Zakhe ezinde wobukhosi. History of the Ages Aphakathi

iinqaba wobukhosi nangoku ngoka bencoma kude. Kunzima ukukholelwa ukuba kula maxesha yanendumasi engaka utyalayo ebomini: Abantu nokuhlela ebomini, ukukhulisa abantwana, ukuthatha unonophelo mibandela. Uninzi iinqaba zonke izinduna zamaXesha Aphakathi ukhuselwe zikarhulumente apho kukho, ngenxa yokwakha zabo yokwakha ezikhethekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, zonke ezi zakhiwo eziliqela iimpawu eziqhelekileyo, kuba imisebenzi yabo ziyafana yaye weza evela yokuphila kunye nohlobo yombuso wobukhosi.

Kankosi: bangobani

Ngaphambi kokuba sithethe ngendlela enqabeni engathi feudal Nkosi, sicinga ukuba kwiklasi ephakathi kuluntu. ithi baseYurophu ke ukumkani, kodwa ke ukumkani, umi enkcochoyini kwamandla, kancinane kugqitywa. Amandla buzinze ezandleni ekuthiwa-abadala - ukuba ngoobani izinduna. Ngaphezu koko, ngaphakathi kwinkqubo elinegunya ikhona kwakhona ekuthiwa leri feudal. On tier awo baba knights. Iinkosi wobukhosi, i inyathelo ngentla, ekuthiwa akhonze, kunye nobudlelwane ingumbuso - Senor igcinwe kuphela ezikufuphi kwizinyuko amanqanaba.

Inkosi nganye indawo yakhe, apho kwakukho enqabeni feudal, ukuxelwa apho wosondeza ngezantsi. ilawulwe (akhonze) kunye namafama nabo babehlala apha. Ngaloo ndlela, yaba uhlobo karhulumente ngaphakathi karhulumente. Yiyo loo nto e eYurophu, imeko ekuthiwa feudal eqhekekileyo, nto leyo buthathaka kakhulu eli lizwe.

Ubudlelwane phakathi izinduna abasoloko kube olungileyo, akazange ubutshaba ingaqhelekanga phakathi kwabo, ukuzama ukufumana imimandla. Ukuphatha senkosi feudal kwafuneka ukuba enqatyisiweyo kwaye ikhuselwe ekuhlaselweni. Eneneni ke imisebenzi zichazwa kwicandelo elilandelayo.

umsebenzi Key lock

Kwaloo inkcazo 'tshixa' ibhekisa isakhiwo zokwakha, okuhlanganisa i imisebenzi yezoqoqosho kunye nabammeli.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, enqabeni feudal kumaXesha Aphakathi, le misebenzi ilandelayo:

1. Military. Lo msebenzi wokwakha nje ebekumele ukuba ukukhusela abemi (somnini kunye nentsapho yakhe), kodwa ke abakhonzi, oogxa, akhonze. Ukongeza, le kulapho kwikomkhulu ngamajoni.

2. Administrative. wobukhosi iinqaba ayekhona hlobo iziko, ukusuka apho nolawulo lomhlaba.

3. Political. imiba Public nabo isonjululwe kummandla kaNdikhoyo, kungoko ke nabaphathi baye banikwa izabelo endle.

4. Cultural. Umoya enqabeni, makhe izifundo ukufumana umbono wokuba izinto nefashoni - nokuba ukwambesa, isimbo zobugcisa okanye umculo. Kulo mba, akhonze usoloko sikhokelwe inkosi yakhe.

5. Business. Enqabeni yayiliziko ukwenzela amafama beeplani. Le miba ochaphazelekayo yezolawulo, kunye norhwebo.

Umonayo omnye uya ukuthelekisa inqaba feudal, ezo zichazwe kweli nqaku, namandla. Kukho umehluko phakathi kwabo. Iinqaba badalwa ukukhusela kuphela ummandla mkhosi, kodwa bonke abemi ngaphandle kokukhetha, ngoxa nqaba yaba iinqaba zokubonisela kuphela kuNdikhoyo feudal, kuye, kusapho lwakhe, kwaye akhonze kakhulu nabo.

Inqaba - someleza kwisiza somhlaba, kwaye enqabeni - isakhiwo olukhuselayo ngeziseko iphuhlisiwe, apho ilungu ngalinye umsebenzi okhethekileyo.

AMAGQABAZA ▸ iinqaba wobukhosi

Isakhiwo yokuqala elolu hlobo Kwabonakala eAsiriya, ngoko eli isithethe elibolekiweyo eRoma Ancient. Kaloku, emva kokuba izinduna of Europe - ingakumbi i-UK, France kunye Spain - baqalisa ukwakha neengqili zabo zonke. kusoloko nibona ezi zakhiwo kunye ePalestina, kuba ke, ngenkulungwane XII, phakathi Zomnqamlezo zaye, ngokulandelelana, ilizwe obangwe ukuba kuyimfuneko ukugcina nokukhusela ngokwakha izakhiwo ezizodwa.

zamkostroitelstva ukuthambekela ubalekela kunye kukuqhekeka feudal, xa oorhulumente aseYurophu zangaphakathi. Eneneni, ngoku awukwazi ungaboyiki ukuhlaselwa ummelwane awusebenzisileyo kwi somnye.

Ingakumbi, le ukusebenza protective ebegqwese indawo component kubuhle.

imbonakalo

Phambi ibattery kwesakhiwo elements, ndidla ngokucinga kwakukhangeleka ngokubanzi Wamakhosi enqabeni kwi kuMbindi kwiZigaba. Into yokuqala ozithandayo iliso lakho - umsele zilurhangqile yonke indawo, bema kuyo isiseko omkhulu. Okulandelayo kwakukho udonga kunye turrets ezincinane ukuze alwe utshaba.

Le nqaba yakhokelela yokungena kuphela eyodwa - elivulekayo, ngoko - nemivalo yesinyithi. Ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izakhiwo mde inqaba engundoqo okanye emhadini lo. Eyadini emva injongo kunye nezibonelelo eziyimfuneko: iivenkile, indawo smithy kunye lokusila.

Kufuneka ke ukuba indawo sakhiwo zikhethwe ngononophelo, kwafuneka ukuba induli, induli okanye intaba. Kaloku, ukuba bakwazi ukukhetha ummandla apho ubuncinane kwicala elinye adjoined umzimba endalo amanzi - umlambo okanye echibini. Ezininzi ziye zaphawula iindlwane indlela efanayo ezintakeni ezidla kunye lock (ifoto ngezantsi for an umzekelo) - yaye bobabini aziwa nokungafumaneki yabo.

Hill Lock

Makhe sihlolisise izinto noshowo izakhiwo zolwimi ngokunzulu. Hill lock yaba induli ifomu echanekileyo. Njengomgaqo, umphezulu omkhulu ngesikwere. Le intlomo yenduli umlinganiselo kweemitha emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi, kunye nezakhiwo baba ngaphezu kolu phawu.

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo yanikwa amatakane, esetyenziswa ukwenza isiseko le nqaba. Ngokuqhelekileyo, udongwe kusetyenziswa, kule khosi baya nja-, ematyeni elineeminerali. Bathabatha impahla ngaphandle emhadini, leyo wemba emhlabeni entabeni sokukhuselwa ngcono.

Ngaba nokwadala ethandwayo ekwiinduli ezenziwe yeentsasa nokuba iiplanga. Kwakhona wagcinwa ngezinyuko.

umsele

Ngoko ke ezinye ixesha isantya phantsi kwangaphambili into engaba lutshaba, kwaye wenze imipu zothutho lokungqinga nzima, kwakufuneka umsele nzulu ujikeleze lwentaba, owakhelwe kuyo zakhe ezinde. Umfanekiso ubonisa indlela indlela elisebenze ngayo.

Ukuba kufuneka ukuba ugcwalise okwabangela ngamanzi - oko kuqinisekiswa ukuba utshaba ungavelisi itonela ngezizathu nqaba. Amanzi udla kubonelelwa ukusuka umzimba ongowemvelo yamanzi ekufuphi nalapho. Nomsele kwafuneka ukuba rhoqo icocwe ngothuli, kungenjalo shoaling kwaye akwazi ukwenza ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi zokukhusela.

Njengoko kwakunjalo ingaqhelekanga, xa ezantsi womthi okanye ezinyusiweyo zehle ethintela ukuwela. Kuba umnini wale nqaba, intsapho yakhe, bakhe kunye nabatyeleli yanikezelwa elivulekayo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ngqo esangweni.

esangweni

Ukongeza imisebenzi yayo ngqo eyenziwa amasango kunye nabanye abambalwa. iinqaba wobukhosi ngokuba nomnyango elikhuselekileyo ukuba ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni lula ukuba uthathe wayengekho.

Amasango Ifomu emkhusaneni emikhulu ezizodwa ukuba kwiplanga ngemivalo yentsimbi zamafu. Xa kuyimfuneko, wawa ukumbamba ukuba utshaba.

Ukongeza nabalindi bemi emnyango, kumacala omabini yesango eludongeni yaseYiputa yaba ezinde ezimbini imbono engcono (indawo yokungena ekuthiwa-"ummandla iimfama". Oku bahlaliswa singabukeli kuphela, kodwa kananjalo yabatoli umsebenzi.

Mhlawumbi le nxalenye asesichengeni yesango isango - imfuneko engxamisekileyo sokukhuselwa kuyo kwenzeka ebumnyameni, ngoba umnyango enqabeni yomkhosi ivaliwe ngenxa ubusuku. Ngaloo ndlela, kungenzeka ukuba ukugcina umkhondo bonke esihambela indawo ixesha "elingafanelekanga".

ukuwo

Ukuba ulawulo abalindi emnyango, undwendwe engena kwintendelezo engaphakathi, apho Nani linganisani ubomi benene kuNdikhoyo nqaba. Nazi zonke izakhiwo eziphambili basefama umsebenzi kubantu: amajoni abaqeqeshiweyo, ngensimbi luqine izixhobo, iingcibi wavelisa izinto eziyimfuneko zekhaya, abakhonzi bayayenza imisebenzi yabo. Kukho kwakhona kakuhle amanzi okusela.

Ummandla lentendelezo ayinkulwanga, leyo ozakukuvumela ukuba uphathe yonke into eyenzekayo kule inkosi propati.

donjon

Isiqalelo njalo emke iliso xa ujonga enqabeni - Keep. Le nqaba inde, intliziyo naluphi yenkosi ekhaya. Yayikumgama kuloo ndawo kakhulu ingafikeleleki, nezinyuko kweendonga zayo enjalo ukutshabalalisa kwakunzima gqitha le sakhiwo. Le nqaba inikeza ikhono iliso kwindawo bakhonza njengoko yokusabela lokugqibela. Xa utshaba waphuncuka umgca zokhuselo ke, abantu bazimela emhadini enqabeni yaye wamelana Zikhelele elide. Nangona kunjalo, lo ndigcine imisebenzi kuphela Uyalwa: apha, kwelona nqanaba liphezulu, senkosi feudal babehlala kunye nentsapho yakhe. Ngezantsi - abakhonzi kunye namajoni. Amaxesha amaninzi phakathi kwesi sakhiwo kwakukho iqula.

Umgangatho Undoqo - iholo enkulu apho itheko uhlaza lwenzeke khona. Kuba itheyibhile oki, oko ahlohla zonke iintlobo izitya, ndahlala squad inkosi ngokwakhe.

izakhiwo yangaphakathi umdla: phakathi iindonga ngezinyuko ephotheneyo, nto leyo ukuhamba phakathi kwamanqanaba zaye ifihliwe. Ngalinye imigangatho ukuba bazimele geqe ongaphambili kunye zilandelayo. Oku inika ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo.

Yomthombo agcinwe ngemfumba yezixhobo, ukutya neziselo xa zokungqinga. Iimveliso bagcinwa phantsi liphezulu, ukuba usapho feudal sele kwaye abazange yindlala.

Ngoku khawucinge omnye umbuzo: indlela iinqaba feudal kahle? Ngelishwa, olu phawu luye ubunzima. Ukuhlalutya ibali nqaba feudal, endikuvileyo imilebe yomlomo ingqina (umhambi wayetyelele enye yezi dostoprmechatelnostey), sinokugqiba ukuba kubanda kakhulu. Enoba ukuzama abakhonzi libe shushu kwigumbi ngayo - ayisebenzi, baba ziiHolo enkulu kakhulu. Kwakhona waphawula ukuba ukungabikho ikhaya ezimnandi kunye obungabangeli mdla sanga "zinqunqwe" amagumbi.

udonga

Phantse i nxalenye ibalulekileyo yale nqaba, obulawulwa inkosi zamaxesha aphakathi bondage, udonga inqaba. Waye Wayengqongwe induli ekwakumi kuyo isakhiwo engundoqo. Ngasezindongeni yeemfuno ezizodwa: ukuphakama enomtsalane (ukuya ezitepsini akuzange ngokwaneleyo angqingo) kunye namandla, ngenxa yokuba ngenxa yokuhlaselwa adla ngokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo kuphela kwabantu, kodwa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo. I-avareji Ipharamitha fakelo-12 m ubude ne-3 m ubukhulu. Isimanga, akunjalo na?

Isicoco udonga ngamnye iimboniselo ekoneni, apho ababegadile besemsebenzini, kwaye yabatoli. Kule ndawo le nqaba Bridge nayo indawo ekhethekileyo phezu kodonga ukuya wayingqinga obenokusibonisa ngempumelelo ukuhlasela ereweyelolo.

Ukongeza, kujikelezo beendonga, kanye encotsheni kuye, ebanjwe gallery ukuziphendulela amajoni.

YeGenesis enqabeni

Njani ubomi nenqaba ephakathi? Umntu wesibini emva kokuba inkosi wobukhosi umphathi, abagcina ingxelo umnini abalimi ancedayo kunye namagcisa abayisebenzayo kwimimandla kwilifa. Lo mntu kwazithathela ingqalelo indlela yaveliswa imveliso eninzi bazizisa ezo mali ebesele ezihlawulelwe okuvula ukuba ukusetyenziswa komhlaba. Wayedla wayesebenza njengomphathi ku ukumatanisa a kunobhala wenkundla. Ngamanye amaxesha wasinika kwigumbi elahlukileyo le nqaba.

Abasebenzi yabakhonzi ziquka abakhonzi ngokukhawuleza ukunceda host kunye iindwendwe, kananjalo kwakukho kumpheki bakhe nabancedisi-povaryata, Umcimi - umntu onoxanduva ubushushu kwelo gumbi, ingcibi kunye saddler. Inani abakhonzi kwaba umlinganiselo ngqo enqabeni kunye nobume kaNdikhoyo feudal.

Igumbi elikhulu kwakunzima ukuba shushu. iindonga Stone hlisa umoya kakhulu ebusuku, ukongeza, anciphisa kakhulu ukufuma. Ngako oko, emagumbini zazisoloko emanzi nengqele. Kakade ke, Umcimi wazama konke okusemandleni ukugcina ubushushu, kodwa akasoloko aphumelele. Ingakumbi singanakho neenkosi abazizityebi ukuze agqibe iindonga ngomthi okanye iikhaphethi, amalaphu. Ukuze ugcine ubushushu kangangoko kunokwenzeka, iifestile wenza kancinane.

Isetyenziswa ukufudumeza yelimestone eontini, ezibe ekhitshini, apho ubushushu ukwandisa igumbi ekufuphi. Ngenxa fyabo ithuba ukufudumeza imibhobho, kunye nezinye igumbi lock. neenkosi intuthuzelo Special wadala eziko magumbi. izinto Special (udongwe calcined) avumele ukuba ukufudumeza kwiindawo ezinkulu ngcono ukugcina ubushushu.

Ntoni ukuba adle enqabeni

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba abemi nokudla enqabeni yawo. Apha ukungalingani kwezentlalo usekelwe kakhulu. Uninzi menu kwakukho izitya inyama. Kwaye oko ekhethiweyo yenkomo kunye yehagu.

Kubalulekile kule theyibhile feudal ukwenza iimveliso kwezolimo: isonka, newayini, ibhiya, cereal. Le nentsingiselo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: nobler ngaphezu inkosi feudal - lighter isonka etafileni yakhe. Ngoko ke akukho mfihlakalo ukuba kuxhomekeka kumgangatho umgubo. Ipesenti lweemveliso nkozo enyangweni, nenyama, intlanzi, iziqhamo, amaqunube kunye nemifuno is a Ukongeza emnandi kuphela.

Special yokupheka honours ngamaXesha Aphakathi waye ukusetyenziswa ezininzi zobulawu. Kwaye apha ndiyazi ukuba ukuthenga into ngaphezu zaba balimi. Umzekelo, i-East Far Afrika okanye ubulawu, ukuba iindleko (capacitance elincinane) Iinkomo ophantsi.