Ibhastile - it ... bewela izityalo. nzalo interspecific

Indlela ethembisayo ekusombululeni ihlabathi ingxaki ukutya na, kuyabonakala ukuba, ukuphucuka ngakumbi izityalo ezikhoyo likhule kumhlaba sele ziphuhlisiwe. Ibhastile - yinto banokudlala indima ephambili ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lokutya. Ngapha koko, inkoliso yeendawo ezifanelekileyo zokulima sele lithathiwe. Ukwanda umlinganiselo wamanzi asetyenziswa kuzo, izichumiso kunye namanye amachiza ayinakwenzeka kwezoqoqosho kwiindawo ezininzi. Kungenxa yoko le nto kubaluleke kakhulu ukuphucula izityalo ezikhoyo. A hybrid - isityalo efunyenwe kanye ngenxa yale ukuphuculwa.

protein

Ingxaki nje kuphela ukuze zinongezele ungeniselo, kodwa ukwandisa protein kunye nezinye izondlo. Kuba indoda kubalulekile umgangatho iiprothini ezityiwayo izityalo: izilwanyana (kunye nabantu ingakumbi) kufuneka ifunyenwe ukutya imali eyimfuneko zonke kubalulekile (okt ezo abangakwaziyo nokulungelelanisa bona ..) Of asidi acid. Ezisibhozo asidi 20 acid ayimfuneko ukuze umntu, iza ukutya. I-12 eseleyo ukuze kuveliswa ngokwalo. Noko ke, utyala nge ngcono ngenxa yokukhethwa ubume proteinaceous baya- kufuna nitrogen kunye nezinye izondlo ngaphandle kwemilo yokuqala, ngokunjalo kuhlala yenyuka kumazwe litheni apho imfuneko ezinjalo lilikhulu.

izakhiwo ezintsha

Umgangatho kuquka kuphela imveliso, ukwakhiwa kunye nobungakanani iiprothini. iintlobo Created ezingamelanga ngakumbi ukuba izifo nezinambuzane, kuba ziqulathe metabolites zasesekondari, imilo ngakumbi nombala ngeziqhamo (umzekelo, ama-apile, obomvu eqaqambileyo ngebala), kungcono ukuba ukumelana izithuthi kunye nokugcinwa (umz, ibhastile nto yandisa ukugcina umgangatho iitumato), kwakunye ngabanikazi nezinye iipropati kubalulekile ukuba le nkcubeko.

imisebenzi okwandisa

Abalimi hlahlela iyantlukwano zofuzo ekhoyo. Baye eminyaka baninzi sophuculo imigca izityalo ibalulekileyo. Njengomgaqo, kubalulekile ukufumana nokuvavanya amawaka ibhastile nto, ukuze ukhethe ambalwa kwabo kuba ncamisa kunje ngenene iipropati zabo sele ngokubanzi nase. Umzekelo, ngokuvelisa umbona oyi- eUnited States ukususela 1930 ngenxa 1980. kunyuke phantse zisibhozo amaxesha, nangona abalimi iye isetyenziswe kuphela inxalenye encinane ukungafani yemfuza kule inkcubeko. Kukho ezinye ezininzi ezintsha. Oku kuvumela ukusetyenziswa ozozogidi ngokufanelekileyo.

umbona hybrid

Ukwandisa imveliso yengqolowa wenziwa kwenzeka ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokusetyenziswa imbewu yemihlanganiselwa. le nkcubeko imigca esizalwa (gqith ngokwabo yi imvelaphi) ziye zasetyenziswa iifom ngabazali. Imbewu okubangelwa iminqamlezo phakathi kwabo abaphuhlisa ibhastile nto umbona enamandla kakhulu. imigca ungazizekisi etyalwe kwimiqolo alternating, kunye nezityalo enye yezi isandla kunqunyulwa panicles (inflorescences oyindoda). Ngoko ke, zonke iimbewu yezi kopi hybrid. Baye iipropati luncedo kakhulu ngabantu. Ngu Ukukhetha ngenyameko imigca esizalwa uyakwazi ukufumana nzalo ezinamandla. Ezi zityalo ukuba endawni na indawo oyifunayo. Ngenxa yokuba iimpawu zezityalo hybrid ziyafana, bathi lula ukuyicoca. Kunye nongeniselo ngamnye kubo iphezulu kakhulu iikopi engaphuculwanga. Ngowe-1935 ibhastile nto umbona accounted for ngaphantsi kwe-1% yazo zonke izityalo ezilinywa kwi-US, kwaye ngoku phantse yonke. Ngubani na ukufumana izivuno eziphezulu kakhulu kule izityalo ixesha elide ngaphantsi kakhulu kunangaphambili.

Iimpumelelo lamaziko ukufuya ngamazwe

Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo kuye ixesha elininzi neenzame zokuphucula imveliso yengqolowa kunye nezinye iinkozo, ingakumbi kwiindawo kwimozulu eshushu. inkqubela encomekayo sele yenziwe kumaziko ezizalayo ngezizwe kwimimandla efudumeleyo. Xa ngxilimbela ezintsha wakhulela kuzo ingqolowa, umbona nerayisi leyo ikhule eMexico, India nasePakistan, oku kuye kwakhokelela ekwandeni elibukhali kwemveliso yezolimo, wafumana igama Green Revolution.

revolution eluhlaza

Phakathi kwakhe ubuchule nokuzalela, izichumiso kunye nonkcenkceshelo ziye zasetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo. inkcubeko ngamnye ukufumana izivuno eziphezulu ifuna kweemeko ezivumayo nezincomekayo ezikhulayo. Isichumiso, ngoomatshini nonkcenkceshelo - iinxalenye eyimfuneko Green Revolution. Ngenxa iimpawu ulwabiwo ngetyala kuphela abanini atyebileyo kakhulu bakwazi ukukhula ibhastile ezintsha yezityalo (cereals). Kwiindawo ezininzi, i-revolution eluhlaza yanda, ukufumaneka komhlaba ezandleni embalwa abanini kunabo. Loo nokunikezelwa ipropati akuthethi ukuba umsebenzi okanye ukutya, inkoliso yabemi kule mimandla.

nerorho

maxa wambi kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ngezi ndlela zemveli ezinezityalo yokuzalela. Ngokomzekelo, omnye hybrid lwengqolowa (Triticum) kunye nespelete (Secale) nerorho (igama lwenzululwazi Triticosecale) iye ibaluleka kwiindawo ezininzi, yaye, kuyabonakala ke, ethembisa kakhulu. Yayifunyenwe kabini inani zofuzo hybrid engenazintsholongwane yengqolowa nespelete kwiminyaka yoo-1950. J .. O'Mara kwiYunivesithi yase pc. Iowa usebenzisa colchicine, izinto nokuthintela lokusekwa plate cell. Nerorho idibanisa imveliso eliphezulu nengqolowa kunye rye unpretentiousness. Hybrid izinzile yomgama irusi - isifo fungal, leyo yenye yezona zinto zibe umda isivuno ingqolowa. Further kweenkomo nokukhetha wanika eziphuculweyo imigca nerorho kwiindawo ezithile. Ngeminyaka yoo-1980. le nkcubeko ngenxa imveliso yalo phezulu, ukumelana neemeko zemozulu neendiza elihle wemka emva kokuvuna, ngokukhawuleza ukwanda eFransi, umvelisi likhulu ingqolowa phakathi eEC. indima nerorho kwi ekutyeni yabantu ikhula ngokukhawuleza.

Ulondolozo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezityalo ukwehluka zofuzo

inkqubo ngokunzulu zeminqamlezo nelothe lokukhetha ukuya licuthe ezahlukahlukeneyo yemfuza yezityalo ilinywa zonke iimpawu zazo. Ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo, ukhetho ngumntu ikakhulu ijolise imveliso okwandayo, naphakathi inzala efanayo kakhulu ezikhethwe ngqongqo ngokusekelwe iikopi ngamanye amaxesha kudaka ukumelana nezifo. Phakathi inkcubeko izityalo baba uniform ngakumbi, ukusukela ezinye iimpawu zabo ucaca ngakumbi abanye; Ngoko ke, sengozini kakhulu ngamagciwane kunye izitshabalalisi ukuba izityalo xa iyonke. Umzekelo, Helminthosporium isifo ezinzwaneni zombona ebangelwe uhlobo Helminthosporium maydis (ingasentla) ngo-1970, wabatshabalalisa malunga ne-15% yesityalo kwi-US, ekuziseni ilahleko malunga $ 1 billion. kubonakala Le lahleko ukuba ezinxulumene ukuvela uhlanga olutsha ngundo iyingozi kakhulu ukuba ezinye imigca eziphambili ingqolowa, lisetyenziswa kwi kwimveliso yembewu gqith. imigca abaninzi ngokorhwebo ebalulekileyo kukho icytoplasm silima twatse njengoko imveliso yombona gqith ngokuphindaphindiweyo sebenzisa izityalo pistillate efanayo.

Ukuze kunqandwe umonakalo kufuneka likhule ngokuzimeleyo ukugcina iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezinkulu umgca ukuba, ukuba sum of imiqondiso engaphenduli ukumela nomdla kwezoqoqosho anokuqulatha zofuzo ziluncedo ekulweni eqhubekayo nxamnye izinambuzane nezifo.

kwaqanjwa iitumato

impumelelo Iyamangalisa ekwandiseni iyantlukwano zofuzo itsale iifom zasendle abalimi yetumato. Ukwenza le nkcubeko imigca ukuqokelelwa, olwenziwa yi-Charles Rick kunye nabasebenzi bakhe kwiYunivesithi yase California, Davis, eye wavumela ukuba ukukusingatha ngempumelelo ezininzi izifo zalo ezinkulu, ingakumbi, okubangelwa Fusarium abangafezekanga umngundo kunye Verticillum, yaye ezinye iintsholongwane. Ixabiso lesondlo itumata yanyuswa kakhulu. Ukongeza, izityalo hybrid abanganyangekiyo ngakumbi etyuwa kunye nezinye iimeko ezinzima. Oku kwabangelwa ikakhulu ukuqokelela, uhlahlelo kunye nokusetyenziswa imigca itumata zasendle ukuze zizalele.

Njengoko ubona, ngxilimbela interspecific ziyathembisa kakhulu kwezolimo. Enkosi kubo, unako ukuphucula imveliso kunye nomgangatho kwezityalo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kuphela kwezolimo kodwa ngemfuyo wasebenzisa ukunqumla. Ngenxa yoko, umzekelo, wabonakala imeyile (photo uchazwe apha ngasentla kuyo). Oku kwakhona hybrid, umnqamlezo phakathi idonki kunye Ndikufanekisé.