Intelligence: IQ kwiimvavanyo IQ

Le mbono "factor ubukrelekrele" waqalisa lo ngengqondo waseJamani Uilyam Shtern. Wasebenzisa IQ njengoko ungayiqondiyo kwikota Intelligenz-QUOTIENT - IQ. IQ yaba wamanqaku afunyenwe ngokusekelwe kwinani iimvavanyo ezikumgangatho ofanayo eziqhutywa phantsi kweliso kwengqondo ukwenzela ukuqinisekisa inqanaba ingqondo.

uphando intelligence Oovulindlela

Ekuqaleni, bengqondo ayithandabuze into yokuba ingqondo lwabantu, i ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi kulinganiswa. Nangona umdla yokulinganisa intelligence ebuyela Kangangamawaka eminyaka, uvavanyo lokuqala IQ wabonakala kutsha nje. Ngo-1904, urhulumente waseFransi wabuza kwengqondo Alfred Binet ukunceda ngawaphi abafundi baya befumana ubunzima esikolweni. Imfuneko ukuseka isikolo ubukrelekrele apho, bonke bakwazi ukufumana imfundo enyanzelekileyo zaseprayimari. Binet wacela omunye Theodore uSimon ukumnceda ukwenza uvavanyo ukuba ugqalisele kwimibandela ezibonakalayo: inkumbulo, ingqalelo kunye ukusombulula iingxaki - izinto abantwana bafunde esikolweni. Abanye basabela ngemiba enzima ngaphezu qela ubudala babo, yaye ke ngoko, ngokususela kwidatha lokuqwalasela, ngoku kukho ingcamango classical yobudala yengqondo. Isiphumo umsebenzi bengqondo - kwisikali Binet - Simon - waba ngowokuqala standardised IQ-test.

Ngowe-1916, isazi eStanford University Lyuis Terman naphaya isikali Binet - Simon ukusetyenziswa eUnited States. Uvavanyo modified ubizwa ngokuba "Intelligence Isikali Stanford - Binet," yaye kangangamashumi eminyaka iye yaba luvavanyo eqhelekileyo lokulingwa nobukrelekrele eUnited States. I eStanford - Binet ukumela ngamnye iziphumo, sebenzisa inani, eyaziwa ngokuba IQ - QUOTIENT ubukrelekrele.

Indlela ukubala ingqondo?

IQ ekuqaleni siqingqwe ngokwahlula-hlula uneminyaka emingaphi na umntu ukuba athathe uvavanyo, kubudala bakhe Umlibo, anandise QUOTIENT ngo100 soze kuthi, iyasebenza (okanye best) kuphela abantwana. Umzekelo, umntwana uneminyaka emingaphi kweminyaka 13.2 kunye yobudala nelandelelanayo 10 ine 132 IQ yaye unelungelo lokuba lilungu Mensa (13.2 ÷ 10 x 100 = 132).

Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, iimvavanyo ezininzi ekukhetheni i-kubuthwa zaphuhliswa kwi-United States Army, ifanele iindidi ezizodwa zomsebenzi. Army test "Alpha" kwathiwa, yaye "Beta" Wawuthatha kubuthwa bangafundanga.

Oku kunye neminye iimvavanyo IQ nazo asetyenziswa ukukhangela osanda ukufika eUnited States Ellis Island. iziphumo zazo zasetyenziselwa ukuzakhela ukugwegweleza ubuxoki i "yobukrelekrele emangazayo" abafuduki yasemzantsi Yurophu kunye namaYuda. Ezi ziphumo ngo-1920 kwakhokelela izindululo "ngokobuhlanga" ngengqondo Goddard kunye nezinye Congress ukuba abeke izithintelo kwabantu ezweni. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iimvavanyo lwenziwa kuphela IsiNgesi, kodwa uninzi kwamanye amazwe singayiqondi ntoni, urhulumente United States uphum amawaka amaninzi abantu abalungileyo abaye kuthiwe "akaphilanga" okanye "ezingafunwa". Kwathi kule minyaka ilishumi phambi ngamaNazi eJamani waqalisa ukuthetha eugenics.

Psychologist Devid Veksler wayengonwabanga, ngokwembono yakhe, iimvavanyo kusekho Stanford - Binet. Esona sizathu siphambili oku ngamanqaku kuphela, ugxininiso yakhe xesha libekiweyo, kunye nento yokuba uvavanyo yakhelwe ngqo abantwana, kwaye ngokunjalo ayifanelekile abadala. Ngenxa yoko, ngexesha 1930, Wexler iphuhlise uvavanyo entsha, leyo eyaziwa ngokuba Wechsler Intelligence Isikali - Bellevue. Kamva, uvavanyo wahlaziywa kwaye yabizwa ngokuba Wechsler Intelligence Isikali abantu abadala, okanye WAIS. Kunokuba elinye Uhlolo, uvavanyo ukudala umfanekiso opheleleyo lwamandla nobuthathaka zovavanyo. Enye inzuzo kule ndlela kukuba ikunika ingcaciso eluncedo. Umzekelo, amanqaku aphezulu kwezinye iindawo ezisezantsi kwezinye lubonisa ubukho abakhubazekileyo zokufunda ezithile.

WAIS yaba uvavanyo lokuqala wengqondo noRoberta Vekslera, kunye WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) kunye Wechsler Intelligence Isikali kokuya esikolweni (WPPSI) zaye zaphuhliswa kamva. version abadala sele zihlaziyiwe izihlandlo ezithathu: WAIS-R (1981), WAIS III (1997) yaye ngo-2008 WAIS-IV.

Ngokungafaniyo iimvavanyo ezisekelwe yobudala ngokulandelelanayo nezikali ngengqondo kunye nemigangatho, njengoko kunjalo nge Stanford - Binet, zonke iintlelo WAIS ubalwa ngokuthelekisa iziphumo abantu zovavanyo kunye data evela kwezinye izifundo ze iqela ubudala efanayo. Avareji IQ (ehlabathini) yi-100 ngokwamanqaku iziphumo 2/3 kuluhlu "obuqhelekileyo" ukusuka 85 ukuya 115. I-WAIS norms zibe umgangatho ukuhlola IQ, ngoko usebenzisa Eysenck uvavanyo kunye eStanford - Binet, ngaphandle ecaleni akunjalo 15, yaye 16. uvavanyo Cattell ukuphambukiswa 23.8 - amaninzi sinika okucengacengayo kakhulu IQ, nto leyo ufake ngabantu abangenalwazi zingalahlekanga.

IQ High - intelligence ophezulu?

IQ onesiphiwo isigqibo ngokuthi kusetyenziswe iimvavanyo ezithile zinika nobuninzi bengqondo ulwazi oluluncedo. Abaninzi kubo babe inqaku avareji abhalwe kwinqanaba 145-150, kunye noluhlu ngokupheleleyo --120 190. Xa iziphumo zovavanyo 120 ngezantsi ayenzelwanga, yaye amanqaku angaphezu kwama-190 kunzima kakhulu ukuba interpolate, nangona kunokwenzeka.

Paul Kooijmans of yaseNetherlands ingqalelo ngunozala IQ-test kumqolo eliphezulu, yaye nguye umdali kakhulu yoqobo kwaye ngoku ezaziwa uvavanyo yale hlobo. Kwakhona nisekelwe ilawulwa yinkampani okuphezulu IQ:. «Glia", "Giga" yaye "Grail Oyingcwele" Phakathi kakhulu eyaziwa kwaye ethandwa uvavanyo Kooijmans - ". Multiple-choice uvavanyo Kooijmans" "Uvavanyo buchopho", "Nemesis Uvavanyo" yaye Ubukho, impembelelo nokuthatha inxaxheba Paula umele, liyinxalenye engundoqo umoya iimvavanyo IQ omsindo kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Okunye guru classic kwiimvavanyo zohlakanipho eliphezulu - Ron Hoeflin Robert Lato, loran Dyubua, Mislav Predavets kunye Dzhonaton Uay.

Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokucinga, leyo azibonakali ngokwahlukileyo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Abantu abanezakhono ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqanaba ingqondo: ngamazwi, umgangatho, spatial, ingqiqo, zezibalo. Kodwa kukho kwakhona iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukubonakaliswa - enengqondo, osecaleni, convergent, yomgama, eziphambukileyo, kwaye nkqu inkuthazo wawo.

Standard and test ephakamileyo IQ utyhila ngumba jikelele ingqondo; kodwa iimvavanyo-kwinqanaba eliphezulu, oko kumiselwa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Ngokufuthi bethetha amanqaku IQ eliphezulu, leyo ibizwa buchopho IQ, kodwa eneneni ukuchaza lamanani kwaye aqhuba njani na? Yiyiphi amanqaku IQ luphawu buchopho?

• IQ High - yiyo nayiphi na amanqaku ngasentla 140.
• IQ Genius - ngaphezulu kwe-160.
• Le ngqondi omkhulu - rating lilingana okanye lingaphezulu iingongoma 200.

IQ High buhlobene ngqo uphumelele esikolweni, kodwa nokuba unefuthe impumelelo ebomini jikelele? Indlela genius luckier abantu IQ ephantsi? Ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba, xa kuthelekiswa neminye imiba, kuquka ubukrelekrele bengqondo, IQ ibaluleke kangako.

Kuhlaziywa amanqaku IQ

Ngoko ke, indlela kanye zitolikwa amanqaku IQ? Umyinge IQ-test score 100. 68% yeziphumo IQ-test iwela ngaphakathi kwe parameter nganye ezinga ukusuka abangenagama. Oku kuthetha ukuba IQ uninzi lwabantu bakaThixo luphakathi 85 115.

• Ukuya ku amanqaku 24: dementia olukhulu.
• amanqaku 25-39: yokukhubazeka kakhulu engqondweni.
• 40-54 amanqaku: dementia ngomlinganiselo.
• amanqaku 55-69: ukukhubazeka engqondweni wobulali.
• 70-84 amanqaku: ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo asemdeni.
• 85-114 amanqaku: avareji ubukrelekrele.
• amanqaku 115-129: ngaphezu komlinganiselo.
• 130-144 amanqaku: italente ngomlinganiselo.
• 145-159 amanqaku: italente phezulu.
• 160-179 amanqaku: kakhulu sinesiphiwo.
• ngaphezulu kwama 179 amanqaku: ngetalente nzulu.

Yintoni IQ?

Xa abantu bethetha kwiimvavanyo zohlakanipho, IQ zibizwa ngokuba "kuzo giftedness." Yintoni abamele kuvavanyo IQ? Ukuze uqonde oku, kubalulekile ukuqonda uvavanyo ngokubanzi kuqala.

iimvavanyo Namhlanje ukuba ukujonga inani sezobuntlola ikakhulu ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo ntlandlolo kwi 1900 bokuqala ngengqondo French Alfred Binet ukuqaphela abafundi abafuna uncedo olukhulu.

Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zophando lwabo Binet yaqulunqa ingqikelelo yobudala yengqondo. Abantwana lwamaqela kweminyaka ethile ukuba aphendule ngokukhawuleza kwimibuzo edla wanika iimpendulo kubantwana abadala - superior yengqondo iminyaka ngokulandelana kwazo. Binet nokulinganisa IQ ngokusekelwe ubuchule avareji lwabantwana kwiqela lobudala elithile.

IQ-mvavanyo yenzelwe ukuba umlinganiselo ubuchule bomntu ukusombulula iingxaki kunye nesizathu. Uvandlakanyo QUOTIENT yezobuntlola ngumlinganiselo ubukrelekrele mobile acacisa. Amanqaku abonisa indlela uvavanyo kuthelekiswa nabanye abantu kweli qela lobudala odluliselwe kakuhle.

nokuqonda IQ

Ukusasazwa kwentelekelelo IQ iphendula Krivoy Bella - intsimbi-curve peak okuhambelana nani likhulu iziphumo zovavanyo. Intsimbi ke ithotywe kwicala ngalinye - kwicala elinye amanqaku ngezantsi avareji, yaye kwelinye icala - ngaphezulu.

Ixabiso avareji oko lilingana amanqaku angumndilili, kubalwa ngokudibanisa zonke iziphumo ze wahlule ngo inani lilonke lamanqaku.

ubhekiselo kude olusezantsi ngumlinganiselo we Ukwahluka abakhoyo. A ecaleni ephantsi ibonisa ukuba uninzi iingongoma data zikufutshane kakhulu ngokwexabiso efanayo. Le ecaleni eliphezulu standard ibonisa ukuba amanqaku data ngokubanzi zisuswe kwemin. Xa ukuhlola ecaleni IQ 15.

kwandisa IQ

Nge kwisizukulwana ngasinye yokwenyuka IQ. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba isiphumo Flynn, ogama emva wamazwe uJim Flynn. Ukususela ngowe-1930, xa iimvavanyo mgangathweni asetyenziswa ngokubanzi, abaphandi bafumanise lo ukwanda ngcembe yaye kakhulu amanqaku zeemvavanyo uvandlakanyo abantu ehlabathini lonke. Flynn wacebisa ukuba oku kwanda kungenxa ekuphuculeni ubuchule bethu ukusombulula iingxaki, ukucinga obusebenza, kwaye sebenzisa ingqiqo.

Ngokutsho Flynn, isizukulwana yokugqibela ukuba ubukhulu becala neengxaki eziphathekayo kunye ngqo kwindawo zabo, njengoko abantu mihla bacinga ngakumbi ngeemeko abstract yaye libhekisela kwinto esenokwenzeka. Akuphelelanga apho, kodwa iindlela zokufundisa ukulungiselela engama-75 idlulileyo itshintshile, kwaye wenza abantu ngakumbi nangakumbi, njengoko umthetho, abasebenzi engqondweni.

Yintoni kuvavanya elithile?

iimvavanyo IQ ukuvavanya logic, ukuyila lwendawo, ukucinga ngamazwi ubhalo kunye nobuchule obubonwayo. Bona ayenzelwanga ukuchaza ulwazi kwiinkalo zezifundo ezithile, njengovavanyo kuba ingqondo ayikho into okunokufundwa ukuze kuphuculwe isikolo sakho. Kunoko, ezi mvavanyo zivavanya ukukwazi ukusebenzisa ingqiqo ukuze bacombulule iingxaki, qaphela iipatheni ngokukhawuleza wenze unxibelelwano phakathi ulwazi ezahlukeneyo.

Nangona amaninzi ukuva ukuba abantu obalaseleyo Albert Einstein kunye Stiven Hoking, babe IQ, ka-160 okanye ngaphezulu, okanye abanye abaviwa kamongameli eqondene le IQ, amanani yingqikelelo nje. Kwiimeko ezininzi akukho bungqina bokuba aba bantu abaziwayo wakha wadlula standardised IQ-test kwaye ngakumbi ngabo iziphumo zaso zikarhulumente.

Kutheni amanqaku aqhelekileyo ingu-100?

Psychometrician usebenzise inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba komgangatho, ukuthelekisa nokutolika amaxabiso zamanqaku IQ. Le nkqubo lwenziwa yi uvavanyo kwi lwesampulu usebenzisa iziphumo ukudala umgangatho okanye imigangatho ngazo ukuthelekisa uvavanyo ngamnye. Ekubeni amanqaku aqhelekileyo ingu-100, iingcali ungenza ngokukhawuleza bathelekise iimvavanyo ngamnye ezinomyinge ukujonga ukuba baya kuwa phakathi lonikezelo oluqhelekileyo.

Iinkqubo Classification ingahluka umvakalisi omnye komnye, nangona abaninzi badla ukulandela uvandlakanyo inkqubo efanayo. Umzekelo, kwi kwisikali Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test kunye Stanford - amanqaku Binet kuluhlu ka 85-115 zithathwa ukuba babe "avareji".

Yintoni kanye kanye nokuhlola iimvavanyo?

Iimvavanyo ukujonga IQ eyenzelwe ukuba umlinganiselo intelligence acacisa neselula. Acacisa kubandakanya ulwazi nezakhono abazifumene kubo bonke ubomi babo, kunye mobile - ukukwazi aqiqe, ukusombulula iingxaki uze wenze ingqondo ulwazi abstract.

intelligence ezinokususwa kugqalwa ezizimeleyo yokufunda lidla ukunciphisa sele umdala. Acacisa ezinxulumene njengokuba ngqo kuqeqesho kunye namava kwaye rhoqo ziyanda ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Uvavanyo nobuhlakani lwenziwa iisayikholojisti mvume. Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo neemvavanyo, ezininzi kuzo zibandakanya inani subtests silungiselelwe ukuvandlakanya izakhono zemathematika, izakhono zolwimi, inkumbulo, izakhono, ingqiqo kunye nesantya processing ulwazi. iziphumo zawo ke zakha amanqaku ewonke IQ.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba, nangona kaninzi ukuthetha malunga avareji ephantsi IQ buchopho, akakho uvavanyo olulodwa kwinqanaba ingqondo. Namhlanje basebenzisa iindidi zovavanyo, libandakanya i eStanford - .. Binet Intelligence Isikali abadala Wexler uvavanyo Eysenck kunye neemvavanyo amakhono engqondweni Woodcock - Johnson. Ngamnye kubo ezahlukeneyo kulo ukuba babone indlela kuvavanywa, nendlela watolika iziphumo.

Yintoni uthathwa IQ eliphantsi?

Le IQ, ilingana okanye ngaphantsi kwe amanqaku 70, uthathwa ephantsi. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, inomlingani enjalo ingqondo kugqalwa benchmark for ukukhubazeka engqondweni, lobulwelwe ngenqondo ebonakala ngesithintelo cognitive ezibalulekileyo.

Namhlanje, nangona kunjalo, esi IQ ngokwayo ayisetyenziselwa uxilongo yokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Endaweni yoko, ukuba kwingongoma nganye yaloo uphethwe IQ eliphantsi ubungqina ukuba ezi ukulinganiselwa ngokwasengqondweni olwalukho kweminyaka eli-18 yaye kubandakanyeke iindawo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu okulungisekayo, ezifana nonxibelelwano kunye nokuzeyisa uncedo.

Malunga ne-2.2% yabantu bonke amanqaku IQ ngezantsi 70.

Ngoko kuthetha ntoni - ukuba i avareji IQ?

inqanaba IQ inokuba inkomba jikelele ubuchule aqiqe nokusombulula iingxaki, kodwa iisayikholojisti ezininzi ziye zacebisa ukuba iimvavanyo musa ayityhile yonke inyaniso.

Phakathi kwezinto ezimbalwa ukuba ayinakulinganiswa - izakhono ezisebenzisekayo kunye neziphiwo. Umntu umndilili IQ inokuba imvumi enkulu, wayengumzobi, imvumi okanye oomatshini. Psychologist Howard Gardner yaqulunqa thiyori ngobukrelekrele, eyenzelwe ukuba kulungiswe le yeempazamo.

Ngaphezu koko, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba IQ ungatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Uhlolisiso abafikisayo kunye gap ngokwasengqondweni emi-4 sele neziphumo, amaxabiso apho zinokohluka ngamanqaku 20.

iimvavanyo IQ kwakhona musa zinxulumene ukuvavanywa ukwazi, kwaye uyayiqonda loo mntu iimvakalelo yaye une indlela kakuhle. Ezinye iingcali, kuquka umbhali Daniel Goleman icebisa ukuba ubukrelekrele ngokweemvakalelo (EQ) ingaba kubaluleke ngaphezu IQ. Uphando lufumanise ukuba IQ ophezulu sinokubanceda abantu kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi, kodwa uza kuphumelela ebomini ayihambi.

Ngoko ukhathazeka kancinci lo ngqondi ayikho kuyimfuneko, ekubeni uninzi lwabantu abangekho buchopho. Kanye njengokuba kwinqanaba eliphezulu IQ akuqinisekisi impumelelo, eliphakathi okanye IQ aphantsi akusosiqinisekiso ukusilela okanye diki-diki. Ezinye izinto, ezifana umsebenzi onzima, unyamezelo, ukuzingisa, kunye nesimo jikelele zizigaba ezibalulekileyo kwiphazili.