Zezibalo Great kunye bakufumeneyo

Mathematics wabonakala ngaxeshanye banomnqweno ukuvavanya ihlabathi elibangqongileyo. Ekuqaleni kwalo kwaba yinxalenye bulumko - unina inzululwazi - kwaye kange wakhetha njengendlela yokuziqeqesha eyahlukileyo ziyingxenye kunye astronomi enye, physics. Nangona kunjalo, le meko iye yatshintsha njengoko ixesha lihamba. Kweli nqaku siza ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani na - zezibalo ezinkulu, uluhlu leyo yijele angaphezu kwekhulu. Ikheswa amagama eziphambili.

ekuqaleni

Ulwazi waqokelela abantu ngakumbi nangakumbi, ekugqibeleni qheke of Sciences neendawo yezeNdalo. Emva 'ukuzalwa' ezisemthethweni ngamnye wahamba indlela yakhe, asakhasayo, besomeleza isiseko ingcamango, exhaswa yi practice. Ibiya kuthetha ukuba ezinye izenzo abe kwimathematika, lo abstract inkoliso ngesayensi? Le nto uyakwazi ukuchaza ngokupheleleyo zonke iinkqubo ezenzekayo ehlabathini nangaphaya, kunye nolwazi yohlobo isenzeko yenza kube lula ukwenza izigqibo nokwenza uqikelelo. Oku kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba zonke inzululwazi bezalana, oku lwalamano ocacileyo phakathi kwimathematika physics. Ngoko ke, kwiimeko ezininzi, le zezibalo ezinkulu zesayensi zenza up elinye iqela izazinzulu. Ijaji ngokwakho - njani ukuchaza into ingafiki nje isizathu?

Imbali yabantu - ayikho kuphela ngokoyisa imimandla emitsha kunye imfazwe apho amagunya ke ufezeke ikakhulu iimfuno zabo, kodwa ke izibalo engaphele zenzululwazi yenzelwe ukucacisa, bonisa, ukuze bafunde yaye ukufumanisa nethemba ngomso. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga abo baye benza igalelo elibalulekileyo indalo le. Ngubani ke, lo zezibalo omkhulu elidlulileyo, oko kwavula indlela ngenxa yezinto mihla?

kaPythagoras

Xa wabhekisela zezibalo omkhulu, uninzi lwabantu qatha into yokuqala efika kule gama. Akukho namnye ngokuqinisekileyo uyazi ukuba izibakala ngobomi lakhe inyaniso, nokuba - esiyinyani, ngenxa yokuba lo gama liye wafumana ubunzima yamandulo. Ngeli xesha sobomi eyamkelwe kuluhlu umhla ukusuka 570 ukuya 490 BC. e.

Ngelishwa, umsebenzi obhalwayo emva bakushiya, kodwa wavuma ukuba Ngentsikelelo yakhe ezifunyaniswe ezininzi zenziwa ngelo xesha. Nangona kunjalo, siya bonisa kuphela ezo iimpumelelo ezenziwe nkulu obungathandabuzekiyo ukuba iziqhamo zomsebenzi wakhe;

• Geometry - le theorem odumileyo, nto leyo ithi ukuba unxantathu ilungelo isikweri hypotenuse ilingana udibaniso lwezikweri elinye macala mabini. Musa ukulibala etafileni Pythagoras, apho abafundi besikolo samabanga aphantsi bafunde umgaqo-phindo lwamanani zendalo. Koko wawangenisa indlela yokwakha ezinye iimilo.
• Geography - sezibalo omkhulu kaPythagoras kuqala ucingela ukuba Umhlaba nxazonke.
• Astronomy - hypothesis ubukho impucuko komhlaba.

Euclid

Inzululwazi Greek yezibalo mihla isandla geometry.

Euclid wazalwa ngo-365 BC. e. eAthene iminyaka 65 (de kube sekupheleni kobomi bakhe, enyanisweni) wayehlala Alexandria. Oko kubizwa ngokuba olululo phakathi engumfuziselo xesha yenzululwazi, njengoko wenza umsebenzi omkhulu ukudibanisa onke amava ezingasetyenziswanga kule minyaka idlulileyo inkqubo agudileyo ubhalo ngaphandle "imingxuma" kunye ukuphikisana. Le Isazinzulu enkulu (a sezinto kunye kwezezibalo) idale ama "ekuqaleni", eziquka ngaphezu komthamo kweshumi! Ukongeza, ezandleni zakhe umsebenzi, ezichaza andise umqadi ukukhanya kumgca othe ngqo.

theory Euclid kukuba Kulungile ukuba uthe wamtyhala kuye evela abstract "ingaba", becaphula eziliqela postulates (iingxelo ukuba musa ukuba ubungqina), yaye ukuba usebenzisa i logic owomileyo zezibalo, geometry, wakhokela inkqubo ngocwangco ekhoyo ngoku.

Fransua Viet

zezibalo Great yaye ifunyanwe kwakhona kuxhomekeke ukuthanda icala. Yangqineka uMnu Wyeth (iminyaka yobomi - 1540-1603), owayehlala eFransi wakhonza kwinkundla yakomkhulu, kuqala igqwetha aze emva koko umcebisi nokumkani. Xa endaweni uHenry III wanyukela etroneni, uHenry IV, uFrancois watshintsha umsebenzi. Inani "zezibalo ezinkulu Wehlabathi", uluhlu apho engekho ezincinane, wongezelela igama elitsha ngenxa yemfazwe French ne Spain. Nevuthisayo ngexesha imbalelwano yakhe isebenza cipher ezintsonkothileyo ukuba kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ukuwuqonda. Ngoko ke, iintshaba isithsaba French kunokukhokelela imbalelwano simahla kwintsimi utshaba ngaphandle nokoyika ukubanjwa.

Ukuba wazama zonke iindlela, ukumkani wabhenela Vieta. Ngexesha sezibalo iceba wayesebenza ngaphandle ukuphumla de ekufezile isiphumo oyifunayo. Ngenxa kule yezibalo waba ngumcebisi zobuqu entsha, kodwa ke ukumkani omtsha. Okuhamba, Spain waqalisa ukubandezeleka ukoyiswa emva boyisiwe, engaqondi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni. Ekugqibeleni, inyaniso zetha ngaphandle, yaye Kwamacala xa engekho bagwetyelwa ukufa, uFrancois, kodwa akazange uluzalise.

Xa nomCebisi yakhe entsha indawo ndafumana ithuba ukuba ndibhaptize ngokwabo kwimathematika, ngokunika ngokwakhe oyithandayo unobangela, njengazo zonke amadoda amakhulu. Malunga izibalo kunye Vieta wathi, yadubadubeka, egxininisa ukuba uyakwazi ukudibanisa bebuthanda inkqubo yomthetho.

Phakathi impumelelo ezidweliswe Vieta:

• iisimboli incwadi algebra. yezibalo French indawo imida kunye okuza oonobumba, ukunciphisa ibinzana izihlandlo eziliqela. Lo mlinganiselo wenze amabinzana-aljibra ilula yaye zifikeleleke kubo nokuqonda, ngaxeshanye kunye nale ekuququzeleleni iziphetho. Lo kuthutha mbuso, kuba lula indlela isebenza ngasemva. Ngokwenene yezibalo omkhulu kaPythagoras washiya umntwana wakhe ezandleni elungileyo. Emibonweni ngomso transferred ngokupheleleyo.
• Isiphelo kwengcamango yokusombulula zibalo ukuya ngomlinganiselo yesine ebandakanya.
• Ukuveliswa ubisi ogama emva kwakhe, apho unanamhla kukho iingcambu quadratic equation '.
• Ukuveliswa ethethelela wokuqala kwimbali nenzululwazi imveliso engenasiphelo.

Leonhard Euler

Ukukhanya nenzululwazi kukho ikamva emangalisayo. Wazalelwa Switzerland (1707), oko ngokukhuselekileyo equkwe njengendawo yokuhlala kuluhlu "zezibalo Russian Enkulu", njengoko umsebenzi echumayo yaye bafumana yokusabela yokugqibela Russia (1783).

Ngexesha umsebenzi wakhe ezifunyaniswe zinxulunyaniswa kwilizwe lethu, ukuba wafudukela ngo-1726 xa isimemo ye-Academy of Sciences eSt Petersburg. Iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, wabhala ezininzi amaphepha omabini kwimathematika physics. Xa zizonke, kwenziwe malunga 9 ezilikhulu iziphumo ezimbaxa bacebisa inzululwazi ixesha. Ilanga ubomi Leonarda Eylera, ezinxamnye nemithetho (kodwa ngokuvunyelwa urhulumente waseFransi), i-Paris Academy of Sciences yenze amalungu awo alithoba, ngelixa ngokutsho imigaqo, kufuneka kubekho ezisibhozo. Kuphela zezibalo Akunobangcono kunikwa imbeko, njengoko nayiphi lwenzululwazi pedantic umbutho xa kufikwa ukuthobela imithetho.

Phakathi Leonarda Eylera ezifunyaniswe kufanele kuphawulwe:

• Ukudibanisa imathematika njengendlela inzululwazi. De kwinkulungwane XVIII, nto leyo kuthathwa ukuba ngexesha uloyiso Euler, zonke izifundo saa. Algebra, calculus, geometry, ithiyori ngokuqinisekileyo, njalo njalo. D. Apho zodwa, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa. Wahlanganisa kubo lo kwimvu, inkqubo kusengqiqweni ngoku ukuba ubufanasini kwizikolo ingatshintshanga.
• Isiphelo inombolo e, esimalunga ilingana no 2.7. Njengoko ubona, izazinzulu ezinkulu zezibalo rhoqo ukufumana ukungafi emsebenzini wakhe, akazange mayidlule le ndebe kunye Euler - unobumba wokuqala igama lokugqibela wamnika igama kule nombolo ibubudenge, ngaphandle apho kuya kubakho logarithm yendalo.
• Ukuqulunqwa yokuqala ingcamango nokumanyaniswa ebonisa iindlela ezisetyenziswa kuyo. Ukuqaliswa integrals kabini.
• Isiseko kunye ukusasazeka imizobo Euler - a iigrafu ngqo kwaye olubonakalayo abonisa iiseti ulwalamano, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yabo. Umzekelo, zenza kube lula ukubonisa ukuba iseti engenasiphelo amanani zendalo iqukiwe iseti engenasiphelo amanani kusengqiqweni , njalo-njalo.
• Ukubhala ekuguqukeni elo xesha isebenza kwi calculus umahluko.
• Ukudibanisa geometry samabanga aphantsi, Euclid ibonakala noko. Ngokomzekelo, Wenyusa waza wabonisa ukuba bonke ukuphakama nxantathu phambana ngaxa linye.

uGalileo Galilei

Lo ngumsebenzi lwenzululwazi eye waphila ubomi bakhe bonke e Italy (ukususela 1564 ukuya 1642), eziqhelekileyo yonke schoolchild. Ithuba yomsebenzi wayo zenzeke ngexesha engacacanga ukuba yabalasela Kwamacala. Nayiphi na ukuphikisana oyike, inzululwazi basukela, ekubeni oku kuyaphikisana izityholo ze yabefundisi. Akukho yaye akukho nto linokuchazwa, kuba ukuthanda kaThixo.

It kwezezibalo UGalileo, ngokutsho legend, waba yimbangi ibinzana elithi "Kanti ke akasuki!", Xa bamlahla amazwi akhe ukuba ngumhlaba ojikeleza ilanga kwaye awunakho ukwenza ngolunye uhlobo. Eli nyathelo ngenxa nomzabalazo ebomini, njengoko Kwamacala ingqalelo Agcina hypothesis yakhe, apho ujikeleziso nxaxheba uhlele. Ababingeleli ababa bayavuma ukuba umhlaba indalo kaThixo yayeka ukuba iziko yonke into.

Noko ke, imigudu yakhe akuphelelanga lo mbono, kuba yena wangena imbali yamachiza enkulu yezibalo. uGalileo:

• zizifundo enokwehla ulicekisile Kuluvo Aristotle, ocacisa ukuba izinga kukuwa umzimba umlinganiselo ngqo ubunzima baso;
• Wayizisa indida ogama emva kwakhe, apho inani amanani zendalo lilingane nenani zembutho efanayo, nangona uninzi lwezikweri amanani ayikho;
• Wabhala "Intetho phezu idayisi," yakhe ingqalelo isingqinisiso ngokwemigaqo theory ngokuqinisekileyo, ingxaki kunye nesiphelo nokuqiqa.

Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov

Xa wabhekisela zezibalo ezinkulu eRashiya, enye yokuqala ethi qatha engqondweni unendima yenzululwazi.

Alexei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov wazalwa entwasahlobo ka-1903 kwisixeko Tambov. imfundo Primary awayifumana ekhaya, yaye emva koko ndabhalisa kwisikolo sabucala. Sele kukho eziphawulwe ngokuba yi amandla akhe amangalisayo zenzululwazi. Kuba iimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, intsapho yakhe kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele eMoscow, apho bafumana War Civil. Phezu kwayo yonke, Kolmogorov wangena eMoscow University kwi-Faculty of Mathematics. young impumelelo yomfundi endle ekhethiweyo waba mkhulu kangangokuba wakwazi ukuthatha kwamandla iimviwo yokuqala, andifuni phezulu esuka zokuzonwabisa zakhe eziphambili - ingcamango lilonke. Kwiijenali zenzululwazi yaqala ukubonakala imisebenzi Andrei Nikolaevich, ukususela-1923, yaye emva kwakhe ngelo xesha kunzima kudlule iminyaka engama-20. Ngendlela ekufikeleleni ezinqwenelekayo, a yezibalo ngo-1939 yaba academician. Wayesebenza bonke ubomi bakhe waza wafa eMoscow ekwindla ka-1987, yena wangcwatyelwa kwi Novodevichy emangcwabeni.

Ukuze imisebenzi yakhe ebalulekileyo iquka:

• Ukuphucula indlela yokufundisa nemathematika kwizikolo eziziprayimari nezizisekondari. zezibalo Great nokufumanisa kwabo isikali zehlabathi zibalulekile, kodwa akukho msebenzi ezixabisekileyo yaye kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela isizukulwana ulutsha ziinkokheli zenzululwazi elizayo. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba iziseko zithe ezibekiweyo yabantwana yasekuqaleni.
• Uphuhliso Iindlela zezibalo nodluliselo kuwo abstract kwimimandla isicelo. Ngamanye amazwi, sibulela umsebenzi Andrei Nikolaevich Mathematics ngokuqinileyo kwinzululwazi.
• Isiphelo samkelwa kuluntu lwezenzululwazi okuba iyevakala elikuwo theory ngamazwe. Le yokugqibela luphawulwa into yokuba ichaza inani anesiphelo iziganeko.

UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky

Eli nani lwezenzululwazi, njengazo zonke imathematika ezinkulu Russian ukususela ebuntwaneni wabonisa ubuchule oluphawulekayo zenzululwazi.

UNikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky wazalwa ngo-1793 ngo-lelinye lawona maphondo eRashiya. Xa ndandineminyaka engama-7 intsapho yakhe endala bafudukela Kazan, apho ubomi bakhe bonke. Yena wafa eneminyaka engama-63, ukuya phambili ngonaphakade igama lakhe umsebenzi intw lo Euclidean geometry zoqobo. Watshayelela kokunciphisa eziliqela kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo ezingqina uthotho zeengxelo, umzekelo, ukuba imigca ukufana sibonane yokungapheli. umsebenzi wayo uzimisele-moya apho luphawulwa ngesantya kufutshane isivamvo sokukhanya. Kubonakala, yintoni na intsingiselo lokubhaqwa ngelo xesha? Ulwazi zinokuphikiswa, embi, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha izazinzulu ezinkulu zezibalo waqonda ukuba umsebenzi Lobachevsky wavula umnyango ukuya kwikamva.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy

Igama kumntu wonke umfundi, njengoko waba imathematika ukuba kuqatshelwe ngexesha jikelele zezibalo ephakamileyo, yaye kwiindawo zayo exineneyo ngakumbi, ezifana kuhlalutyo zezibalo.

Augustin-Louis Cauchy (iminyaka yobomi - 1789-1857) ingaqatshelwa uyise uhlalutyo zezibalo. Yaba nguye lowo bazisa isikhumbuza bonke abemi Limbo, akukho nkcazelo okanye sesa ekugwetyelweni. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe uvele iintsika ezifana iinkalo njengoko phambili, umda, esukela nengxam. Cauchy Kwakhona wabonisa ukuhlangabezana thotho kunye radius yayo, anikwe ukugwetyelwa zezibalo kwiintsali yokukhanya.

igalelo Cauchy kuphuhliso isikali zemathematika mihla ukuze igama lakhe luluvavanyile iqhayiya indawo kumgangatho wokuqala Eiffel Tower - kukho ngokulandelelanayo, zezona izazinzulu (kubandakanywa zezibalo ezinkulu). Olu luhlu isebenza ilitye kwinzululwazi, kwaye unanamhla.

ngenxa

Kuba eminyaka zemathematika umdla oosonzululwazi nemvelo zabo, nto leyo ngokumangalisayo uyakwazi ukuchaza yonke into eyenzekayo kweli hlabathi abasingqongileyo.

KaPythagoras ixoxe ukuba isiseko inani ubuxoki. Phantse yonke into eyenzekayo umntu ngaphakathi emntwini, kungachazwa.

UGalileo wathi imathematika - ulwimi wendalo. Khawucinge nje ngako oko. Ixabiso Lowo indalo ngumntu, uchaza yonke yendalo.

Amagama zezibalo ezinkulu - ayikho nje uluhlu abantu abangamaxhoba eziyobisi umsebenzi wabo, lwandiseni lenze nzulu kwezesayensi. Ezi links abakwaziyo ukukhonkca langoku elizayo, ukubonisa uluntu ithemba.

Nangona kunjalo, oku ikrele kabini mbini, ngenxa yobuninzi ulwazi unika akumgangatho ngakumbi impembelelo.

Ulwazi - ngamandla. gadalala singacinganga unako ukutshabalalisa oko kufundwe kangaka kakuhle waza wabaqokelelela ndawonye imvuthuluka. Ukuqonda ukuba oku kakhulu, inzululwazi kufuneka uye okulungileyo.

abantu Great ukuthetha izibalo ngembeko ongapheliyo, njengoko yokundwendwela kwikamva.