Yintoni na le niche eziphilayo: umzekelo. Inkcazelo nshila eziphilayo yento ephilayo: imizekelo

Njengokuba elinye yokusingqongileyo amacandelo synecology lihlola ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu inane eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo bhetyebhetye kwabo iimeko zokusingqongileyo. Kwezenkolo bafumanisa ukuba eziphilayo akwi labaphilayo idityaniselwe i uququzelelo ethile lwendawo apho zihlangana omnye komnye kunye iindawo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila: amanzi, umhlaba, umoya.

Le ndawo igama kwimixokomelwano - crespo eziphilayo. Le mizekelo ngazo kweli nqaku zenzelwe ukungqina ukuba sizalwa zonke iintlobo eziphilayo, kwaye ke ngenxa yentsebenziswano kumzimba kunye nabanye abantu, kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo.

Ezona mpawu eziphilayo kweentlobo

Ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke iintlobo ngexesha phylogeny ziqhelana ukuba imiba ethile abiotic. Ibeka yemvelo le ndawo. Ukuba, njengokuba uluntu eziphilayo Ngokusebenza kunye neemeko zokuhlala kunye nabanye abantu, yinto abalinganiswa eziphilayo, isihloko apho - crespo eziphilayo. Imizekelo lomjikelo wobomi besilwanyana kwenzeka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo komhlaba kunye trophic biogeocoenose - ledragonfly enxulumene uhlobo Arthropoda, Class Izinambuzane. Abantu abadala - imago, ukuba amarhamncwa esebenzayo, Sendisicwaba isiciko umoya, ngoxa kwindawo yazo - silwanyana, ukuphefumla iigilizi, zizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.

Iimpawu ze-niche eziphilayo kweentlobo

Umbhali yomsebenzi zakudala "ezisisiNyanzeliso Lemvelo" Yu Odum eyaqamba ibinzana elithi "niche eziphilayo," nto leyo ayisebenzisayo ukufunda uluntu ubudlelwane zasemanzini kuwo onke amanqanaba lombutho wayo. Ngokutsho nzulu, indawo ngamnye kwindalo, oko kukuthi, ubume balo kubalulekile - eli crespo eziphilayo. Umzekelo ebonisa le nkcazelo - uluntu zezityalo, ababizwa ngokuba ngoovulindlela. Baye iipropati ezikhethekileyo nokomzimba nezihluma, ebavumela ukuba ukuphumelela ngokulula zindawo free. Ezi Calamagrostis emhlabeni, kwesingqengqelo ingca, Mar Belaya. Bakha biocenoses zaseprayimari, ezakutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Odum ebizwa umzimba yobume idilesi yakhe, kunye nesakhono ukuze baphile umfanekiso - umsebenzi.

Model J. hutchinson

Ethetha kwakhona kwenkcazo 'crespo eziphilayo "kwikota. Umzekelo ezekelisa - deer ezimhlophe-ezinomsila, umjikelo ubomi inxulunyaniswa enesithuba Understory - iintshinyela ityholwana ongatshiyo. Baya bakhonza njengoko isilwanyana oluthe kuphela ukutya, kodwa zikhuselwe. Kusekwe hutchinson model hypervolume biogeocoenose indawo kukho abantu inkxaso yobomi iseli yabemi. It eziphilayo ingaphila ixesha elide, uphambuke ezintethweni imiba umda yokusingqongileyo. Uphando sesayensi bababambe ngokusekelwe kwimodeli wadala zemathematika, anike ingcamango kwemida kangangoko zempilo noluntu eziphilayo zemvelo.

Gause isimiso

Libizwa ngokuba exclusion ulawulo yokhuphiswano kwaye lisetyenziswa ukuchaza iintlobo ezimbini umzabalazo sobukho - phakathi iintlobo zifundwa Charles Darwin ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ukuba abantu baye iimfuno sifana kakhulu, ezifana trophic (okt lilonke base ukutya) okanye lomhlaba (zokuhlala zidlulela - zokuhlala) luxhomekeke amanani zabo, lo gama i-co-ubukho bezi ndawo ulinganiselwe. Oku kubangelwa isiphelo iya kukhokelela ukugxothwa (ukubana ngaphantsi abantu apha naphaya) yaye kunikwe zonke eziphilileyo kwenziwe ngakumbi ziyanda ngokukhawuleza kwezinye iintlobo.

Umzekelo, uhlobo olulodwa impuku izimvi ngokuya inane amabuzi abamnyama. Bambalwa okwangoku ngenani kwaye afumaneka kufutshane amanzi. parameters ezintathu agcwele ingqiqo ka "crespo eziphilayo." Umzekelo echaza le ngxelo ingqalelo sithi ngaphambili, ezizezi: Iintlobo impuku Grey kwakuhlala kuyo yonke indawo (indawo lweendawo), oko zezitya (ukutya) kwaye enithiyela zombini (umsebenzi division ixesha) imini nobusuku.

Omnye umzekelo, leyo olwahlula ulawulo ngaphandle yokhuphiswano: kufika kwabantu bokuqala e-Australia, bazisa abemi iinyosi yaseYurophu. Ngokunxulumene nophuhliso kweenyosi inani lezi zinambuzane liye landa, baza yayithabathel ngozalelwe Australian bee indawo zokuhlala balo abasisigxina, ukubeka olu hlobo nganeno ngaseludinini yokutshabalala.

Ityala efanayo kwenzeka kwemiphakathi nomvundla yasekhaya, amazwe le discoverers efanayo amazwekazi. Le intabalala yokutya, iimeko zemozulu Obusemagqabini nokungabikho yokhuphiswano kwakuthetha ukuba abantu ezi zilwanyana baqala ukuthatha kwintsimi enye yokuhlala kunye nabantu Ndibandisile kwamanani ezo zikolo zinjalo ezaqala ukutshabalalisa izityalo zolimo.

Beka izityalo kwi ecosystem

Uya kuqhubeka ukuphendula lo mbuzo, yintoni na crespo eziphilayo. Umzekelo, ukunika impendulo olugqityiweyo - kuba izityalo ubume kubalulekile clover ebomvu. Ummandla zokusasaza wayo - Europe, North Afrika, Central Asia. Abantu zikhule kakuhle xa amadlelo kakuhle efumileyo, kwiqondo lobushushu ka +12 ... + 21 ° C. Zakha zengca ingaphelelwayo okanye kumgangatho ehlathini kwaye abavelisi benkqubo ikhonkco lokutya kwi-ikhosistim.

Imfundiso crespo eziphilayo

Oku kuquka ukubonisa yoyilo isithuba isabelo ecosystem ukuba ezithile iparameters imiba abiotic kwaye inikeza iindlela ezahlukeneyo yentsebenziswano lwabemi nabantu kwezinye iintlobo: .. Competition, parasitism, commensalism njl iimpawu zikhankanywe biogeocoenose ukunika inkcazelo epheleleyo niche eziphilayo ephilayo. Imizekelo inkunkuma yezilwanyana, ubandakanyeka kweempuku (gophers, gerbils, gerbils) abahlala kwimimandla semidesert yimidlalo kumahlandinyuka usiko ubushushu imini nobusuku. Ukudla, izityalo ezincinane bakhonza kukutya izilwanyana ezinkulu neentaka: iimpungutye, okhozi, ookhetshe njengeyona, izikhova.

Iqondo eliphezulu kwaye isithuba yokwenene yabemi ubukho

Khumbula ukuba isethi nxulumano eziphilayo nabantu bezinye abantu kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo - eli crespo eziphilayo. Umzekelo zomhlaba iintsholongwane-saprotroph, sisitya izinto eziphilayo abafileyo yokuhlambulula ilizwe, ngokunjalo nokuphucula iimpawu zayo agrochemical, siqinisekisa ukuyilwa inani elikhulu kobudlelwane zasemanzini kunye nabanye abemi umhlaba: i ezidla izinambuzane, iingcambu zesityalo, zomngundo. imisebenzi ebalulekileyo iintsholongwane zomhlaba ixhomekeke amaqondo obushushu nokufuma komhlaba, ukwakhiwa kwayo physicochemical.

Okunye abemi - iintsholongwane nitrifying chemotroph - zenze esitalini unxibelelwano zasemanzini kunye inane ebumbotyirha usapho: ukutya ngazo imbewu ilusini, lupines. Zonke ezi parameters, zombini iimeko zasemanzini kunye nokusingqongileyo, zenza niche waqonda ecological iintsholongwane. Le yinxalenye amandla (crespo esisiseko) biogeocoenose, nto leyo iseti kweemeko ezivumayo nezincomekayo apho unokubakho iintlobo ngokungenammiselo.

Imithetho edingekayo isakhiwo sebali yoyilo eziphilayo

Ukuba biogeocoenosis ngendelelo ekucaca ukuba iziganeko ezinkulu abiotic ezifana imililo, izikhukula, iinyikima okanye imisebenzi ezimbi zabantu, ezinye iindawo kuyo simahla, oko akanalo ke abantu ngaphambili babehlala apha izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Imbonakalo kweefom ubomi obutsha - ngokulandelelana - kukhokelela utshintsho kuloo inxalenye biogeocoenose, ogama - izityalo crespo eziphilayo. Imizekelo lakhona emva komlilo zibonisa ukuba endaweni ihlathi ebanzi ndizivule kufika enye okanye ebakho herbaceous izityalo kunye eliphezulu kwezityalo amandla: willow, willow-imifuno, unina kunye nomnye umama, kunye nabanye, kufuneka ukhulula ezinye isithuba kanye loni njengoko abantu iintlobo ezintsha.

Kweli phepha, sasifunda into enjalo inkcukacha crespo eziphilayo ephilayo. Le mizekelo ingqalelo sithi ukuqinisekisa ukuba imbaxa yoyilo aguqulelwe iimeko zokuphila ngokupheleleyo inane izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.