Kwakufuneka ukufumana indawo elungileyo ukuze kwenye indawo yabantu bayo kwaye ukuzikhusela lathatyathwa zombini bangaphandle kunye 'nabo' zabo.

Viking Age

Imbali ukhumbula amagama odumileyo Vikings aseScandanavia. Le Hastings, nto leyo uzinxunguphalise eFransi Italy, Rollo - luKhuphiswano lweTshawe neTshawekazi wokuqala eNormandy, kunye nabanye.

Impi Normans akazange ukoyikisa nkqu isihloko Karla Velikogo. Abathathi-nxaxheba lumenza evela yaseScandinavia wabonakala rhoqo kunxweme eFransi, ukususela kwiminyaka 799. UKarl, owadala amakhosi Empire enkulu wayeyixhalabele nzulu kuphangwa Viking. amanyathelo aza kukhuthaza unxweme wasiwa kwi imiyalelo yakhe. Kuzo zonke namazibuko kwaye imilomo yemilambo iinqanawa zaye cruisers ukuthintela imbonakalo yotshaba. yokupaka eyakhelwe iinkundla zomkhosi. Kuza kumazibuko ezininzi yayivalekile ngamatyathanga.

Kamva, emva kokuba maphulo emibi ye Vikings eYurophu, le kwempahla Rouen kunye nezinye izixeko ezininzi, kwafunyaniswa ukuba kulula ukuba bayeke iinxalenye Vikings phezu konxweme kubenza abavikeli belizwe kuphangwa elwandle. Le nkqubo iye yaba nempumelelo kakhulu.

Ngowe-966, uKumkani Norway uHarald Bluetooth kuguqukela kubuKristu. Emva Babhaptizwa nguye kunye namagorha akhe. Ukuba Vikings-amaKristu kamva wasebenzisa amandla yobukumkani eNgilani, phezu kwetrone kwaba Svein Forkbeard. Kwaye ngo 1130 Normann Rozher II wahlala etroneni yobukumkani eSisili. Yintsikelelo uPopu wakwazi ukudibanisa Vikings ubunini, ibekwe emazantsi eItali naseSisili.

Duke William - owayeyinzala Rollo of eNormandy - woyisa Anglo-Saxon uKumkani Harold II kwi Idabi Hastings. Waba savela Ngilani eyaziwa ngokuba William koloyiso.

Le indlela nxaxheba matutu zolwandle ukusuka yaseScandinavia ngokuthe kuhlala apho kwaYuda, bangena ubudlelwane kunye wabanumzana zasekuhlaleni, yaye wafumana amandla yasebukhosini. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-11, i-Viking ukunyuka intaba imfazwe phantse zaphela.

Viking Discoveries

Kodwa ke era Viking yabalasela kunye ezifunyaniswe ezinkulu geographical. Ubukhulu becala, eli lungu Greenland ubuvuvu yokuqala ekwahlala kuyo Eirik Ginger (Eirik Torvaldsonom). Lwe kunye nentsapho yakhe eNorway, kwaye emva koko kwanyanzeleka ukuba asabe Iceland umnwe ayilwa, waya Atlantic Ocean entshonalanga. Emva kokufika kwindawo evulekileyo linonxweme 'Ncwadi wesiqithi, Erik the Red waliseka zokuhlala ezimbini. Le sayithi wamnika igama "Green Land", kamva owabizwa ngokuba yonke siqithi eGreenland, nangona inshorensi yayo umkhenkce.

Abahlala ukuseka urhwebo kunye kwilizwe. Kukho oboya wathwala amabhere, iimpungutye, canines isilo solwandle esinamabamba amade, neoli iminenga, and vice versa - eGreenland ilahlekile iinkuni, ingqolowa, izicwili yentsimbi.

Sons Erik - Leif (igama "Banoyolo") kunye Torvald - avela eScandinavia, abathathi-nxaxheba ukuhamba ngolwandle. Amagama abo bathi le ukufunyanwa of America kwiinkulungwane ezintlanu ngaphambi Columbus.

Xa Leif wabuya eNorway eGreenland, yena mntu nimbhaqe sisaqhwithi. Ngocoselelo inqanawa elimele wasondela elunxwemeni, yaye oomatiloshe babona iinduli alekwe iidiliya zasendle, endle ingqolowa zasendle. Kwaba kunyaka 999. Umhlaba ebizwa Vinland - ilizwe seediliya, wavusa imozulu futh, amahlathi ezipheleleyo inyamakazi, nokuba ngumhlaba otyebileyo.

Akumangalisi ke, ukuba emva kokuba ebuyele eGreenland, baxoxa malunga amazwe kubonwa. ILizwi malunga omtsha abazizityebi ilizwe onomdla Torfinn Karlsefni, owathi ngo-1003 wathumela hambo ku Vinland. Izihlandlo eziliqela elwenzile lihlala le Labrador, Newfoundland, emva omnye ubusika bafika Vinland. Apha Vikings bahlangana balapho. intlanganiso yabo yesibini yaphelela ukungquzulana. Ngowe-1006 Karlsefni wabuyela eGreenland.

Ekubeni Melika yafunyanwa ngama-Vikings, kodwa ke indlela eya Vinland yayekwa. BaseYurophu waphinda wathatha isiqingatha zeMileniyamu Columbus wavula kubo Yehlabathi Elitsha.

"Ukubiza Vikings"

Ngokutsho uninzi mbali, ekuqalekeni karhulumente Russian kwakhona ukubeka Vikings - i Vikings. "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" uxelela ukuba bayeke abameli imbambano iSebe Slavic kunye nezizwe Finnish waya onyuka eScandinavia, apho kuthiwa Rurik lokulawula.

Kukholelwa ukuba Rurik weza eRashiya kunye nabazalwana bakhe, - and Truvor Sineus. Kamva ke waqalisa ukulawula yedwa, okokuqala Staraya Ladoga, ngoko lasekwa Novgorod. Wahamba ukusuka Rurik Minor.

lumenza Abathathi ukusuka yaseScandinavia namhlanje

kusekho umoya Viking uhlala ezintliziyweni Scandinavians. Mhlawumbi, ngoko phakathi amagama bahambi emininzi kangaka Norwegian kunye Danish.

Olu luhlu iya kuvulwa ngegama Fridtjof Nansen, umhambi odumileyo ezibandayo. Waziwa kakhulu kuwelwa yokuqala eGreenland kunye hambo ukuya North Pole, leyo eyaphela ngo ukusilela.

URoald Amundsen - umkhenkethi enkulu polar, umntu lowo wafumanisa i-South Pole, kuqala watyelela kuwo omabini izibonda zehlabathi (kunye Adolf Oscar Oscar Wisting), wenze ngaphezu kwesinye hambo ukuya Arctic kunye namanzi Antarctic.

Yayingeyiyo Aqui Heyerdahl - a ezihlangwini ufanelwe ukuba Vikings ukuwela elwandle ngeenqanawa, angumfuziselo ndlela yamandulo navigation.

Carsten Borchgrevink, ngubani wafunda Antarctica, waba yinkokeli lasebusika yokuqala kwilizwekazi aqumbe.

Phakathi oomatiloshe Russian kwakhona yinzala ka Vikings. Vitus wethu, ukuqubha limxinwa eyahlula Eurasia evela North America, yaba owazalelwa Denmark.

Ezi zezinye amagama bamazwe - abantu eScandinavia, inzala oomatiloshe abadumileyo kunye nabanqobi.