Inkqubo uphawu lokuqala - ntoni na? Inkqubo yokuqala umqondiso umntu ngokwe Pavlov

Ihlabathi esiphila siyaqonda ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ezimbini: eyokuqala kunye umqondiso wesibini.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi malunga nemeko eziphilayo kunye nokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle kwenkqubo uphawu lokuqala isebenzisa zonke mvo womntu: touch, emehlweni, ivumba, ukuva incasa. The, omncinci, inkqubo alarm yesibini ikuvumela ukuba ukuqonda ihlabathi ngenxa yezinto azithethayo. kwenzeka uphuhliso yawo ngokusekelwe kwaye ngokusebenzisana lokuqala kwinkqubo yophuhliso yoluntu kunye nokukhula. Kweli nqaku siza kukhangela ukuba inkqubo uphawu yokuqala, uqala kunye nemisebenzi ngayo.

Njengoko sihlelwa izilwanyana?

Zonke izilwanyana Ungasebenzisa umthombo omnye kuphela inkcazelo malunga ubunyani ajikelezileyo utshintshe imeko yayo, nto leyo inkqubo uphawu lokuqala. ngaphandle thaca ngokusebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo ukuba iintlobo ngeentlobo iipropati yemichiza emzimbeni, ezifana nombala, ivumba, ukuma et al., Khonza signal moya, elumkisa umzimba utshintsho ekufuneka ukuziqhelanisa. Umzekelo, amaxhama dozing elangeni, ivumba utshaba yokuncathama ijika ibaleka off, abaleke. Isivuseleli yaba uphawu ukuya ingozi.

Ngoko ke, izilwanyana eziphezulu kuqala (reflex conditioner) inkqubo ebonisa - i ukubonakaliswa oluchanileyo ngaphandle kwehlabathi, sivumele ilungelo lokuba aphendule utshintsho uze uyamkele kubo. Zonke iimpawu zakhe siyahambelana into ethile kwaye eziphathekayo. ikhaliphe moya kuba sisiseko sabaqalayo isifundo bokunikeza isilwanyana yokucinga, eyakhiwe yile nkqubo ethile.

Uphawu lokuqala kwenkqubo yabantu isebenza ngendlela efanayo naleyo izilwanyana ngaphezulu. Yahlula nokusebenza kwayo liyasetyenziswa kuphela kwiintsana, ukususela ekuzalweni de eneenyanga ezintandathu ubudala, ukuba umntwana kwindawo eqhelekileyo zentlalo. Formation kunye nophuhliso lwenkqubo uphawu yesibini lwenziwe kule nkqubo kwaye ngenxa yokuba imfundo kunye nonxibelelwano yentlalo phakathi kwabantu.

Types of umsebenzi luvo

Man - ngumntu esimbaxa, elidlulileyo kuphuhliso yayo zembali ngokusebenzisa utshintsho ezintsonkothileyo kubume zombini yokwakheka kunye nokomzimba, nezengqondo kunye nomsebenzi. yonke complex kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni wayo, ithwalwa kwaye ibekwe esweni iinkqubo ezingundoqo komzimba - luvo.

Umsebenzi wale nkqubo yahlulwe ezingezantsi neziphezulu. Kuba ulawulo kunye nolawulo onke amalungu angaphakathi kunye neenkqubo omzimba womntu ekwafanekisa le ebizwa ngokuba umsebenzi esezantsi luvalo. Dibana izinto kunye nezinto of engokoqobo ngokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo neuro-ngokwasengqondweni kunye neendlela, ezifana ubukrelekrele, imbono, ukucinga, ulwimi, inkumbulo, ingqalelo, ekunokuthiwa ngaphezulu umsebenzi yoluvo (GNI). Le intsebenziswano kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ifuthe ngqo zezinto ezahlukeneyo phezu receptors, umzekelo, ezikhalayo okanye ezibonwayo, kunye ukosuleleka ngakumbi iimpawu bamkelwa nervous system, ulwazi igunya nokusetyenzwa - ubuchopho. Kuyinto olu hlobo zokubonisa isazinzulu Russian I. P. Pavlovym igama inkqubo uphawu lokuqala. Ngenxa yakhe, wenza kwenzeka ukuvela ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo uphawu lwesibini, ekhethekileyo abantu kwaye iyanyaniswa oluvakalayo (intetho) okanye igama ebonakalayo (imithombo ebhaliweyo).

Yintoni inkqubo isilumkiso?

Ngokusekelwe wokubhalwa Russian komzimba kunye nzulu I. M. Sechenova umsebenzi edumileyo reflex ye iinxalenye ngaphezulu ingqondo, I. P. Pavlov yaqulunqa kwithiyori GNI - umsebenzi eziphezulu luvo womntu. Njengenxalenye yale mfundiso laliqulunqwe yi ingcamango yokuba le nkqubo umkhosi esandleni sakhe. Bona aqondwe kwakhiwe izakhiwo uqweqwe (isocortex) ingqondo conditioner uxhulumaniso reflex ngenxa pulses ezahlukeneyo evela kokusingqongileyo okanye amalungu omzimba kunye neenkqubo. Yiloo nto ke umsebenzi inkqubo kweesiginali lokuqala ijolise ekusebenziseni imicimbi uhlalutyo zokwenziwa ukuqonda imiyalezo evela amalungu sensory na izinto zehlabathi lwangaphandle.

Ngenxa yoko, kwavela uphuhliso kunye nolwimi yokufumana kwezentlalo ngengozi inkqubo umqondiso wesibini. Ngenxa ukukhula kunye nophuhliso psyche komntwana ngokuthe ngcembe ukuphuhlisa ukukwazi ukuqonda uze nokuveliswa njengesikhali ngenxa ukuvela nokudityaniswa amakhonkco associative, izandi okanye amagama bathetha umbono sensory iinjongo ngenxa yemeko ezisingqongileyo.

Iimpawu yenkqubo uphawu lokuqala

Kule nkqubo kweesiginali njengendlela kunye neendlela zonxibelelwano, nazo zonke ezinye iintlobo zokuziphatha kusekelwe embonweni nangoko ngqongile zikhona yaye ukuphendula izicelo kulowo ngexesha la intsebenziswano. Inkqubo yokuqala uphawu yomntu - kuba impendulo vangama eziphathekayo sensory lweempembelelo receptors kwi yinxalenye yehlabathi.

Okokuqala, kukho yimvakalelo xa umzimba waso nasiphi nesenzeko, iimpawu okanye izinto ziqondeka receptors nayiphi na enye okanye ngaphezulu kweemvakalelo. Emva koko ukuziva ziguqulwa zibe iimilo ezintsonkothileyo - ziqhele. Kwaba kuphela emva kokuba inkqubo uphawu yesibini iza asekwe aze aphuhliswe, unako ukwenza Awabotshwanga ukuba into ethile ngeendlela nje bokubonisa, ezifana neembono nesigama.

iinkqubo ezenziwa uphawu

Ngexesha ukusebenza eqhelekileyo kwezi nkqubo zimbini uphawu amaziko abakhokelayo zifaka lobuchopho. Reception and processing of ulwazi kwinkqubo kweesiginali lokuqala ikhweyitha ekunene. Njengoko imbono nokusingathwa umsinga ulwazi kwinkqubo umqondiso yesibini ivelisa ikhweyitha lasekhohlo unoxanduva ukucinga. Le yesibini system (ngaphezu kwesinye) alarm ye ingqondo yomntu kuxhomekeke ekunyanisekeni noshowo kunye nokusebenza.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kweenkqubo uphawu le

Owesibini uphawu lokuqala neziqhelekileyo iinkqubo Pavlov sele intsebenziswano rhoqo amaqhina oqhagamshelwano yi function. Oku kungenxa yokuba ngokusekelwe kuqala wavela yaye yaqulunqa inkqubo umqondiso wesibini. Evela ezisingqongileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo umzimba Imiqondiso yokuqala sele intsebenziswano eqhubekayo kunye imiyalezo yesibini. Ngexesha intsebenziswano enjalo ukuvela na ikhaliphe moya komyalelo eliphezulu, adala ulwalamano therebetween olusebenzayo. Ngokunxulumene neenkqubo ingcamango yaye indlela zentlalo wobomi umntu ndisiba inkqubo uphawu yesibini.

isigaba yophuhliso

Kwinkqubo yophuhliso yengqondo ngamnye abantwana izalelwe elide, inkqubo uphawu lokuqala uqala ukuthatha imilo kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa emva kokuzalwa. Xa wayeneminyaka eli-kweentsuku 7-10, lokusekwa ingqondo kuqala conditioner. Ngoko ke, umntwana yenza iintshukumo owanyayo ngemilebe yakhe kwanangaphambi kokuba emlonyeni ingono wakhe. ikhaliphe moya ezintweni ekuva ukuze kwakheke ekuqaleni kwenyanga yesibini ebomini.

I ekhulile umntwana iba, kokukhona ngokukhawuleza idala ingqondo moya. Ukuze ube nokulungela ukufumana grudnichka ngenyanga kwakukho uxhulumaniso yethutyana, kuyimfuneko ukwenza oluninzi kophindo nefuthe zizinto unconditioned kunye conditioner. Kwiinyanga ezimbini-ezintathu usana kuphela nabameli ezimbalwa kufuneka ukwenza uqhagamshelwano yexeshana.

Inkqubo uphawu yesibini iqalisa ukuba simise abantwana abaphakathi kweminyaka enye enesiqingatha, xa emva ngokuphindaphindiweyo nokuthiywa kwezinto, kunye umboniso wakhe, umntwana uqala ukuphendula ilizwi. Xa abantwana, kufikwa kwindawo yokuqala kuphela kwiminyaka 6-7.

Ukutshintsha iindima

Ngenxa yoko, ngexesha kuphuhliso engqondweni nasemzimbeni abantwana lonke esakhula, kukho utshintsho ezibalulekileyo neziphambili phakathi kwezi nkqubo siphawula. Xa isikolo, ade ekuqaleni ukufikisa, inkqubo uphawu yesibini qatha xa sicinga. Xa lokufikisa, ngenxa yeenguqu ezibalulekileyo hormone komzimba kumzimba elivisayo kwixesha encinane kwinkqubo kweesiginali lokuqala ihamba phambili kwakhona. Xa kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, inkqubo umqondiso yesibini kwakhona ihamba phambili kwaye ugcina indawo yayo ephambili kubo bonke ubomi babo, rhoqo ukuphucula nokuphuhlisa.

inani

Inkqubo uphawu yokuqala yabantu, nangona ukwanda abadala sesibini, kubaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yabantu ezifana nemidlalo, zobugcisa, imfundo kunye nabasebenzi. Ngaphandle kwalo, bekuya kuba nzima ukusebenza yimvumi kunye artist, kumdlali kunye athlete.

Nangona ukufana yale nkqubo ebantwini kunye nezilwanyana, kwinkqubo yokuqala kweesiginali yomntu - kuba kakhulu isakhiwo entsonkothileyo kunye nobunzima kakhulu, njengokuba isenziwa intsebenziswano rhoqo kunye yesibini harmonic.