Ziziphi izityalo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-spore? Izityalo zeSpore kunye nokuhlelwa kwazo

Wonke umntu ochaphazela imibuzo ye-botanical ubuncinci bekufuneka ave ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zezityalo, njengezityalo eziqhakazelisayo kunye nezingezizo izimbali. Kule meko, eli lizayo linamanye amagama, ebonisa intsingiselo yendlela yabo yokuvelisa - i-spore. Ziziphi izityalo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-spore? Labo abaza kuzaliswa kunye nokusabalaliswa kwembewu yabo bakhethe indala kakhulu kwisicwangciso sokuziphendukela kwemvelo - ukubunjwa kwezinto ezincinci, ezahlukileyo kwiifom zefom - ingxabano.

Ziziphi izityalo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-spore?

Ukuphendula lo mbuzo ngokugqithiseleyo, siqala ngencazelo yesipro ngokwawo (ekuguquleleni kwi-spora yesiGrike- "imbewu", "imbewu", "ukuhlwayela"). Isakhiwo esingacacanga esingaphezu kwe-1 micron (10 ^-3 millimeters), ezahlukileyo kwifom nombala, odlala indima yembewu kuzo zonke izityalo zentsimi, okuvelisa ukuphuhliswa kwesibindi semveliso yesityalo esizayo.

Iingxabano zokwenza akusiyo inqobo yazo zonke iintlobo zezityalo ezikhoyo ngoku. Kukholelwa ukuba oku kukwazi ukuza kubameli beeflethi ukususela ekudlulileyo, xa izityalo zokuqala zomhlaba zaqala ukubonakala, kwaye ubomi ngaphezu kwamanzi zazalwa emhlabeni.

Kuyaziwa ukuba izityalo zamandulo zi-algae, ama-horsetails, ama-mosses kunye nama-fern. Ziyimpembelelo yabo yeembali eziya kumaxesha afana ne-Cretaceous, i-Carboniferous ne-Silurian. Kwaye nanamhla abemi behlathi, amathafa, amanxweme, ama-steppes kunye nommandla we-polar kwiizwekazi ezahlukeneyo.

Ubude obunjalo obunokuba lula kubo, inxenye, kuba bafana ne-spore. Ngoko ke, sinokunika impendulo ecacileyo kumbuzo othi izityalo zibizwa ngokuba yizityalo zesipore. Ezi zi-ferns, mosses, mosses, ama-horsetails (ukusuka kwinqanaba lezityalo eziphezulu), kunye ne-algae kunye ne-lichen ezivela kwicandelo eliphantsi.

Iinkalo ezahlukeneyo

Iinkalo eziphambili ezahlula zonke izityalo zentlobo ziquka ezi zilandelayo:

1. Siyabulela ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ezifana ne-spores, ezi zityalo azize zenze iintyatyambo (eziphilayo zingafanelanga). Ngako oko, zonke iimbali zeentambo eziqhambileyo ngobusuku bo-Ivan Kupala - nje ngefayile.
2. Umjikelo wobomi wale zityalo unempawu zayo. Izityalo zeSpore zibonakaliswe ngokutshintshwa kwezizukulwana kumjikelezo wobomi. Ngoko, i-gametophyte - isizukulwana sesini, esakhiwe ngokuxuba kwe-spermatozoon (i-antheridium) kunye ne-ovum (i-archegonia) -kugqibeleni ivelisa isityalo esingumntu omdala ovelisa i-spores. Izihluma ze-sporophyte ezivela kwisihlunu-isizukulwana esingenasini, esenza ama-spores amancinci kwizakhiwo ezizodwa kwaye inika isityalo esitsha. Utshintsho olunjalo kwisini kunye nesizukulwana sakwa-asexual sihamba kunye nezityalo ze-spore kulo lonke ixesha.
3. Ukuzaliswa, badinga amanzi. Kungenxa ye-fluid ukuba i-spermatozoon ifika kwi-archegone, apho iqanda lifihlwe khona. Ngaphandle kwamanzi, inkqubo yokuchumisa kwi-spore ayikwazi. Oku kubakho ubungqina bokuba abo bangabameli bamandulo beentlanzi, obomi babo buhlala bexhomekeke ngokusondeleyo kummandla wamanzi. Kuvela apho ukuba zonke izityalo zivela.

Le yimiba ephambili eyahlula izityalo ze-spore kwimbewu. Ngoku makhe sihlolisise ngakumbi iinkcukacha zabameli abakhulu beli sebe.

IiFerns

IiFerns - ezaziwa kakhulu ngeenjongo zokugcoba, kwaye kwiingcamango ezenziwe ngokwembali ngokuphathelele imifuno yasendulo ziyizityalo zomoya. Imizekelo yezityalo iyaziwa kubo bonke abagadi begadi abanomdla kunye nabaqhelisi bemvelo kunye nehlathi elilodwa. I-Orlyak, i-nomad, incini ininzi izityalo ngokuvakala, ukutsala amaqabunga amnandi kunye namanzi amnandi. Zihlala zihlala kwiindawo zehlathi kwimimandla epholileyo.

Nabani na othanda iintyatyambo zebhotile zasekhaya, ngokuqinisekileyo, naye uye wabona kwezinye i-nephrolepis - eyona nto ixhaphakileyo yangaphakathi. Ukongeza kobuhle bangaphandle, izityalo ezinjalo zizithobekile kwaye zifuna ukuthambisa okuluninzi kwaye rhoqo. Njengazo zonke i-spore, azikwazi ukuzala ngaphandle kwamanzi.

Emaqabeleni ama-ferns, i-sporangia ene-spores ibonakala ngokucacileyo. Zifumaneka kwicala eliphambene ne-vai (iqabunga) kwaye zinokubonakala ngathi iifologi ezincinci zombala obomdaka okanye umbala we-orange omnyama. Kuzo i powder ecocekileyo ixutywe ngokukhululekile kunye ne-spores. Emva kokukhula, i-sporangia ibonakalisiwe, kwaye i-spores ichithelwa ngaphandle.

Ii-Ferns ezipheleleyo ezingaphezu kweenkulungwane eziyi-10 zeentlobo, ezidibeneyo kwisigidi ezingama-300.

Moss

Izityalo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu kunye ezintle ezenza i-litter yangempela yehlathi, efana nephepathi, i-mosses. Izityalo ze-Spore ezinezakhiwo ezincinane kakhulu - isitshi, amaqabunga, isitshixo kunye ne-sporangia ngendlela ye-capsule-yonke into. Ngoko ke, bambalwa kakhulu abantu abahlula ngokubonakalayo, ngaphandle kokuba iingcali zangempela ze-moss.

Umbala wale zityalo ucebile, uhlaza okomhlaza, amaqabunga anzima, amancinci, anemibala. Nangona kukho enye ifom, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-moss. Amaqela aphezulu anjengolu hlobo:

• Polytrichovye;
• Izikhalazo;
• Ukholo;
• Sphagnum.

Inani elipheleleyo leentlobo zeentlobo zeentlobo zezigidi zezilwanyana, ngoko ke uluhlu lubandakanya kuphela izinto eziqhelekileyo nezisebenzayo.

Into ebangelisayo yilezi zityalo kukuba i-sporangia yabo ifana neekgs ngeefowuni zeefom ezahlukeneyo. Xa iinhlamvu zivuthiwe, i-lid ivula, kwaye isiqu, esiqongweni saso sine sporangium, i-bends, kunye ne-spores zichithwa.

Algae

I-algae - izityalo zentsikelelo, ezibalula namhlanje malunga neentlobo ezilikhulu, ezidibeneyo kwizigaba ezili-11 eziphambili. Into ebonakalayo eyabonakalayo balaba bameli beeflora bubomi kwimimandla yasemanzini kwiindawo eziphantsi kakhulu. Umzimba wabo umelelwe ngethala, ayikho amaqabunga kunye neengcambu. Umsebenzi wezo zinto zilandelayo zizityalo ezibonakalayo zibala, izikhonkwane eziqinileyo, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-rhizoids.

I-Algae ingezantsi kwezityalo eziphantsi ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokungabi noluhlu lolwahlula umzimba. Baphindaphinda kwakhona ngama-spores. Iinqununu ezine eziphambili ze-algae, ezona zisasazwa kakhulu kwaye zisebenza ngokusebenza kwabantu, zilandelayo:

1. Oluhlaza.
2. Brown.
3. IiReds.
4. Diatoms.

Horsetail

Kanye kunye neeferns, eli qela lezityalo ze-spore liye lahlala kulo lonke ilizwe, kodwa ngokukhawuleza lashiya ekwakhekeni kwe-peat kunye ne-deposit deposits. Namhlanje, ama-horsetails afakwe inani elincinci leentlobo - kukho malunga namashumi amathathu.

Into eqhelekileyo eRashiya yintsimi yeerhasi. Inokubonakala kweso sityalo esiphantsi ngesigxina esiqinileyo esiqiniweyo, sahlukaniswe ngamacandelo amancinci ngama-internodes, apho amaqabunga amaqabunga afana neenaliti. Ngoko ke, ngokuqhelekileyo, i-horsetail ibukeka njengomhlaza omncinci.

Ukuhlukana komzimba zibe ngamacandelo amancinci kuyimpawu eyahlukileyo yabo bonke abameli abonakalisiweyo beeflethi. I-horsetail iyakhula njengezinye izityalo ze-spore, ngoncedo lweenguqu zentlalo, oko kukuthi, i-asexually (spores) kunye nesondo (i-spermatozoa ne-ovules).

Plains

Iqela elithakazelisayo lezityalo zomlambo, ezahluke kuzo zonke ezinye iindawo ngokubonakala kwazo. Zinemigangatho emihle, iphathwe ngamagqabi amancinci. Ngamnye kubo kubonakala ngathi usasazeka emhlabeni.

Konke, kukho iindidi ezingamashumi amane nantlanu. I-biology yesityalo ayikho into eyahlukileyo neyoyi-spores esele iqwalaselwe ngaphambili. Kananjalo banalo utshintsho kwi-sporophyte kunye ne-gametophyte kumjikelezo wobomi , baxhomekeke kumanzi, ngoko bakhula kuphela kwindawo enomdaka kunye enomhlaba. I-sporangia yabo yincinci, ininzi, izakhiwo ezihlukeneyo. Emva kokuvuthwa kwempikiswano, ziyaqhaqhaza, kwaye i-spores iphuma.

I-Lichens

Ezimalunga neentlobo ezingamawaka ezingama-26 zezi zityalo, ezidibeneyo kwimigangatho engama-400, i-biology yanamhlanje. Ezi zityalo zineenkalo ezahlukeneyo zesakhiwo kunye nendlela yokuphila. Inyaniso kukuba bamele imveliso yentsebenziswano esondeleyo ngokubambisana, intsebenziswano phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zezinto eziphilayo - i- unicellular algae kunye nefungi.

Ulwalamano olunjalo lunamathuba amaninzi:

• Ukunyamezela ekutshintsheni kweqondo lokushisa (i-lichens iyakwazi ukusinda kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu);
• Utshintshiselwano olunjalo lwezondlo (i-algae inikeza i-fungus ye-organic, kunye ne-fungus - i-mineral substances);
• Ukulungelelanisa kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo.

Ngako oko, iilenze zizityalo ezincinci kakhulu, kodwa zineenzuzo ezingenakuthenjwa ngaphezu kwezinga eliphezulu ngokuphila.

Phylogeny

Kuvela kwizityalo zentsikelelo ezityalo zanamhlanje zeplanethi yethu zaqala ukuhlala kwazo. Ngokweqela lamanani, ubomi buvela elwandle. Endaweni enye, izityalo zokuqala zavela, ezo zityalo ezisezantsi, i-algae. Kancinci, bathuthela ezweni, bakha amaqabunga kunye neengcambu zokugcina umhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, ukuzaliswa, amanzi ayesadingeka.

Emva koko i-algae yavelisa i-ferns yamandulo, ama-horsetails, ama-mosses kunye nama-plauns, apho kwinkqubo yokubuna iminyaka eyi-miliyoni yeminyaka yabumba idiphozi ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba iintlobo zeentlobo zezityalo ze-spore zinesakhiwo somthi, ngoko imithi yanamhlanje ayinanto yokwenza nemithi.

Inkqubo yonke ye-phylogenesis yabameli beflora echazwe ithathe malunga neyimizi engamakhulu amane eminyaka. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku iziganeko eziqhelekileyo zezityalo ze-spore zenza ukuba bakwazi ukuwahlukanisa kwisebe engazange ilahlekelwe ukuxhamla kwayo kokugqibela kunye nookhokho (amanzi asemfuneko ukuvelisa), kodwa sele sele ikhona kwaye inemiqondiso emitsha.

Izicelo zasekhaya

Iimpawu zezityalo ze-spore zenza kube lula ukuba ziqonde ukuba azikho ukubaluleka kokubaluleka komhlaba jikelele njengezityalo eziluhlaza. Nangona kunjalo, iindawo zokusetyenziswa kwazo zininzi:

1. Iintlobo zeenkuni zezityalo ze-spore phakathi kweSelura kunye nexesha leCarboniferous zakha iipasiti ezinkulu zamalahle, ayenziwa ngumntu.
2. Amahlumela amancinci ama-fern angadliwa.
3. Iindawo ezihlukeneyo zokuthengisa iiferenti kunye nezityalo zefern zisetyenziswe kwiyeza njenge-anodyne, diuretic, astringent, anti-inflammatory nezinye iindlela.
4. Izityalo zinomncinci kakhulu kwaye zincinci ukuthungwa kwindlela yokuthambisa, engasetyenziselwa njengophophu lomntwana.

Ngaloo ndlela, siye safumana impendulo epheleleyo kunye neenkcukacha ngokubanzi kumbuzo othi izityalo zibizwa ngokuba yizityalo zentlobo.