Vitus Behring (Vitus Jonassen wethu). Photo, biography

Ukuzalwa ikamva Umlawuli akuxhomekekanga iphawulwe yi naziphi na iziganeko ezibalulekileyo. Akukho mntu bakholwe ukuba umntwana nje kuba nomatiloshe, yaye uvulindlela enkulu, nkqu inkonzo bomnye uMbuso. Kunzima ukutsho oko izizathu ezenze inkwenkwe ukungenela inkonzo yomkhosi wamanzi kuBukhosi Russian akazange enamandla kakhulu amandla ethu ngelo xesha. Mhlawumbi Behring yakwazi ukubona ngokwabo isithembiso ethile. Ukuba ukusa kumkhamo othile negalelo ezifunyaniswe kuye, ezibe ukubaluleka esebenzayo, ngokwendawo, nezembali. Behring wafumanisa kuphela imihlaba emitsha kwaye iziqithi entla lizwe, kodwa ifikelele emdeni khadi, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu.

Iminyaka yokuqala yobomi

Vitus wethu wazalwa Agasti 12, 1681 ngo yiJutland (Denmark mihla) e Horsens. Ayikho into dolophu ekhethekileyo akazange kwahluka; ezinye iicawa nezigodlo - yiloo zonke izinto. Waqalisa ukuba kuphela emva 1442, xa wanikwa ishishini mnqophiso, yaye ngokuthe ngcembe yaba liziko yorhwebo.

Le dolophu ibekwe elunxwemeni yaye port. Le hero ibali lethu ukususela kwiminyaka yokuqala yobomi, ancome amaza kunye waphupha zohambo. Nangona uyise, njengoko abathile mbali, igosa amasiko, yaye akazange bashiya amakhaya abo. Akucaci ukuba yintoni isizathu, kodwa kwasekuqalekeni matiloshe umsebenzi wakhe elivisayo wathabatha ifani kanina.

Ulwandle wawangawangisa inkwenkwe, ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba, ukuba lokufikisa kufikelelwe, wabhalisa kwi-Amsterdam Marine yeCadet lweSizwe, yaye ngowe-1703, xa ndandineminyaka eli-22, yagqitywa ngempumelelo. Kodwa ke, ngaphambi koko, Vitus wethu wenza uhambo kancinane kwi-East sies Dutch nqanawa. Kuyabonakala ukuba, ngoko umhambi Behring elizayo yaye wenza isigqibo ngamandla ukudibanisa nakwizibetho zabo kunye elwandle.

Xa inkonzo Peter I

Indlela hit the Russian Navy Vitus wethu? ngobomi bakhe ayibandakanyi ndleko ulwazi oluchanileyo. Siyazi kuphela ukuba ngexesha ngokwemiyalelo * uKhesare uPeter Omkhulu Russian Russian Navy Admiral Korneliy Ivanovich Kryuys ibandakanyeka iseti abalobi abanamava nkonzo. Sievers kunye Senyavin thaca inkwenkwe, esithi wayesele eMpuma Indies, ke ngoko, abanye amava kodwa ilifa. Ukusuka kweminye imithombo siyazi ukuba Vitus wayefuna ukukhonza nomzala wakhe Sievers, bekunjalo Navy, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo kuBukhosi Russian. Nantoni na, kodwa phupha lakhe libe yinyaniso, kwaye Behring wathumela eSt Petersburg. Apho yabelwa ukulawula inqanawa zithutha iinkuni ukwakha inqaba Kronstadt. Not omkhulu, kodwa ulwandle!

Kungekudala Vitus wethu wonyuselwa ukuba sombutho waza waqalisa ukwenza izabelo uxanduva ngakumbi mngeni. Wathabatha inxaxheba kweli phulo Azov, ukulandelela intshukumo imikhumbi e Gulf of Finland balwa, bathatha inxaxheba kumngcelele ukusuka Arkhangelsk ukuya Kronstadt, wakhonza kwi enqanaweni "Pearl" kunye luya eHamburg eSt Petersburg. Kwaye ngesiquphe, hayi ekuphumeni kukumthetheli abakuluhlu yokuqala, Behring ukushiya inkonzo yasemkhosini.

Track irekhodi of Vitus wethu

Ukuba senza ngokulandelelana zonke ezintlwini kunye nezihloko ezafumana Explorer Behring ngexesha umsebenzi wakhe wamajoni, sifumana le theyibhile ilandelayo:

Ukuba ezi iziqu nodumo iminyaka engama-20 yenkonzo imbeko Vitus wethu. biography elifutshane, Noko ke, abayityhilela zonke ukufaneleka Umlawuli. Kuba inxenye mbali kunye zejografi umdla ngakumbi koko ubomi bakhe.

Development kunye uqhagamshelwano lwe eKamchatka kwiminyaka yokuLawula Russian

Ingaba usoloko ukwandisa ekucudiseni serfdom ababa kodwa kuchaphazela imbali Russian. abalimi eyadala bafuna umhlaba ukuba wayeza kuba yindawo kwabo intshutshiso. Ngoko ngokuthe ngcembe abantu baye bafikelela kunye eSiberia, yaye apho ukuya eKamchatka. Kodwa ke intsimi sele abantu, ngoko ke uhambo ezaziququzelelwe yokufumaneka uphuhliso lomhlaba, izityebi izibonelelo zendalo, uboya, njalo njalo .. Ngo-1598 i-Siberian Khanate waye ibubutyobo, yaye le ndawo yaba yinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRashiya.

Imfuneko yophando e eKamchatka

Development of ena kunye neminye imimandla zaseSiberia yaba ngumbandela obalulekileyo kuzwelonke. Okukuqala kunyanzelekile ukuba nizalise zobuncwane. Kodwa oovulindlela becala kakuhle abafundileyo abantu ngokuyintloko ukhangela izimbiwa, imimandla emitsha evulekileyo, yaye irhafu nabantu basekuhlaleni. UMbuso kwakufuneka iimaphu umhlaba omtsha nendlela ulwandle.

Ngowe-1724, uPeter Omkhulu wakhupha ummiselo osemthethweni umbutho yephulo eKamchatka ekhokelwa Vitus wethu kusinda. Umhambi wayalelwa ukuba ukuya eKamchatka, ukwakha izikhephe amabini kwaye baya ngasentla, ukufumana indawo apho Merika edibene eSiberia, uze ufumanise indlela eya imizi yaseYurophu.

Okokuqala ena uhambo of Vitus wethu

Ngaba bayonyuselwa baye kwinqanaba umthetheli kunye nenkokheli abakuluhlu yokuqala, umhambi elizayo waba ukuze geqe. Emva kweeveki-2 - 25 Januwari 1725 - amalungu okuqala hambo echazwe ungabikho St. Petersburg ukuya eKamchatka. Eli qela ibe kwamagosa amabini aselwandle (Alexei Chirikov kunye Martyn Shpanberg), abahloli, abaziinkunkqele, matiloshe, bengababheqi, Noomateloshe, nabapheki. Inani elipheleleyo iye yafikelela kubantu-100.

Indlela kwakunzima nezintsonkothileyo. Kwafuneka ukuba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: iinqwelo, nempahla kunye nezinja, neempahla umlambo. Ukufika ngo-1727 e-Okhotsk, waqala ukwakhiwa leenqanawa ukuze benze imisebenzi engundoqo hambo. On le nqanawa Vitus wethu zafikelela nentshona yonxweme eKamchatka. In Nizhnekamchatsk kwakhiwa wempi i "St. Gabriyeli", apho Umlawuli kunye qela laqhubeka. Inqanawa badlula Strait phakathi Alaska kunye Chukotka, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iimeko zemozulu oomatiloshe abazange bakwazi ukubona unxweme kwelizwekazi American.

Inxalenye injongo hambo bathwalwa phandle. Noko ke, wabuya ngowe-1730 e-St Petersburg, esasihamba inika ingxelo ngomsebenzi wayo kwaye yenza iprojekthi elandelayo hambo. Uninzi amagosa zelizwe phezulu kunye nabahlohli zange baqonde, njengaye, Vitus wethu, nto leyo wayivula. Kodwa okona kubalulekileyo kuye kwabonakala - Asia kunye ne-United States inthanethi. Umhambi wonyuselwa ukuba Captain-Commander.

Le hambo yesibini ukuya eKamchatka

Emva kokubuyela Umlawuli kuye, iirekhodi kunye iimephu ukuya yokungathembani ethile. Kwafuneka ukuba akhusele isidima sibonise intembelo zibekwe kuye enyangweni. Kwaye njongo okwangoku zonke ziphunyeziwe. Awunako uyeke gabhu phakathi. Ngoko ke, i uhambo lwesibini, yaye wayalela bakhe Vitus wethu. Biography ebhalwe ngexesha lo mhambi, ithi, nje phambi kokuba uhambo ukuya kunxweme eKamchatka yokuqala, i Shestakov wavula kunye lexinene, kwaye nkqu Kuril Islands. Ewe, kodwa zonke ezi ezifunyaniswe azikhange elixwebhu. Dane nethamsanqa - yena izifundiswa, nako zokuceba nokuhlalutya iziphumo kwaye ikhadi kakuhle.

Le hambo lwesibini Vitus ukukhumbula ukuba ezi njongo zilandelayo: Exploration oLwandle of Japan kunye ena ukuya umlomo Amur, eyondlala unxweme kumantla lonke eSiberia, impumelelo konxweme yaseMelika, norhwebo kunye bomthonyama, ukuba ikhona, iya kufunyanwa khona.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba itrone komlawuli wahlala Anna Ivanovna, iRashiya iye yaqhubeka bokwenyaniso eziyimithetho uPetros. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi benomdla amagosa owaziwayo phakathi Admiralty. Ummiselo osemthethweni phulo yapapashwa ngowe-1732. Xa befika Okhotsk, ngowe-1740 Behring isakhiwo ezimbini ngephenyane ipakethe - ". St. uPawulos" "Saint uPetros" yaye bafika nabaphandi ukuya kunxweme olusempuma eKamchatka.

iziphumo uhambo

uhambo ulwandle eli xesha kwaphumelela ngakumbi. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye ezibuhlungu - ebusika ngo-1741 Vitus wethu wafa. Oko wakufumanisayo, kufuneka zihlolwe kamva kuphela. Ngenxa yokuba ke ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka iziphumo umsebenzi wakhe kwakunzima - indlela eSiberia isekhona ixhomekeke kakhulu kwi sivumelane endalo. Kodwa ke, abahambi sele baqalisa ukusebenzisa amakhadi ukuba Vitus wethu. Ukuvulwa ekuqaliseni enkulu bavumelekile ukwenza uphuhliso nasekuxhatshazweni kumazwe amatsha.

Ngenxa yoko, kwenziwa oku kulandelayo:

• Achinsk bay of Petropavlovsk yasekwa.
• Ngenxa mihla Sea wethu ifikelele unxweme Alaska.
• Endleleni ebuyela, Wazivula Aleutian Islands Shumagin.
• Sabonisa Range Aleutian.
• Izazi aza alicanda Evdokeevskie Islands kunye Chirikov (Misty).
• Vula wethu Island, apho wafela 1741 esasihamba.
• Sabonisa kwintsimi ezisemantla nasempuma Russia, intsimi zasekhaya eSiberia.
• Zakartografirovany Kuril Islands.
• Ndafumanisa ukuba indlela eJapan.

Xa uhlolisisa imbali eendawo olufunyanisiweyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba bangabhaqa ukuba hambo ibiyinxalenye yephulo enkulu. Kuye kwagqitywa kwiminyaka nje embalwa intsimi ukufa wethu, nkqu ngoko kuphela ngenxa italente lombutho yakhe. Ngapha koko, uye wabahlula-nxaxheba babe ngamaqela Northern uhambo, ekhutshwe kwemisebenzi ethile ngamnye. Nangona iindleko yabantu, eli phulo sele sigqityiwe ngempumelelo kakhulu.

Vitus wethu wayenjani?

discoverer imbonakalo ethile biographers bathandabuze. Kubonakala yonke umfanekiso eziqhelekileyo, eyayinomfanekiso Vitus ukukhumbula (umfanekiso ngoko wayengekho), musa ayihambelani yokwenene. Ezi eni of ngumalume wakhe. Iingxabano zisonjululwe ngokuhlolisisa yaba lukakayi, kwakhona ukusekwa ngaphandle esebenzisa Ukulinganisa. Ngenxa yoko, ubuso yokwenene umhambi safunyanwa. Eneneni, Vitus ukukhumbula (iifoto lucaciswa kule nqaku) nenkangeleko eyahlukileyo kakhulu. Kodwa oku imke ukubaluleka yophando lwakhe.

Umlinganiswa Umatiloshe enkulu

Ngokutsho inkcazelo ekhoyo, Umlawuli waba indalo ezimbalwa nokuthantamisa, nto leyo ezingafanelanga entlokweni hambo. Kanti ukukhumbula kabini waqeshwa kwesi sithuba. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe edi-. ESiberia umphandi akazange ongathanda ukuba akhe ityala ekupheleni japan - akwazi ukuhlala mzuzu xa injongo kusondele. Lo wethu phawu ibhiyozelwa kunye nabahlobo, kunye namalungu maphepha. Sekunjalo, kucetyiswa ukuba inkokeli ngumququzeleli, kunye uPeter Omkhulu, kunye Anne Ioannovne. Oku kuchazwe njani? Kufuneka kube into yokuba, nakuba zonke iziphene zayo, Vitus wethu yaba Nomqhubi onamava. Wayesazi ukuba ukulandela indlela imiyalelo, waba uxanduva kwaye yesigqeba, kwaye, okokugqibela kodwa okungakuncinananga, ungumgcini likarhulumente, kwinkonzo ogama. Ewe, ngenxa yezi mpawu wonyulwa ukuphumeza ezi zophando ezibalulekileyo geographical.

Engcwabeni ena ngumphandi

Emva Vitus wethu wadibana kokufa kwakhe phezu siqithi, naye wafumanisa ukuba wangcwatywa nefakiweyo, ngokwesiko ngelo xesha, umnqamlezo ngamaplanga. Kucacile ukuba eyona nto wabola kwaye crumbled kunye nexesha. Noko ke, ngo-1864 kwi-ndawo apho, ngokutsho iirekhodi nabo wethu kaThixo, ingcwaba lakhe, umnqamlezo omtsha somthi wamiswa. Yaba ngokwemfanelo iNkampani Russian-American, yasungulwa phakathi lolawulo uPawulos.

search hambo ukuya neendawo eSiberia ngumphandi yokungcwaba yaququzelelwa ngo-1991. Kwisiqithi kwafunyaniswa kwingcwaba wethu nje kuphela, kodwa oomatiloshe ezintlanu ngaphezulu. Iintsalela aqokelelwa wathumela eMoscow ukufunda. Amathambo kunye ukakayi saphiliswa imbonakalo mhambi. ke oosonzululwazi baye bakwazi ukufumana ukuba akafa ukusuka nangokhwekhwe njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, kodwa ngenxa yesi sifo (oko kukuthi, kanye, akwaziwa). Emva kokugqiba izifundo mathambo babuyela esiqithini kungcwatywa.

Izinto zithiywe Umlawuli omkhulu

In memory of the umhambi kunye negalelo lakhe kwizifundo geographical, igama lakhe inikwa izinto ezinjalo;

• Streets e Moscow, eSt Petersburg, Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, Murmansk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Tomsk kunye Yakutsk.
• Island kwiStraits, Cape, Glacier, Sea.
• Icebreaker nedizili-zombane.
• University State e eKamchatka.
• Izityalo ezikhula eMpuma Ekude.

Ukongeza, umhambi wazisusa film "I ballad of wethu kunye nabahlobo bakhe."

Meaning kwesayensi esasihamba

Akunakwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukubaluleka kwezinto ngemigama kolwandle Vitus wethu. Kuyinto ngenxa kuye kwakukho iimephu yokuqala kakuhle ezirhuqwa eSiberia. Kamva, ibinceda uphuhliso inxalenye Asia yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Esebenzisa uhambo lwakhe waqalisa uphuhliso elikhutheleyo mmandla. Waqala ukukhipha izimbiwa, kwaye kwaqalisa ukuba ishishini lemigodi Foundry le.

UMbuso Russian waba imali angena zengcebo kunye intsimi entsha, ukwanda intsingiselo yalo jikelele kunye nempembelelo. Kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - eli lizwe ithuba urhwebe mazwe ukuba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ukufumana iindlela yifumanisisi kakuhle. Ngapha koko, le imimandla zaba phantsi kolawulo kwamanye amazwe abafuna ukuba ukuwela babo umonakalo omkhulu. Noko ke, nakuba bonke ubuhle bayo, yokuvunywa Vitus wethu waba kokufa kwakhe kuphela emva koqinisekiso obafunyanwa babo nabanye abahambi. Umzekelo, indawo eyaziwa kakuhle ngoku ke ukukhumbula Strait wafumana igama layo ngesandla lula kaYakobi Cook.