Yintoni na ulele? Ulele kwindalo. ifomu ulele

Emva kokufunda eli nqaku, uza kufunda oko iqulathe ulele, ezo iintlobo zezi zityalo, ngokunjalo nendima eziyidlalayo kwindalo kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho yabantu. Siya kukuxelela ngendlela anciphisa ukufuma, bachaza ukutya kwabo.

Apho kukho ulele?

Ulele afunda ngayo ebomini nokuba kwiimeko ezinzima, badla esisigxina apho ezinye izinto eziphilayo ayinakuba khona. Baya ngasemntla nomzantsi kwezinye izityalo. Xa malayas, ukuba afunyanwa kwiindawo ezise ngentla 5600 m.

Ulele, imizekelo emininzi apho inokuba phantse nasiphi umphandle, nokuba izinto ezigcadiweyo iliwa entlango ebharhileyo, zinambuzane ukuphumla okanye izilwanyana eyome abafileyo ithambo. Enye uhlobo (Verrucaria serpuloides) uhlala ixesha elide ezingena emanzini womkhenkce Antarctica kunye nezinye (Lecanora esculenta) okwenziwa ngumoya. Kwaye nangona ulele zizonke ezi-ethe kakhulu kuzo zonke iintlobo inkunkuma mveliso, olu hlobo njengoko Lecanora conizaeoides, ngokubonakalayo zikhula kwiindawo amahle ezimdaka.

ifomu ulele

Ukungqinelana iimpawu ekukhuleni zonke iintlobo ezaziwayo ezi zityalo (abo 15 000) bohlulwa babe ngamaqela ezintathu. Inkcazelo emfutshane ye nganye.

Foliose zikhula kwiindawo ngokuna enzima. Njengokuba mhlawumbi uye elithekelelwayo, ke ngoko igama ngenxa yokuba hlobo zifana amagqabi. Enye yohlobo lwazo imelwe kwifoto ngezantsi.

Iqela elilandelayo - crustose (cortical). Zezi ukumelana nembalela kwaye ngoko ngabona entlango. Ukucaca ulele abadibana olusondeleyo zeendawana, leyo ikhula. Caloplaca heppiana, umzekelo, ufumaneka ezindongeni kunye amangcwaba. Oku kwaye inani ezifanayo kunye neentlobo zezityalo naye umdla kuthi zisetyenziswa njengoko zeendawana kwezalathisi ubudala. Ulele eli qela basoloko nemibala eqaqambileyo kwaye ulwehlo i mushroom.

Ekugqibeleni, zaziya kukwazi ukuthatha komisa emoyeni kwaye ubukhulu becala kwiindawo imozulu ifumile. Ubukhulu kunye nenkangeleko nezityalo umdla kuthi zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Abanye babo ukwenza ubude vulu 2,75 m okanye ngaphezulu, kanti omnye akusekho kanotaka.

Yintoni na ulele?

Ezi eziphilayo akhiwa kwizityalo amasebe ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: ukusuka ulwelwe kunye ngundo. Ndixelele ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni na ulele. Oku umele omnye weyona mizekelo ngempumelelo mutualism. Eli gama libhekisela intsebenziswano enenzuzo kujongwe phakathi eziphilayo ezimbini ezingafani.

Icandelo ekuveleni - njengento ebalulekileyo kayintoni Apha kwesi ulele. Oku ngesiqhelo mhlawumbi oluhlaza okanye ulwelwe blue-eluhlaza. Icandelo mushroom - mmeli marsupials fungi okanye ascomycetes. Ngaphandle ezinqabileyo, ukuba ulele kuphela ezo zityalo enamakhulu olulodwa lwento somngundo, kunye uhlobo lisiza. Ngabaya, ngokufuthi ekwakheni ezi zityalo (ngaphezu kwe-50% ye-iintlobo) ziquka ezineseli enye ubulembu eluhlaza Trebouxia, kodwa kusenokubakho abanye.

Ngoko ke, ukuba ulele na izinto eyenziwa ngundo kwakunye nezityalo, nto leyo ibekwe ngokuhlalisana eyinzuzo elinganayo. Nanku omnye umzekelo. Xanthoria parietina (eliboniswe ngezantsi) lidla afumaneka kwi ematyeni kunxweme, kwakunye ezindongeni kunye nophahla zezindlu. orange imizimba bayo patelliform fruiting (apothecia) ngokokwakheka phantse yinto enzima umzimba fruiting le ngundo ekude.

Xa ukusika ulele kunokubonwa ezingcakacileyo umaleko ongaphezulu esinzulu zingumtya nethunga hyphae ezinzwaneni. iiseli ngabanye ulwelwe eluhlaza ifakiwe. Ngokomthetho ulele yinto ephilayo isidumbu sakhe ubunjwe hyphae lathamba zingumtya nethunga ezinzwaneni, nto leyo ibekwe ngezantsi omnye hyphae maleko ubhityileyo ezifanayo ukuya phezulu.

Ukukhula ulele

Bekhula ngokucothayo kakhulu. Uninzi iintlobo crustose kunqabile ikhula ubukhulu kulo nyaka ngaphezulu kwe-1 mm. Ezinye iintlobo ulele zikhula kancinane ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kuba saphinda kwe-1 cm ngonyaka ngamnye. Oku kulandela ukuba iintlobo ezinkulu kwezi izityalo phambili kakhulu ubudala; Bakholelwa ukuba ngabameli abathile ezinye iintlobo Arctic ungaphezulu kweminyaka 4000.

Ngenxa ekuthiwa lihenometrii, t. E. Ukulinganiswa ulele nokubala yobudala imiphezulu rock. Le ndlela ezihambayo ubudala kunye megaliths enkulu (kuvuleke ezinkulu) wamiswa. Le yokugqibela yafunyanwa kwi-Easter Island kwi-Pacific Ocean.

yobudala Advanced ezi zityalo kubonisa ukuba babe nombutho noko eliphezulu kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi lisiza kunye ngundo olinganayo kakuhle. Kodwa nohlobo lokwenyaniso kulo mtshato yiyo ayikacaci.

lokugaya

ulwelwe photosynthesis, njengezinye izityalo eziluhlaza kondla omabini amaqabane, njengoko Umngundo akukho ngokuba yiklorofili. carbohydrate ukuba kuhlelwe yi lona lisiza, kume kuwo yaye lilo ngundo, eziguqulelwe kwezinye silambile. Le ukutya ekudleni kwaye sisiseko ulwalamano oluphakathi yakhokelela ekumisweni ulele. Incedisa izondlo ukusuka nobulembu ngundo fast kakhulu: kwafumaniseka ukuba fungi nexesha ukuguqula iswekile evela ulwelwe, imizuzu emithathu ukususela ekuqaleni photosynthesis.

ukufuma Ukunciphisa

Ulele, zikwazi eninzi ukufuma, ziyahluka kakhulu umthamo. Ngokuphawulekayo ukwandisa ukuphakama kwawo. Ukwahlukana amalungu ezinika kwaye ukufunxa ukufuma, ezi zityalo akukho. Bark wenza zombini ezi misebenzi. Kwakhona akukho izixhobo ulele ukuba ubagcine kuyo transpiration, kuphuhliswa ezo kakuhle, umzekelo, i-kwezityalo ezinemigca. Uninzi lwethu abanomdla ukufuma eziphilayo ufumana emoyeni, kunokuba ukusuka emhlabeni. Anciphisa umphunga wamanzi. uhlobo kuphela nje ezimbalwa eziqhotyoshelwe zeendawana, uyakwazi ukuthatha ukufuma ivela kuyo.

Ukusetyenziswa ulele

Ulele zahlukahlukene kwisicelo indalo: ukukhonza njengezilwanyana ukutya (isi-akhawunti ngenxa esithathwini ezimbini adle yokutya), esetyenziswa njenge material iintaka iindlwane zinika ngasezibukweni ngenxa ezininzi iintlobo ezingenamqolo ezincinane ezifana amakhalane, ooqongqothwane, amabhabhathane kunye iinkumba. Bathabathe bazise inzuzo emntwini. Zizicatshulwana ezithathwe ulele ezisetyenziswayo kanye umbala, apho lwam isondo Scottish. Kwezi yellow efunyenweyo, omdaka, ebomvu nemfusa
echaza ngayo. imibala esiPhakathi ifunyenwe counterstained.

moss Icelandic (Cetraria islandica) kangangeenkulungwane angapha kwesibini, asetyenziswa antitussives. Inkcaza kwezinye ulele usnic acid, indoda asetyenziselwa ukunyanga amanxeba ezibalulekileyo kunye nesifo sephepha.

Uphando lwakutshanje kuye wabafumana antibiotics ezisebenza izifo ezifana semiphunga kunye nomkhuhlane obubomvu. Ukongeza, ezi zityalo zisetyenziswa kolu shishino. Ngoko ke, ukususela sp ulele Roccella. Yavelisa a litmus okhethekileyo - nesalathisi yemichiza bomvu phantsi kweemeko emuncu and blue obrak.