Yintoni ombane Umlinganiselo? Iyunithi yomlinganiselo of zikagesi

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni ngaphandle umbane? indoda Modern ingqongwe ngci ngokwakhe kunye izixhobo ezinceda ebomini. Asikwazi ukucinga ukuba mna ubomi bam ngaphandle abancedi smart indlu.

Le ndlela liya ukufudukela ukusetyenziswa kombane. Nkqu yezothutho ngcembe kutshintshelwa iinjini zombane, leyo kunciphisa kakhulu umonakalo kwimvelo.

Namhlanje siya kuzama ukuphendula le mibuzo ilandelayo:

• Yintoni na umbane?
• Yintoni ombane?
• Indlela ukufumanisa ombane?
• Yintoni ombane Umlinganiselo?

Yintoni ngoku?

Ekuqaleni isifundo sakhe umbane ezifunyenwe yi zochuku omzimba omnye nomnye. oovimba amakhulu kwentlawulo zingafumaneka ngethuba umbane uqhwithela, usebenzisa yokumpompoza yendalo - umbane. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba le ndlela kwafa abantu umfundi M. V. Lomonosova - iRichter.

Charge ngokwayo kunzima ukusebenzisa yaye ayiloncedo. Kufuneka ukufumana ulwalathiso lwakhe - umsinga wombane. iimpawu zangoku:

• zokufudumeza umqhubi;
• isenzo chemical;
• isenzo mechanical;
• ukusebenza ngemagnethi.

Asetyenziswe ngayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla neteknoloji. A ngumqathango omiselweyo ubukho nokufumaneka yangoku kuthathwa umthombo yangoku iintlawuliso ezamahala zombane kunye Umqhubi ezivaliweyo.

imbali icala

Ngowe-1792, i-edumileyo yamachiza Italian kunye komzimba Umsunguli Alessandro Volta pin abanomdla National Luigi Galvani phezu uhlobo pulses ezikhoyo amalungu zezilwanyana. uphononongo oluthatha ixesha elide elide yokuziphatha amasele imilenze, zimiliselwe umlobothi yesinyithi, evumela ukuba ukugqiba ukuba umthombo wombane ayisiso esiphilayo, kunye zonxibelelwano ezingafani. Le imeko kunegalelo ukuhamba kombane, yaye indlela kwalapho - kuphela isiphumo komzimba ye yangoku.

A ukufunyanwa elikhethekileyo kukhokelele ekuyilweni yomthombo yokuqala yehlabathi DC, owaziwa ngelika "imfumba Voltaic". ezingafani (Volta ibango kufuneka zisuswe enye kwenye eziliqela imichiza) babekwa iphepha buzane ulwelo "umbexeshi uhlobo yesibini".

Esi sixhobo waba umthombo wamandla ombane DC kuqala. Iyunithi lomlinganiselo electric ombane immortalized igama Alessandro Volta.

Umthombo njalo yangoku

Eyona elementi wesekethe - umthombo yangoku. injongo yawo - ukwenza intsimi yombane phantsi inyathelo apho amasuntswana ezamahala ebizwayo (elektroni, ion) angene motion ngqo. Lokwandisa ezibizwayo mthombo iziqalelo ngamnye (ekubhekiselwe kuwo izibonda) nemiqondiso ezahlukeneyo. intlawulo lisasazwe ngokwalo ngaphakathi umthombo non-wombane uhlobo phantsi isenzo zemikhosi (ngomatshini, imichiza, owahluke ngokwemvelo, thermal, njalo njalo). Nangecandelo yombane idaliwe yi izinti umthombo lwangoku, ivelise umsebenzi ihamba umwisele umqhubi evaliweyo. Kwimfuneko ukwenza ivalekile-loop DC uthe Alessandro Volta.

Ekubeni imithombo phantsi kwempembelelo imikhosi non-wombane ngemvelo, intshukumo isigxina, ngoko Kungaphikiswa ukuba ezi imikhosi enze umsebenzi. Tsalela nabo wesithathu. Umlinganiselo imikhosi yangaphandle usebenza ukudluliswa kwentlawulo ngaphakathi umthombo zangoku kwi ubukhulu amandla electromotive kuthiwa kwentlawulo.

Ukuzibonakalisa ngokwezibalo kulo mtshato:

• E = A _v: q,

apho E - amandla electromotive (EMF), A _leminyaka - umsebenzi imikhosi yangaphandle, q - kwentlawulo olwenziwe yimikhosi ngaphandle emthonjeni.

EMF ephawula ukukwazi ukwenza umthombo lwangoku, kodwa iimpawu eziphambili wambi kungajongwa umthombo wamandla ombane (umahluko enokubakho).

ombane

Umlinganiselo lomsebenzi asendle phezu intshukumo elugcinweni kumqhubi ixabiso ombane ophetheyo wabizwa.

Ukuchaza oko, kufuneka bakwazise umsebenzi yasendle yahlulwe isixa kwentlawulo. Vumela A - umsebenzi owenziwa entsimini sombane ngamandla yemvelaphi za uhambisa i q isigxina. U - lo zikagesi. irekhodi Mathematical ehambelana wokubala:

• U = A: q.

Njengayo nayiphi na inani emzimbeni yiyunithi womlinganiselo ombane. Yintoni ombane Umlinganiselo? Ngu igama Umsunguli umthombo yehlabathi yokuqala DC Alessandro Volta yale ubukhulu banikwa yunithi yayo. Le ombane Inkqubo ngamazwe ulinganiswa volts (V).

Lombane 1 V ithathwa le ombane intsimi yombane wenza umsebenzi 1 J ukuba uhambisa isigxina 1 Cl.

• B = J / C = N • m / (A • c) • m = kg / (A • c ^3).

Iiyunithi ezisisiseko unit SI zomlinganiselo ye zikagesi:

• kg • m / (A • c ^3).

imali efunekayo

Kutheni akwanelanga, ezichaza ngoku, ukungenisa ingqiqo ngoku? Into ingcamango. Thatha izibane ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: isibane nendlu eziqhelekileyo Isibane isibane. Xa uqhagamshela ukuba imithombo amandla ezahlukeneyo (network lweedolophu ibhetri), ungafumana kanye kul efanayo. Ngelo isibane enye indlu uvelisa ukukhanya ngakumbi, oko kukuthi, umsebenzi ezikhoyo nto ngaphezulu kakhulu.

imithombo eyahlukeneyo kombane babe yombane ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, eli xabiso kubalulekile.

A isifaniso luncedo

Ukuqonda intsingiselo emzimbeni ombane efika, ukuba siyiqonde isifaniso umdla. Xa iimpahla ukunxibelelana ulwelo aqukuqela ephuma ityhubhu kwi ityhubhu, ukuba ngaba kukho umahluko xi kuso. flow ulwelo wayeka kwimeko ukulingana woxinezeleko.

Xa kuthelekiswa kulwelo ukuhamba indlela i kagesi, ngoko kwikholam umahluko xi ulwelo idlala indima efanayo njengoko amandla umahluko umthombo yangoku.

iinkqubo ezihamba kude ngokutsha isigxina ngaphakathi umthombo yangoku zenzeke izibonda, iyakwazi ukwenza zangoku nombhexeshi. Le ombane ye yangoku yombane ulinganiswa volts, lusisisekelo umahluko womlinganiselo uxinzelelo - Pascal.

AC

Kagesi iyatshintsha rhoqo icala layo ngokuthi variable. Udala umthombo nokuxuba ombane. Kaninzi iba generator. Masizame ukucacisa: oko kulinganiswa ombane AC?

Umgaqo Isizukulwana ngoku isekelwe kwi mba yoqheliso electromagnetic. Ukujikeleza yomtya evaliweyo kwi lo mhlaba otsalayo kukhokelela amandla umahluko nombhexeshi. Ombane ulinganiswa volts yaye kwimeko ngokutshintsha yangoku.

Ngaba sinokuthi ombane akaguquki? Ngokucacileyo, ngenxa yeenguqu kwi-engile ephakathi womgca yomtya kunye eziqhelekileyo noko ombane eqaliswe ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nexesha. ixabiso layo kwandisa ukusuka kwiqanda ukuya ixabiso elikhulu aze abuyele ku nothi. Thetha malunga ixabiso ethile ayikho imfuneko. Ngenisa ombane ebizwa njalo-yangempela:

• U _d = U: √2.

Ziziphi izixhobo umlinganiselo ombane?

Isixhobo sokulinganisa ombane - voltmeter. Umgaqo ukusebenza kwawo isekelwe intsebenziswano bomgaqo zangoku intsimi kazibuthe kwimagnethi osisigxina. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ndzhendzheleko ngoku esijikeleziswa endle ngemagnethi. Kuxhomekeka ubukhulu bezinto ezikhoyo yomtya ziyohluka ikona ujikelezo.

Ukuba aya ukuba athimbe utolo, oko kuphambuka zero xa yangoku aqukuqela kwisekethe (idla a coil). Kuxhomekeka koko ombane lulinganiselwa, sesixhobo ulinganiswe esikalini. Mhlawumbi ukusetyenziswa sub-iziphindwa kunye iziphindwa.

Kwimeko amaxabiso aphantsi le zombane ulinganiswa millivolts okanye microvolts. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kuzo uthungelwano eziphakamileyo-ombane usebenzisa iiyunithi ezininzi.

Nayiphi voltmeter inxulunyaniswe ngokunxuseneyo kwinxalenye chain, apho neSingqinisiso ombane yenziwa. Ipropati iphambili ndzhendzheleko sixhobo kubizwa ukumelana eliphezulu ohmic. Voltmeter, akunamsebenzi nokuba yintoni na ombane kulinganiswa kufuneka kuchaphazela ukomelela yangoku kwisekethe. Njengoko udlula ngoku ayinamsebenzi ngaphandle ephembelela kakhulu ixabiso esisiseko.

yombane Table

yecebo elizibonakalisa	Le ombane kuzo ezinjengeetheminali yayo, ku
Voltaic igoqo	1.1
yebhetri isibane	1.5
ibhetri awana	1.25
cell lead-asidi	2
inethiwekhi ezisezidolophini	220
umgca amandla High-ombane	500000
Phakathi amafu xa kukho isiphango	Ukuya ku million 100

Practical isicelo voltmeter

Ukuze wenze ukusetyenziswa ngempumelelo voltmeter kufuneka ufunde ukuyisebenzisa ngayo. experimenter ukwazi banokunqwenela ukudibana kunye nootitshala bezikolo.

School of Physics nekhabhathi axhotyiswe umboniso elebhu kunye nezixhobo yombane yokulinganisa.

Lokuxhaphaza nayiphi na voltmeter kufuneka ndaqwalasela ngenyameko imithetho elula:

1. Voltmeter has a ongu yokulinganisa. Eli xabiso liphezulu on ngezinga yayo. Akukho mfuneko ukudibanisa ku wesekethe eliquka i-elementi ombane aphezulu.
2. Ukuba akukho umthombo enye, okanye voltmeter, ungasebenzisa inkqubo resistances ezongezelelweyo. Kulo mzekelo, kwisikali voltmeter kufuneka itshintshwe.
3. I-DC yesekethe yombane ezinxulumene ngokuxhomekeke umqondiso iiterminal kwentlawulo sesalathiso. I-terminal esihle umthombo ngoku kufuneka sidityaniswe kwi-terminal ezakhayo voltmeter, negative - ukukhankasa. Ukuba udidekile, ngoko inaliti isixhobo inokuba kugoba, leyo ayinqweneleki kakhulu.
4. Zonke ukuxhumana zenziwa kuphela wesekethe de-amandla.

ingozi

Kagesi inokuba ekhuselekileyo ngabantu. It ingqalelo ombane okungeyongozi ngaphantsi kwe 24 V.

Action phantsi womnatha lwedolophu ombane yangoku (220) na obonakala ngokwaneleyo. Kungalo abafowunelwa bako kunye yi "electric" esikhulu.

Ingcinezelo ngexesha isaqhwithi ipasisa ngoku omkhulu onjalo ngomzimba womntu, leyo esongela ukufa kwakhe. Musa esichengeni ubomi babo kunye nezempilo.