Novgorod - isixeko Russian wamandulo: imbali, izinto, inkcubeko, izakhiwo, ifoto. Ngubani walawula Novgorod yamandulo?

Nkosi Novgorod Omkhulu - bayahlonipha ngokuba isixeko yomntla kuzo zonke nokuxubana empumalanga. Okokuqala Novgorod ukhethe indawo ukuze kulungiswe kakuhle kakhulu - nje kumashumi ambalwa, ukuhlala encinane yaba mgwaqo exakekile iindlela zorhwebo. Ibali ephawulekayo of Novgorod yamandulo, njengokuba umzi lo, yaye kutheni, ekugqibeleni, ilahlekile intsingiselo yalo? Zama ukuqonda.

ubheka

Le mbali ekhokelwa ukufunda yamandulo yemfundo ezifana Novgorod? Esi sixeko samandulo akazange aphume esithubeni - kwaye phambi koko phezu imibhobho emanzi Ladoga wabonakala kusithela ilali ongenagama, iidolophu ezahlukeneyo kunye yelokishi. Ababhali-mbali uthathe ingqalelo yokwemba zokwakha kunye nocazululo lwemveli. Yonke bit iinkcukacha eziqokelelwe yi-bit, iba isiseko ngokuzalwa yeengcinga zembali.

Kanjalo, kunye Novgorod. Isixeko samandulo kukhankanyiwe yeziKronike abasusela kunyaka 859. Ukuvela elalini lu dityanisiwe igama lika Prince Rurik, ababevela kumazwe kumntla ukulawula imimandla empumalanga. Ekuqaleni Rurik Novgorod wada wenza ikomkhulu yayo. Kodwa emva kokuthatha eKiev, wemka Novgorod ngenxa isihloko ndiwela umda - inqaba ukuba abalinde ngaphaya kwemida yomntla lizwe.

Imvelaphi yegama

Novgorod yamandulo ayisoloko ubudala. kanye igama lali bubonisa ukuba wadalwa kwi isixeko ekhoyo. Ngokutsho hypothesis mnye, Novgorod Kwavela kwisiza iidolophu ezintathu ezincinane. Bobabini, baye enqatyisiweyo zokuhlala zazo ezintsha zibe isixeko esitsha - Novgorod.

Enye ingcamango ibonisa ukuba kukho omnye, ilali yamandulo ngakumbi. Loo yokuhlala kwafunyanwa phezu kwentaba engekude ukusuka kwindawo apho kukho Novgorod namhlanje. endulini yamandulo ebizwa nqaba. Izinto ezembiwayo lubonise ukuba ummandla yenduli kukho zokuhlala compact (mhlawumbi zithandwa wengingqi kunye nababingeleli zobuhedeni). Kodwa akukho mntu okanye omnye hypothesis akanako ukunika iimpendulo zemibuzo ezininzi wayiqokelela kumawaka eminyaka kwimbali kulo mzi.

ngekhulu lokuqala

Ekuqaleni, lo Novgorod yamandulo ilali encinane ngamaplanga. Ngenxa imilambo rhoqo abahlali wakha izindlu zabo ukuqhela echibini, kunye elunxwemeni lomlambo. Kamva, i "yokuwa" kwisitalato odibanisa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kulo mzi. Okokuqala Novgorod yesicelo kwakukho isakhiwo ingathi yimimangaliso ngamaplanga. inqaba ezincinane ezifana eRashiya ebizwa enqabeni ubungakanani obuncinane ebonakala namandla.

Detinets ahlala inxalenye yonke kumntla-ntshona lali. Le yamandulo ezinika Novgorod kwaye lunomnyino. Kunxweme olungaphesheya of Prince kuhlala kwizindlu ezinkulu yaye kwizindlwana ilali osisityebi Slovenian.

Uhambo lokuqala

Nokuba zincinane kangakanani na kubonakala kuthi ulwazi elinesihloko yemihla babo ngokuthi isongwe imbali Novgorod. Ngokomzekelo, xa yemihla ngenkulungwane yesi-9 emva kwexesha uthetha phulo ka-Prince Oleg of Kiev. Oku kukhokelele yeemanyano izizwe ezibini Slavic - amasimi kunye nokuxubana ilmenskih. Xa zemihla ngemihla ithi kwinkulungwane yeshumi ukuba abantu Novgorod baba omlambo i-Vikings kwaye sabazisa 300 hryvnia ngonyaka ngamnye. Kamva, Novgorod waba angenise eKiev, kunye Princess Olga ngokwakhe ukucwangcisa ubungakanani inani komhlaba Novgorod. Kronike bathi ngayo imali eninzi uviko awasimisayo iza kuhlanganiswa kuphela elalini etyebileyo nohlumayo.

Ukwandiswa Novgorod

Kunzima ukuxelela malunga Novgorod yamandulo, ngaphandle akhankanye iimpawu ezithile yomgaqo-nkqubo yayo angaphandle kunye zasekhaya. Novgorod Land njalo kukhule imimandla emitsha - ngexesha zebhola yempembelelo yalo ukuzolula sixeko Arctic Ocean ukuya Torzhok. Inxalenye ilizwe yabanjwa ngenxa yemisebenzi zomkhosi. Umzekelo, iphulo lokulwa izizwe Chud abahlala kumantla Estonia namhlanje, bazisa izityebi umnqwazi ebuncwaneni komzi, emazweni kakhokho Chud yabonakala Slavic Yuryev, yasekwa Yaroslav Izazi.

Diploma wadlula le ncwadi. Svyatoslav Olegovich, idwelisa amangcwaba ezincinane ezininzi ibekwe intlomo yasentla, kodwa xa bathe abakhankanywe kubalo, ngoko ngokomlinganiso kwisikhulu kwafika ukusuka apho. Kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela, ummandla yelizwe Novgorod nokukhula ngoxolo - amafama Russian bekhangela umhlaba ochumileyo zibe negalelo eninzi kwamathanga ngoxolo nezizwe non-Slavic.

kwisahlulo Territorial belizwe

Loo indawo enkulu kwakufuneka ukuba alawule, ngoko yahlulwa ibe izithili ezintlanu (fifths), nto leyo eyakhokelela lo Novgorod yamandulo. Kwesithathu wahlala ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Obonezhskaya Pyatina - waphuma waya kunxweme loLwandle White.
• Vodskaya Pyatina - awuthimba inxalenye yeRiphabliki mihla Karelia.
• Shelonskoy Pyatina - ndawo kumzantsi ntshona Novgorod.
• Derevskoy Pyatina - wanatyiselwa mpuma.
• Bezhetskaya Pyatina - kuphela yakhe imida azikho ziqhagamshelane kwesixeko, lo Pyatina ephakathi kwe mimandla kunye fifths Derevskoy Obonezhskaya.

fifths Population ikakhulu benza ekusetyenzweni komhlaba, ukuzingela, ukuloba. fifths eziphethwe wathuma kumagosa Novgorod. Okunye ezweni elikude batyelela kunyaka ngamnye yabaqokeleli inani elo ada aya kufika kwindawo yokuhlala zezizwe Khanty Mansi kunye - kude kuse mpuma. Inani yahlawulwa ikakhulu oboya, ezithi ke ngoko wathengisa ngempumelelo eYurophu. Ngenxa uboya irhafu zorhwebo kunye esebenzayo ngexesha elifutshane le Novgorod yamandulo yaba sesinye sezixeko izityebi Kievan Rus.

ulawulo emzini

Novgorod, sisixeko samandulo kumazwe Russian, yaye wohlukile kolu uhlobo aphakathi karhulumente - republic. Ngexesha IX-XI iinkulungwane kumazwe Novgorod akukho kwahluka kwamanye amazwe ka Kievan Rus. Kodwa ngenkulungwane XII, ifomu esisiseko karhulumente uba Chamber ezidolophini. walawula Ngubani na isixeko samandulo? Njengoko Novgorod waba republic?

Impendulo kukuba ukujonga kwi imiQulu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XII. Izintlu ngo-1130 sifumana umyalelo umgangatho Prince Mstislav unyana wakhe Vsevolod. Injalo loo nto - kumazwe umthetheli yaye kufuneka. Kodwa ukufunda nokubhala ngo-1180 Izyaslav e Novgorod ufuna ukurhoxisa ilizwe weemonki elikufutshane. Njengoko kubonakala, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XII abaphathi bebengekho neenkosi ngokupheleleyo, kwaye kwafuneka ukuba bafune imvume evela kubaphathi-dolophu.

Zaguquka yaba kwimvukelo Novgorod ka-1136. Ngeli xesha, abo bavukeli babamba Prince Mstislav, kunye nentsapho yakhe kunye neeveki ezintandathu, igcinwe ekuthinjweni, uze emva koko kuvunyelwa ukuba aphume Novgorod yamandulo. Ngokufutshane ngale xesha sinokuthetha oku: Slavic Chamber uye waphila waza waba mthetho enamandla. posadniki ababeqhuba inkqubo ezimeleyo - Bekukho kuqala ofisi owonyuliweyo. Olu hlobo urhulumente khona ngempumelelo kule Novgorod izisa ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amathathu. Kuphela emva kokuba eqale onegazi Novgorod ukuya Moscow ubulawuli ka Novgorod enesihlwitha yafikelela esiphelweni.

walawula Posadniki lo mzi?

Ekukholelwa ukuba Novgorod wamandulo ebusa posadniki. Ewe okanye hayi? Kulo mbuzo akukho impendulo ecacileyo. Ngokusemthethweni posadniki olawula ukusebenza lwebhunga, ukubiza ucombulule ibhunga esixekweni. Ezandleni zabo izitshixo ezikhalini kunye novimba umzi. Bona elawula umsebenzi Chamber kwaye kubangwe izigqibo ezithathwe apho.

Ukususela Novgorod yamandulo walawula posadniki? Ewe okanye hayi? Masisondele ingxaki ukusuka kwelinye icala. Ifom ye isigqibo ngaloo mihla yahlukile naleyo yathatyathwa kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Izigqibo ezithathwe kwi-Chamber ayikho sisininzi elula, yaye uya kumela abo ahlabe zingxola. Screamers ezinjalo posadniki wengcibi eqeshiweyo kwiindawo zabo kukhuthazwe kwi Chamber, ukuze aqwalasele izibonelelo zomthetho kuyimfuneko. Sinokuthi ngokusesikweni Novgorod ukhokelwa bonke abahlali. Kodwa enyanisweni amandla waba ezandleni posadniks akhethwe.

Nezikhulu Novgorod

Abathetheli Novgorod kungekho malungelo. Kuphela ngexesha lemfazwe ngokomyalelo seSigqeba usenokuba mema ukuba umthetho ukuziphendulela mzi. izikhulu baqesha ayengavunyelwa ukuzakhela nomhlaba zabo inxaxheba kulawulo mzi. Bona kunye neentsapho kunye namakhaya kuhlala iSiganga - apho kubo lweminwe nezixhotyiswe nandawo okhethekileyo.

Kodwa ke abathetheli aba abo wangqubeka Novgorod yamandulo ngexesha lemfazwe. Special Chamber ingqalelo abaviwa angabamelwane abathetheli nokwenza izigqibo, umntu kubo ukuze ucele uncedo. Wakhethwa kuhlala iSiganga, wabanikela esandleni onke amagunya, bahlanganisana phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe wamajoni ezidolophini. Kwaye emva kokuba ukuphelisa isisongelo semfazwe wagxothwa nje, njengokuba bathi yemihla yamandulo, wachaza indlela yakhe. Kulo mzekelo, zonke iinkosana Novgorod befuna nokugcina ngokungqongqo amagatya lesivumelwano;

• ukuba aphazamise kubomi lwangaphakathi kwe Novgorod;
• abanelisekanga zokuqokelelwa lerhafu;
• ukukhokela imisebenzi emkhosini.

Abo neenkosana musa ukuthobela imiqathango, kukho bagxothwa nje ukusuka izinto Novgorod. Ngaphandle, mhlawumbi, waba ngukumkani Aleksandra Nevskogo. A oluzinzileyo kunye inkqubo engqongqo xa kubanjiswene ne ingozi oluza sixolelanisiwe nje okwethutyana phambi komthetheli-odolo Novgorod. Nguye lowo owayelawula prince Novgorod amandulo kunye nomlawuli. Kodwa emva kokuba Nevsky wathabatha itrone, Novgorod ayikho wacela kuye okanye usapho Prince, okanye akhe.

Novgorod empini

Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ukuzimela Novgorod kunyanzeleka ukuba baphile umgaqo ozimeleyo ngokupheleleyo angaphandle. Ekuqaleni, injongo ephambili lokwanda yasemkhosini ukwandisa imida ye Novgorod Republic, kamva ke umbuzo malunga ukulondoloza ngayo imida ekhoyo kwaye akhusele ulongamo karhulumente. Ukuze kuphunyezwe ezi misebenzi Novgorod kwafuneka ukwamkela abathunywa bamanye ukujoyina imibutho yezopolitiko nokwaphula ukuba baqeshe nabalindi kunye nomkhosi, kwaye ukuhlanganisa kubemi bezo ndawo.

Novgorod waye esiyintsika yale wamajoni yomkhosi. Kwakugcwele abalimi, amagcisa, izidwangube kunye emkhosini. Sasingenalo ilungelo lokuba babe ngabakhonzi yomkhosi kunye namalungu abefundisi. imikhosi elite squad lwalucelwa Prince waza wayalela usebenze kanzima ngokwayo isisombululo ekhethiweyo Prince Chamber.

Isikrweqe engundoqo ibakhusela Novgorod baba nekhaka, mail chain nekrele. Ezininzi iisampulu izixhobo kwafunyanwa kwimingxuma kamva, yaye imizekelo emihle, yaye ngoku zigcinwe kwiimyuziyam kunye iifoto Novgorod yamandulo.

Head wasebenzisa ezahlukahlukeneyo ntloko yesinyithi. Ukuhlasela amakrele ezisetyenzisiweyo nemikhonto isandla ekulweni kusetyenziswa flails kunye amagqudu. Zazisuka belizwe zisetyenziswa ngeentolo crossbows. Crossbows bavumile kwireyithi lomlilo, kodwa iincam enzima iintolo nga zitshone na, nkqu isikrweqe welinye icala elinamandla.

Inkcubeko Novgorod yamandulo, khetha isiko

Ingcamango of Christianity Orthodox yaba isiseko ubomi yokuziphatha, inentsulungeko kwaye ezizinzululwazi eluntwini Novgorod. Iintlafuno Novgorod yamandulo waqokelela abantu abaninzi kwaye ilawulwa yi oobhishophu. Office of ubhishophu, ngokunjalo isithuba wedolophu e Novgorod waba enkomfeni. inkqubo yonyulo inkokeli ngokomoya benza kwi Chamber.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba nkqu ngaloo mihla kwakukho nenkqubo yokukhetha ababusi kunye ngokomoya. On-site iintlanganiso Veche zaye isaziso amagama abafundi abathathu, ukuba isicelo codex uphawu Posadnik. Ke Novgorod waya phantsi iindonga zendlu St. uSophia kaThixo, apho nembeko ukuba ndinenzele amaqashiso ukuze ufumane nayiphi na indoda eyimfama okanye umntwana. Ukhetho oyikethileyo ngoko nangoko luxeliwe, noMveleli onyulwe ezifunyenweyo Siyavuyisana.

Ngenkulungwane XI, inkqubo eyahlukileyo kancinane. Kubhekwe ukuba owinileyo asinguye lowo uhamba ngubani iyahlala kwaye uba umlawuli. Archpriest of St. Sophia Cathedral wathabatha amaqashiso, ukuba afunde amagama, yaye igama uphumeleleyo uya kubhengezwa ekupheleni. Kwiimeko ezininzi, nabaveleli yeenkosi abakhulu eecawa Novgorod baba abbots ze maxe- ezikufuphi kunye nabameli yabefundisi yehlabathi.

Ke kaloku, kwakukho amatyala apho abanyuliweyo nkqu osikiweyo. Ngoko ke, ngo-1139 kwindawo ephakamileyo ahlala lesi Klyuchnik Aleksy ezikhethiweyo ubulungisa nasekuhloneleni. Igunya le abakhulu laliphezulu kakhulu phakathi kwabantu Novgorod. Ngaphezu nangoko ukuthintela ingxabano, Mirili bexabana, bambonga imfazwe. Ngaphandle yintsikelelo kaYehova akazange avume okanye ezoqoqosho, okanye abalawuli wamajoni Novgorod isivumelwano kunye neenkosana ukutyelela kunye nabameli kumazwe angaphandle.

Le sesakhiwo Novgorod yamandulo

Ubugcisa Novgorod yamandulo ithatha indawo ekhethekileyo kwimbali nenkcubeko Russian. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XII Novgorod nabayili ukwakha izindlu ipatheni zabo, lungisa iindonga izakhiwo zonqulo zabo, esekelwe yokuqala. Ekuqaleni nabaveleli abakhulu abo nethamsanqa ngokwaneleyo ukuba kweso sikhundla kwilixa iCawa, konke okusemandleni ukuba icawa kunye amabandla Novgorod yamandulo. Amandla icawa okugunyaziswe ingeniso onesisa ezweni elikhulu, iminikelo ngamnye, nerhafu kunye nenkqubo nezohlwayo.

Ngelishwa, bambalwa obukhulu zakhiwo ngamaplanga esekhona namhlanje. Iicawa okuqala Novgorod ikakhulu ekunabiseleni le Kiev iindawo odumileyo ezingcwele zamaKristu, kodwa ekuqaleni kwewaka omtsha iikhonto ukuba icawa yase Novgorod abonise iimpawu ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, mandulo St. Sophia Cathedral Novgorod olulodwa ikotshelwe ukusuka itempile efanayo kwikomkhulu Kiev.

neendonga zaso isithsaba enzima, uphahla leaden, kwaye kuphela aphezulu kubo, nozilo lweyesihlanu, ezalekwe ngegolide. Ekuqaleni, lo Novgorod Church of St .. Sofia eyayenziwe ngomthi, ngokunjalo zonke izakhiwo bobugcisa elo xesha. Kodwa sokuqala, wema iminyaka malunga amahlanu, itshiswe emhlabeni ngomlilo omkhulu.

Prince Vladimir, unyana Yaroslava Mudrogo, sagqiba ukwakha yecawa entsha ilitye, ezifana netempile of Kiev. Ukuze benze oku, inkosana ababenakho ukubiza nakubakhi beendonga kunye nabayili bezakhiwo ukusuka eKiev - ayifumaneki kwi abakhi Novgorod abakwaziyo ukusebenza njani na ngamatye. Cathedral legunya ithandwa enkulu phakathi kwabemi Novgorod kunye fifths - ngemikhosi enkulu kweendonga zayo azabonakala ngenxa izihlwele ezikhulu. Ibandla abagcina lemali umzi, neendonga wesakhiwo efihla ezininzi imiqulu buncwane. Mhlawumbi abanye babo baye sasingaziwa unanamhla.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini abathengi ngenkulungwane XII iitempile kunye nezakhiwo ayisekho ibandla, enabanumzana abazizityebi kunye nonobhala. Eminye imizekelo eqaphelekayo lwezakhiwo Novgorod - uPetros noPawulos Cathedral abasuki, itempile Kumbi kwi ilin, Church of St. Theodore on Stratelates Creek - nakhelwe phezu neminikelo knights. Izinduna akazange okwenkawu kwi Kumbindi ibandla - zonke iinkonzo wenziwe usebenzisa iimpahla zegolide nezesilivere. Iindonga yeetempile zazihonjiswe kunye imizobo eqaqambileyo abaculi icons ka Novgorod, ebhaliweyo ngelo xesha, andiyekanga mangaza namhlanje.

Iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo Novgorod Modern

Nabakhenkethi baza kuba nako ukufumana ixesha lethu kwimbali yanamhlanje Novgorod, ezikhumbuzo abaninzi kulo mzi. Uluhlu ezinika mandatory - i Detinets odumileyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo elinyukayo uthuthu kwakhona zavuselelwa ngenkulungwane ye-13, eli xesha kuphela ngokohlobo lilitye. Church of St. Paraskeva kunye Volotovo Church umtsalane iindwendwe esekelwe amangalisayo icons, imibala eqaqambileyo engayi lusithobe nanamhlanje. Ukuze abo banqwenela ukuba ndibhaptize bebodwa ilixa Novgorod yamandulo kukho utyelelo yokwemba zakudala Emnye - oku apho ukuhamba ezitratweni X kwekhulu, kwaye ubone intabalala ubungqina kwakudala.

iziphumo

De kwinkulungwane XV Novgorod kwabangela ubukho kakhulu self-ngokwaneleyo lobunganga, ngokuthatha zemifanekiso umgaqo-nkqubo wayo, yaya kumazwe angabamelwane. impembelelo Novgorod wayitwabulula ngaphaya kwemida ezisemthethweni ubulawuli. Ubutyebi abemi bayo kunye nobudlelwane zorhwebo nempumelelo kwatsala ingqalelo onke namazwe angabamelwane. Novgorod babeye ukulwela inkululeko yabo, ebonisa Ukuhlasela lo balwa, Livonians, Knights waseJamani kunye nabamelwane babo esisuka - Moscow kunye nazilawuli Suzdal.

Kunye nobutyebi Grand Duchy of Lithuania Novgorod bakhetha ukurhweba kunokuba ukulwa, ubudlelwane urhwebo phakathi kwala mazwe mabini abe nokwehla elide. Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba ukususela kwelisezantsi ezweni Novgorod beza kwinkqubo yemfundo, evumela ezamahala umyeni wakhe ngamnye ukufunda nokubhala. Abaphandi ukufumana imisongo ezinde-ixolo kunye nendlu okanye uqeqesho itekisi na emazweni Novgorod - mhlawumbi ezinye zizilawuli, wemka emva kokuba kwawa Kievan Rus, ngaba baqhoboshele kubaluleke kakhulu kwinqanaba lokufunda nokubhala abahlali zayo.

Ngelishwa, chaza enamandla kwaye izityebi nako ukuma siqinile kwexesha. Lo mgaqo-ngxwaba nokudliwa ngenkani imimandla Russian wadlala indima. Novgorod akazange akwazi ukumelana ukumelana imikhosi Ivana Groznogo, yaye ngo-1478 yafakwa kwi-Grand Duchy of eMoscow. inkcubeko etyebileyo nesithethe ngokuthe wawa kwamazinyo, embindini inkcubeko kunye wobugcisa bafudukela kwicala lasempuma, kwaye ekugqibeleni Novgorod waba kwidolophu oqhelekileyo wephondo.