Yiyiphi imisebenzi ekwiseli enze nucleic acid? Isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi nucleic

asidi acid zidlala indima ebalulekileyo esiseleni, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo ezintsha. Le propati kwenza kube lula ukuba kubabiza ngokuba biomolecules yesibini ibalulekileyo emva protein. Abaphengululi abaninzi nokuba uthathe i-DNA kunye RNA kwindawo yokuqala, ethetha ixabiso labo oyintloko kuphuhliso yobomi. Kunjalo, ukuba ukuthabatha indawo yesibini emva iiproteni, ngenxa yokusekwa ubomi nje polipetidnaya molecule.

asidi acid - oku kwinqanaba ezahlukeneyo ubomi kakhulu ezinokuntsonkotha umdla ngenxa yokuba uhlobo ngalunye molecule abe umsebenzi othile kuye. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuze siyiqonde ngakumbi.

Ingcamango le asidi acid

Zonke nucleic acid (iDNA RNA) ezi Iipholima zebhayoloji owahlukeneyo ezahluke inani kwiisekethe. DNA ndixakene molecule polymeric kabini equlathe ulwazi yemfuza eziphilayo eukaryotic. ISETYHULA DNA inokuba liqulathe ulwazi yemfuza ezinye iintsholongwane. Le HIV ne adenovirus. Kukho kwakhona ekhethekileyo uhlobo 2 DNA: ayo kunye plastid (ezifumaneka chloroplasts).

Kwakhona RNA unalo iintlobo kakhulu elikhulu okubangelwe kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo asidi acid. Kukho RNA zenyukliya, equlethe ulwazi yemfuza iintsholongwane ezininzi iintsholongwane, isizalo (okanye umthunywa RNA), ribosomal kunye nezithuthi. Bonke bephela ababandakanyekayo nokuba yokugcina ulwazi yemfuza, okanye gene amazwi. Noko ke, apho imisebenzi kwisisele ukusebenza nucleic acid kuyimfuneko ukuqonda iinkcukacha ngakumbi.

Kabini-balahleke DNA

Olu hlobo DNA - yinkqubo ogqibeleleyo yokugcina ulwazi yemfuza. Kabini-balahleke DNA molecule molecule elilodwa eliquka monomers owahlukeneyo. Umgomo wabo ukuyilwa iibhondi hydrogen phakathi nucleotides yezinye imixokelelwane. Self DNA monomer siquka isiseko nitrogen, i-orthophosphate intsalela kunye carbon ezintlanu-monosaccharide deoxyribose. Kuxhomekeke kuhlobo kwisiseko nitrogen isiseko monomer DNA ethile, igama layo. Iintlobo monomers DNA:

• moiety deoxyribose kunye orthophosphate kunye nesiseko adenylic nitrogen;
• thymidine isiseko nitrogen kunye moiety orthophosphate deoxyribose;
• isiseko nitrogen cytosine kunye orthophosphate nikunyhashe desoksiriboza;
• orthophosphate ne deoxyribose nento guanine nitrogen.

Le leta phezulu ukhangele lula kwisekethe structure of DNA intsalela adenylic zibonakaliswe njenge "A", guanine - "G", thymidine - "T" kunye cytosine - "C". Kubalulekile ukuba ulwazi yemfuza ophezulu ukusuka DNA kabini-berhaxwa ibe isithunywa RNA. Umahluko encinane yakhe; apha njengoko moiety ekudleni alukhange deoxyribose kunye ribose, kwaye endaweni thymidylic nitrogen isiseko uracil livela RNA.

Ubume kunye nomsebenzi DNA

DNA yakhelwe phezu siseko Polymer zebhayoloji, apho mnye yakhiwe kwangethuba ngokomfuziselo kwangaphambili ngokuxhomekeke yemfuza yeseli lomzali. DNA Nukleodidy idityaniswe kwiintambo covalent. Emva koko, ngokutsho kumgaqo complementarity ukuya nucleotides ezi molekyuli-ndixakene single aba ngamanye nucleotides. Ukuba zinemoletyhule nucleotide-ndixakene enye basondeza eqalela adenine, i (edibanayo) isiphaluka sesibini uya kunxibelelana thymine. Guanine Incedisa cytosine. Ngenxa yoko, kabini-ndixakene DNA yakhiwe. Kungenxa kwi kernel kwaye igcina ulwazi amafa ukuba ufakwe codons - ezintathu ze nucleotides. Imisebenzi ye-DNA kabini-esithubeni:

• ogcino wafumana evela kumzali yeseli ulwazi amafa;
• nkulumo zofuzo;
• umqobo ukutshintsha nohlobo kuguquka.

Meaning of ngeeproteni nangenucleic acids

Kukholelwa ukuba umsebenzi iiprothini kunye nucleic eqhelekileyo, oko kukuthi, ukuba bazibandakanye gene nkulumo. Nucleic ngokwayo - kuba yindawo zazo zokuzigcina kunye neprothini - oku kubangelwa wakugqiba ukuyilesa ulwazi isakhi. Gene kukodwa isahlulo elipheleleyo omnye molecule DNA lupakishwa chromosome, apho ulwazi oluthile lurekhodwa yi nucleotides ngesakhiwo ngayo iproteni ethile. Enye gene buqonda ukulandelana acid acid leeprothini enye kuphela. Loo protein iza kuphumeza ulwazi amafa.

Ulwahlulo lweendidi RNA

Imisebenzi nucleic esiseleni zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Kwaye baninzi kakhulu xa RNA. Noko ke, le multifunctionality yinyama nangoku kuba njengenye uhlobo RNA inoxanduva omnye wale misebenzi. Kulo mzekelo, oku kulandelayo iintlobo RNA:

• nuclear iintsholongwane RNA neentsholongwane;
• matrix (ulwazi) RNA;
• RNA ribosomal;
• plasmids isithunywa RNA (i chloroplast);
• RNA ribosomal chloroplast;
• RNA ribosomal ayo;
• RNA matrix ayo;
• ukudlulisa RNA.

imisebenzi RNA

Le yokuhlela ubonelela iintlobo ezininzi RNA ukuba zahlulwe indawo. Noko ke, ngendlela esebenza, kufuneka zohlulwa ngokwendidi 4 kuzo zonke: kwi enyukliya, ulwazi, ribosomal kunye nezithuthi. umsebenzi RNA Ribosomal yi iproteni amagama ngokusekelwe kulandelelwano nucleotide of isithunywa RNA. Ngaloo acid acid "Itreyi" ku RNA ribosomal "kwenziwa" kwi umthunywa RNA, ngokusebenzisa transfer ribonucleic acid. Ngoko ezwi imali nakweyiphi ephilayo ukuba unalo ribosome. Isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi nucleic nokubonelela nokulondolozwa kwezinto yemfuza, nokwenza inkqubo yokuqaphela protein.

Ayo nucleic acid

Ukuba oko imisebenzi kwiseli ukwenza nucleic acid ibekwe ngaphakathi kwinucleus okanye kukho icytoplasm aziwayo phantse yonke, ulwazi ayo kunye DNA plastid, akukho nto ingako. Kwakhona wafumana ribosomal ethile nesithunywa RNA. Le asidi acid DNA kunye RNA abakhoyo apha nkqu eziphilayo kakhulu autotrophic.

Mhlawumbi nucleic engena iseli yi symbiogenesis. Le ndlela ithathwa zizazinzulu njengoko mhlawumbi ngenxa yokungabikho ulwazi. Le nkqubo kuthathwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ngaphakathi iseli ixesha elithile weza symbiontic avtorofnaya igciwane. Ngenxa yoko, le akaryote uhlala ngaphakathi iiseli kwaye anikezele amandla, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe ziphele.

Kumanqanaba okuqala yendaleko, mhlawumbi zenyukliya-ezamahala igciwane relationship bafudukela iinkqubo mutational kwi ngumongo host cell. Oku kwanika zofuzo unoxanduva lokugcina ulwazi malunga isakhiwo iiproteni ayo ukungena kungena nucleic acid yomkhosi cell. Noko ke, malunga imisebenzi kwiseli ukwenza nucleic imvelaphi ayo, ulwazi ayikho kakhulu.

Mhlawumbi e iiproteni inxalenye ayo kuhlelwe ogama Isakhiwo akakafiki beminwe DNA yenyukliya okanye umkhosi RNA. Kwakhona kusenokwenzeka ukuba indlela efanelekileyo protein amagama kuyimfuneko kuphela kuba kuseli iiproteni ezininzi kuhlelwe kwi icytoplasm, awukwazi ukufumana ngokusebenzisa inwebu kabini le mitochondria. Le organelles data amandla, yaye ngoko kwimeko ijelo ethile okanye protein umthuthi ukuba anele yayo isindululo ezinto eziphilayo kwaye ngokuchasene ithambeka ingqalelo.

Plasmid DNA kunye RNA

Xa plastids (chloroplasts) kananjalo DNA yaso, nto leyo mhlawumbi inoxanduva lokuphumeza imisebenzi efanayo njengoko kunjalo kwimeko asidi ayo acid. Kukho kwakhona kwaye ribosomal, matrix kunye nokudluliselwa yayo RNA. Kwaye plastids, ngokwendlela inani inwebu, kunokuba yi inani reactions kwemichiza, kunzima ukufumana. Kuyenzeka ukuba plastids ezininzi 4 inwebu umaleko, apho kuchazwe ngabaphengululi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Enye into icacile: umsebenzi nucleic acid kwizisele bafunda kude ngokwaneleyo. Akwaziwa inkqubo protein synthesizing ayo kwaye ezifana kubaluleke kangakanani na hloroplasticheskaya yakhe. Kwakhona na isizathu sokuba iiseli kufuneka nucleic acid ayo, ukuba iiprotheni (kungekhona yonke) sele ukuyifunda le DNA yenyukliya (okanye RNA, kuxhomekeke eziphilayo). Nangona ezinye izibakala banyanzeleka ukuba ukwamkela ukuba kwiproteni synthesizing inkqubo ayo kunye chloroplast inoxanduva imisebenzi efanayo njengoko DNA ye ngumongo kunye icytoplasm RNA. Baya kukugcina ulwazi yemfuza, lokuyivelisa ayidlulisele iiseli intombi.

isishwankathelo

Kubalulekile ukuqonda yeyiphi imisebenzi kwisisele enze nucleic acid nuclear, plastid kunye nemvelaphi ayo. Oku kuvula amathuba amaninzi kweyobunzululwazi, ngokuba indlela relationship, njengako apho kwakukho izinto ezininzi autotrophic ukuba ikwazi ukuzandisa namhlanje. Oku kuya kunika uhlobo olutsha iiseli, mhlawumbi ude yabantu. Nangona amathuba ukuphunyezwa mnogomembrannyh organelles plastid kwizisele kusekwangoko kakhulu ukuxela.

Kakhulu kubaluleke ngakumbi kukuba ukuqonda ukuba iseli nucleic onoxanduva phantse kuzo zonke iinkqubo. Le biosynthesis protein, uze ugcine ulwazi malunga isakhiwo iiseli. Kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, nucleic yokuqhuba umsebenzi ukutshintshwa kwezinto ilifa iiseli ukusuka umzali womntwana. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukuphuhliswa ngakumbi iinkqubo mvelo.