Biography of Ernesto Che Guevara, ubomi lobuqu, olunomdla. Comandante Che Guevara

U-Ernesto Guevara wazalwa ngoJuni 14, 1927 kwenye yezona zixeko ezinkulu kwiArgentina, Rosario. Isiqalo esidumileyo esithi "Che" sasetyenziswa kakhulu kamva. Ngoncedo lwakhe, ngelixa ehlala eCuba, uguquko lwalugxininisa imvelaphi yakhe yase-Argentina. "Hayi" ibhekiselele ekungqineleni. Kwilizwe lakwaErnnesto, isithandwa esikhulu.

Ubuntwana kunye neminqweno

UBawo Guevara wayengumqambi, unina-intombazana evela kwintsapho yabalimi. Intsapho yafuduka amaninzi. Umqeqeshi weKholeji ozayo uKe Guevara waphumelela eCordoba, waza wafumana imfundo yakhe ephakamileyo eBuenos Aires. Le nsizwa yagqiba ekubeni ngugqirha. Wayenguvulindlela ogqirha.

I-biography yokuqala ye-Ernesto Che Guevara ibonisa ukuba ubuntu bakhe bunjani. Le nsizwa yayingenomdla kuphela kwiyeza, kodwa nakubantu abaninzi. Ingqungquthela yokufunda yakhe yayiquka imisebenzi yabalobi abadumileyo: I-Verne, uHugo, uDumas, uCervantes, Dostoevsky, uTolstoy. Iimbono zeSocialist ze-revolutionary zakha imisebenzi kaMarx, Engels, Bakunin, uLenin kunye nezinye i-theorists ezisekhohlo.

Inyaniso engaziwayo, eyahluke ngo-Ernesto Che Guevara-wayesazi isiFrentshi. Ukongezelela, wayethanda imbongo, wayesazi ngentliziyo imisebenzi kaVerlaine, uBaudelaire, Lorca. EBolivia, apho iinguqulelo zabulawa khona, wahamba naye ekhwaleni yakhe incwadi eneenkondlo ezizithandayo.

Kwiindlela zaseMelika

Uhambo lokuqala oluzimeleyo lwaseGuevara oluvela eArgentina luye lwaqala ngo-1950, xa wayesebenza ixesha elithile kwinqanawa yeempahla waza watyelela iBritish Guiana kunye neTrinidad. Ama-Argentinian ayethanda iibhasiki kunye nama-mopeds. Uhambo olulandelayo lwaba neChile, iPeru, eColombia naseVenezuela. Kamva i-guerrilla biography ye-Ernesto Che Guevara iya kuzaliswa ezininzi. Ngethuba lobuncinci bakhe, wahamba waya kumazwe angummelwane ukuze azi kakuhle ihlabathi kwaye athole ukubonakala okutsha.

Umlingane waseGuevara kwelinye leendlela ayehamba ngayo nguDokotela weBiochemistry u-Alberto Granado. Nye, udokotela wase-Argentina watyelela i-leprosarium yamazwe aseLatin America. Kwakhona, esi sibini savakashela iindawo ezinxuwa zemizi yamandulo yaseNdiya (iinguqulelo zazihlala zixhalabele imbali yoluntu lwaseNew World). Xa u-Ernesto eya eKolombia, kwaqala imfazwe yoluntu. Ngokukhawuleza, wahamba waya eFlorida. Emva kweminyaka embalwa kamva, njengomqondiso "wokuthunyelwa kwee-revolutions", u-Che uya kuba ngumnye wabaphikisi abakhulu bokulawulwa kweNdlu eNtshonalanga.

EGuatemala

Ngomnyaka we-1953, inkokheli yexesha elizayo leRubolution Revolution yaseCuban, u- Ernesto Che Guevara, ngexesha lokuphuka phakathi kweendlela ezimbini ezihamba phambili eLatin America, yavikela isicatshulwa sakhe esinikelwe ekufundeni ukunyuka kwesifo. Ukuba ngugqirha, lo mfana wenza isigqibo sokufudukela eVenezuela aze asebenze apho kwiqhenqa leqhenqa. Nangona kunjalo, endleleni eya eCaracas, omnye wabanye abahamba naye wagxotha iGuevara ukuya eGuatemala.

Umhambi wayeseRiphablikhi yaseMntamerika ebudeni bokuhlasela kwebutho laseNicaragua, elihlelwe yiCIA. Izixeko zaseGuatemala zahlaselwa ibhomu, nomongameli wezenhlalo uJacob Arbens wenqaba amandla. Intsha entsha yombuso waseCastillo Armas yayiyi-American yangaphambili kwaye yaqala ukuchasana nabaxhasayo beengcamango zangasese ezihlala kweli lizwe.

EGuatemala, i-biography ye-Ernesto Che Guevara yayixhunyaniswe ngqo kwimfazwe okokuqala. I-Argentinian incede abancedisi bolawulo lokudiliza izixhobo, bathatha inxaxheba kwimimlilo yokucima ngexesha lokuxabana komoya. Xa iiNzululwazi zatshatyalaliswa ngokugqibeleleyo, igama likaGuevara lawela kwintlu yabantu ababekulindeleke ukuba baphathwe. U-Ernesto wakwazi ukuphephela kwi-ambassy yelizwe lakhe laseArgentina, apho wayephantsi kokhuselo lwamazwe. Ukususela apho, ngoSeptemba 1954, wathuthela eMexico City.

Ukuqhelana nabaguquleli baseCuban

Kwinqununu yaseMexico, uGuevara wazama ukufumana umsebenzi njengomlobi weendaba. Wabhala inqaku elilingayo malunga neziganeko zeGuatemalan, kodwa loo nto ayizange ihambe. Kwiinyanga eziliqela, i-Argentina yayisebenza njengomfoto wezithombe. Emva koko waba ngumlindi ekwakhiweni kwincwadi yokunyathelisa incwadi. Ehlotyeni ka-1955, u-Ernesto Che Guevara, owayenobomi obuzimeleyo, wabetha umtshato. EMexico, umtshakazi ka-Ilda Gadea weza kuye evela ezweni lakubo. Ukufumana amaxesha athile akuzange kumncede umfuduki ukuba aphumelele. Ekugqibeleni, u-Ernesto, ngokukhuphisana, wahlala kwisibhedlele sasezidolophini, apho waqala ukusebenza kwindawo yesebe.

NgoJuni 1955 amabini amancinci eza ukuza kugqirha uGuevara. Babengabaguqukeli baseCuban abazama ukuphanga i-tyistist Batista kwisiqithi sakhe. Kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambili, abachasene nolawulo lwakudala bahlasele iinqonkqo zeMoncada, emva koko bavavanywa baza bavalelwa ngasemva. Ngaphambi komhla kwangaphambili, kwakushunyayelwa ukuxolelwa, kwaye abaguqukeli baqalisa ukuqhubela eMexico City. Ngexesha leengxaki zakhe eLatin America, u-Ernesto wadibana nabantu abaninzi baseCuban socialists. Omnye wabahlobo bakhe bakudala waza weza kumbona, ecela ukuba athathe inxaxheba ekuhambeni kwezempi ezayo eCaribbean.

Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko, u-Argentine waqala ukudibana noRaul Castro. Nangona koko ugqirha wagqiba kwelokuba anike imvume yakhe ukuba athathe inxaxheba ekuhlaselweni. NgoJulayi 1955, umzalwana omkhulu kaRaul wafika eMexico evela eMelika. UFidel Castro no-Ernesto Che Guevara baba ngabalinganiswa abakhulu kwiinguqulelo ezizayo. Intlanganiso yabo yokuqala yenzeke kwelinye lala macala ahlala eCubans. Ngomso olandelayo, uGuevara waba ilungu lehambo njengoko ugqirha. Ekhumbula le nkathi, uFidel Castro kamva wavuma ukuba u-Che ubhetele kakhulu kunamaqabane aseCuban ekuqondeni imibuzo yeengcamango kunye neengcamango ze-revolution.

Imfazwe yaseGuerrilla

Ukulungele ukuhamba ngomkhumbi eCuba, amalungu oMbutho we-Julayi 26 (obizwa ngokuba ngumbutho oqhutywa nguFidel Castro) wabhekana nobunzima obuninzi. Umgqugquzeli wangena kwiinqanaba zabaguquleli, abaxelele iziphathimandla malunga nomsebenzi osolisayo wabangaphandle. Ehlotyeni ka-1956, amapolisa aseMexico ajikeleza, emva koko abakhohlisi, kuquka uFidel Castro no-Ernesto Che Guevara, babanjwe. Amanani asekuhlaleni asekuhlaleni nasekcubeko aqala ukunyanzela abachasene nolawulo lweBatista. Ngenxa yoko, iinguqulelo zazikhutshwa. UGuevara wasebenzisa okungaphezu kwama-comrade akhe (iintsuku ezingama-57) phantsi kokubanjwa, ekubeni wayehlawuliswe ngokungena emthethweni.

Ekugqibeleni, iqela lohambo laphuma eMexico laya eCuba kwinqanawa. Le nqanawa yenzeka ngoNovemba 25, 1956. Ngaphambili kwakuyimfazwe yexesha elide. Ukufika kwabaxhasi beCastro kwisiqithi kwakunqanywe ngumkhumbi. Iqela, elinamaqela angama-82, lalisemagodini. Wahlaselwa yi-aircraft. Isiqingatha senkqubela sasibulawa ngokugutywa, kunye nabanye abantu ababini babanjwa. Ekugqibeleni, abaguqukeli basabela kwiintaba zaseSierra-Maestra. Abahlali bePhondo babexhasa ama-guerrilla, banikezela indawo yokuhlala kunye nokutya. Enye indawo yokuzimela ekhuselekileyo yayiyimingxuma kunye nokupasa okunzima.

Ekuqaleni kwe-1957 entsha, abaphikisi beBatista bawunqobile, bawabulala amajoni amahlanu karhulumente. Ngokukhawuleza amanye amalungu enqwelwana ayegula nge-malaria. U-Ernesto Che Guevara wayephakathi kwabo. Imfazwe yaseGuerrilla yasisenza sisebenzise ingozi ebulalayo. Nsuku zonke, abaphangi babejongene nesongelo elibulalayo. U-Che wayenobulwelwe nezifo ezikhohlakeleyo, elele kwiindawo zokuhlalisa abantu. Ama-comrades ayehlala ebona indlela ahlala ngayo nencwadana okanye enye incwadi. Idayari yaseGuevara kamva yakha isiseko sezinkumbulo zakhe zemfazwe yenkwenkwezi, eshicilelwe emva kokusinqoba kwe-revolution.

Ekupheleni konyaka we-1957, abavukeli base-Sierra Maestra bebelawula iintaba. Iqela lidibene namavolontiya amasha avela kubahlali bendawo, enganelisekanga ngombuso weBatista. Ngelo xesha, uFidel wenza u-Ernesto oyintloko (umlawuli). U-Che Guevara waqala ukuyalela ikholam ehlukeneyo, equkethe abantu abangama-75. Ihlabathi lalincedwa ngaphandle. Kwaye ezintabeni zazingena kwiincwadana zeendaba zaseMelika, ezazikhupha e-US zibika nge-"Movement ngoJulayi 26".

Umlawuli akangabangeli kuphela ukulwa, kodwa wenza nokuqhuba ipropaganda. U-Ernesto Che Guevara waba ngumhleli wephephandaba le "Free Cuba". Amanani okuqala abhaliwe ngesandla, abavukeli bafumana i-hectograph.

Uloyiso phezu kweBatista

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1958, kwaqaliswa iqela elitsha lokulwa nemfazwe. Abalandeli baseCastro baqala ukushiya iintaba baze baqhube ezigodini. Ehlotyeni, uxhulumano oluzinzile lwalusungulwa kunye nabakhomanisi baseCuban kwiidolophu, apho kwaqala khona ukuxabana. Iqumrhu likaKe Guevara lisoloko lijongene nokuhlaselwa kwiphondo laseLas Villas. Emva kokwenza umzila wama-600-km, ngo-Oktobha lo mkhosi wafika kwi-Mount Escambray kwaye yavula i-front entsha. KwaBatista, imeko yaqhubeka kakhulu: abaphathi base-United States benqaba ukumnika izixhobo.

E-Las Villas, apho igunya lamagandagxala lagqitywa khona, umthetho wawushunyayelwa ekuphunyezweni kwe-agriform reform - ukuhlanjululwa kweemimandla zabanini bezindlu. Ikhosi yokukhangela amasiko asekudala asebukhosini kwelizwe litsala bonke abahlali abatsha kwiinqanaba zabaguqukeli. Umqalisi wokuguqulwa okuthandwayo ngu-Ernesto Che Guevara. Iminyaka yobomi bakhe wayichitha kwimisebenzi yezenzo zentlalo, kwaye ngoku uhlonipha izakhono zakhe zobungcali, abahlali abaqhelekileyo baseCuba ngokuchanekileyo kwendlela eya kuqhutywa ngayo ngamalungu "Ohamba ngoJulayi 26".

Imfazwe yokugqibela neyokuqhayisa imfazwe yeSanta Clara. Yaqala ngoDisemba 28 kwaye yaphela ngo-1 kuJanuwari 1, 1959. Kwiiyure ezimbalwa emva kokugqitywa kwegumbi, iBassiista esuka eCuba waza wachitha ixesha lobomi bakhe ekufudukeni. Ukulwa kweSanta Clara kwajoliswa ngqo nguChe Guevara. NgoJanuwari 2, imikhosi yakhe yangena eHarana, apho uluntu lwayo lwalindela abaguquleli.

Ubomi obutsha

Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kweBatista, amaphephandaba ehlabathini lonke abuza ukuba ngubani uKe Guevara, yintoni eyenza le nkokeli evukelayo idume kwaye yintoni ikamva lakhe lezopolitiko? NgoFebruwari 1959, urhulumente kaFidel Castro wamemezela ukuba ngummi waseCuban. Emva koko uGuevara waqala ukusebenzisa emasayinini akhe adumile igama elithi "Che", apho ayehla khona kwimbali.

Ngaphantsi koorhulumente omtsha, lowo owayesakuba ngumphambukeli waba ngumongameli weBhanki kaZwelonke (1959 - 1961) kunye nomphathiswa wezoshishino (1961 - 1965). Ngehlobo lokuqala emva kokunqoba kwe-revolution, wachitha lonke uluntu kwi-tour njengomntu oseburhulumenteni, ngexesha apho waya eYiputa, eSudan, eIndiya, ePakistan, eCeylon, e-Indonesia, eBurma, eJapan, eMorocco, eSpain naseYugoslavia. NgoJuni ka-1959, umphathi weso sibini watshata. Umfazi wakhe wayelungu le-"Movement ngomhla wama-26 uJulayi" uAleyda ngoMatshi. Abantwana u-Ernesto Che Guevara (uAleyda, uCamilo, uCelia, uErnesto) bazalwa emtshatweni kunye nalo mfazi (ngaphandle kwentombi endala ye-Ilda).

Imisebenzi kaRhulumente

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1961, ubuholi base-United States ekugqibeleni baxabana noCastro baqalisa ukusebenza kwi- Bay of Pigs. KwiSiqithi Senkululeko, ukuhlaselwa kotshaba kufikelele. Ngaphambi kokuphela komsebenzi, uKe Guevara wahokela impi kwelinye lamaphondo aseCuba. Isicwangciso saseMerika siphumelelanga, kwaye urhulumente wengxowa-mthetho eHaana wasinda.

Ekwindla iKe Guevara ya tyelela i-GDR, iCzechoslovakia kunye ne-USSR. KwiSoviet Union, iigunya zakhe zazityikitya izivumelwano ekunikezeni ushukela eCuban. UMoscow wathembisa uncedo lwezezimali kunye nezobugcisa kwiSiqithi soKhuseleko. U-Ernesto Che Guevara, inyaniso enomdla malunga nokuba yiyiphi incwadi eyahlukileyo, ithathe inxaxheba kwisiganeko sokugcoba esinikwe kwi-Revolution ye-Oktobha. Indwendwe yaseCuban yema ekhoneni le-mausoleum ecaleni kweNikita Khrushchev kunye namanye amalungu e-Politburo. Kamva uGuevara watyelela i-Soviet Union ngamaxesha amaninzi.

Njengomlungiseleli, u-Che uhlaziye ngokutsha isimo sakhe sengqondo kuburhulumente bamazwe asezentlalo. Wayengenelisekanga ngento yokuba ii-Communist ezinkulu (ikakhulukazi i-USSR kunye ne-China) zakha izimo zabo ezinzima zokutshintshisiswa kwempahla kunye namaqabane amancinane ancedisiweyo, njengeCuba.

Ngo-1965, ngexesha lokutyelela e-Algeria, uGuevara wanikela intetho eyaziwayo apho wayegxeka eMoscow naseBeijing ngenxa yobukhoboka babo kumazwe angamazwe. Le ngqungquthela iphinde ibonise ukuba nguKe Guevara, yintoni eyaziwayo kwaye yintoni igama eliguqukayo. Akazange amthobele imigaqo yakhe, nangona wayefanele ahlangabezane neengxabano zakhe. Esinye isizathu sokunganeliseki komlawuli kwakukho ukukhathala kwenkampu yentlalo yoluntu ukuba ingenele ngokuthe ngqo kwiinguqulelo ezintsha zengingqi.

Expedition to Africa

Ngentwasahlobo ka-1965, uChe Guevara wazifumana eDemokhrasi yeRemocratic Republic of Congo. Leli lizwe laseMntla Afrika lalijongene neengxaki zezopolitiko, kwaye kwintlango yayo, abadlali ababemelana nokusekwa kwezenhlalakahle kwilizwe labo basebenza. I-Comandante yafika eCongo kunye namanye amaCuba. Uncedise ukuququzelela phantsi komhlaba, wabelana nabo ngamava abo athola ngexesha lokulwa neBatista.

Nangona u-Che Guevara ebeka yonke imikhosi yakhe kwi-adventure entsha, ukungaphumeleli okwakumlindele kuzo zonke iinqanaba. Abavukeli baxhatshazwa, kwaye ubudlelwane bamaCubans kunye nenkokeli yamaqabane aseAfrika aseKabila kwasekuqaleni awazange asebenze. Emva kweenyanga eziliqela zokuchitha igazi, amagunya aseCongo, abanoo-Socialists abaye benza ngayo, benza amanyathelo kunye nokulungisa ingxabano. Olunye uhlaselo lwabavukeli bekungavumi kweTanzania ukubonelela ngeziseko ezingemuva. NgoNovemba ka-1965, u-Che Guevara washiya iCongo, akaze afikelele kwiinjongo ezibekwe phambi kweenguqulelo.

Izicwangciso zekamva

Ukuhlala eAfrika kuxabisa esinye isifo se-malariya. Ukongezelela, ukuhlaselwa kwesifo se-asthma, okwakubangela ukuba wayehlupheke ebuntwaneni bakhe bokuqala. Isiqingatha sokuqala sika-1966, umlawuli ophethe isigqibo ngokusesikweni eCzechoslovakia, apho waphathwa khona kwi-sanatorium yaseCzechoslovakia. Ukuphumla kwimfazwe, iLatini yaseMelika yaqhubeka isebenza ngokucwangcisa iinguqulelo ezintsha kwihlabathi. Ingxelo yakhe malunga nesidingo sokwakha "ezininzi zaseVietnam", apho ngelo xesha kwakukho ukungqubana phakathi kweenkqubo ezimbini zehlabathi lezopolitiko, zaziwa ngokubanzi.

Ehlotyeni ka-1966 umlawuli wabuyela eCuba waza wahlela amalungiselelo ephulo lokugandela eBolivia. Njengoko kwavela, le yimfazwe yayikugqibela. Ngo-Matshi 1967, uMongameli waseBolivia, uBarentent, wayenomdla wokufunda malunga nokusebenza ezweni lakhe labathathi-nxaxheba abashiywe emahlathini aseCuba yobuhlanga.

Ukukrazula "ingozi ebomvu", upolitiko uphendukela eWashington uncedo. KwiNdlu eNtsundu, kwagqitywa ukuba kusetyenziswe iiyunithi ezizodwa zeCIA malunga ne-Che. Kungekudala, ngaphezu kweepilaphini zephondo ezikufutshane apho abaphathi beqela babesebenza khona, amaqabunga atshabalalekileyo avela emoyeni aqala ukubonakala, ekwazisa ngomvuzo omkhulu wokubulala iCuban revolutionary.

Ukufa

Kuphela, uKe Guevara wachitha iinyanga ezili-11 eBolivia. Yonke le nto wagcina iirekhodi, ezo, emva kokufa kwakhe, zapapashwa njengeencwadi ezahlukileyo. Kancinci abaphathi baseBolivia baqalisa ukunyanzela abavukeli. Amashishini amabini atshabalaliswa, emva koko umlawuli wayehlala esecaleni. Ngo-Oktobha 8, 1967, yena kunye namanye amanqwenqwa, ajikelezwe. Abavukeli ababini babulawa. Abaninzi balimala, kuquka u-Ernesto Che Guevara. Indlela yokuguqulwa kwenguqu yenziwa ngayo, yaza yaziwa ngenxa yezikhumbuzo zamehlo ambalwa.

UGuevara kunye nabahlobo bakhe bahanjiswa baya kwidolophana yaseLa Higuera, apho amabanjwa apho kwakukho indawo esakhiweni sodongwe esincinci, eso sikolo sendawo. Abavukeli babanjwe yintolishi yaseBolivia, eyayiyimini ngaphambi kokuba iphele uqeqesho, iququzelelwe ngabacebisi bezempi, ithunyelwe yi-CIA. Azange avume ukuphendula imibuzo yamagosa, athetha kuphela namajoni kwaye ngamaxesha athile wabuza ukuba atshise.

Ngentsasa yango-Oktobha 9, xa kwilali eyinkunzi eBolivia beza umyalelo ozakuphunyezwa i-revolution Cuba. Ngosuku olufanayo kwakhe wadutyulwa. Lo mzimba ukuya kwidolophu ezikufutshane, apho isidumbu Guevara ndabekw ukubonisa ngabantu balapho neentatheli. Umzimba unqanyulwe isandla ekusebenziseni yeminwe ukuqinisekisa ngokusesikweni ukufa labavukeli. La mathambo wangcwatyelwa emangcwabeni emfihlekweni.

Yokungcwaba elahliwe 1997 enkosi imigudu zaseMelika. Ngelo xesha amathambo Che kunye abaliqela namaqabane akhe zadluliselwa Cuba. Apho ngembeko sizibophelele emhlabeni. Yamangcwaba apho, akrwiqilizwe Ernesto Che Guevara, ibekwe Santa Clara - isixeko apho Comandante waphumelela uloyiso yakhe enkulu ngowe-1959.