Iibhondi ze-biotic kwimvelo. Imizekelo, iintlobo zeekhonkco ze-biotic

Izinto eziphilayo zezinto eziphilayo zinobuhlobo bazo zonke izinto eziphilayo kunye nommandla. Ubuhlobo be-biotic buvela kwi-biogeocenosis phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ifom ebalulekileyo kunye ebalulekileyo yoxano olunjalo kukutya, okwenza ujikelezo lwezinto zokutya kunye neetyathanga ezinzima.

Ukungathathi hlangothi

Iibhondi ze-biotic, apho umsebenzi obalulekileyo wendalo enye ayinayo impembelelo ebomini komnye, ubizwa ngokuba yi-neutralism. Imizekelo yobudlelwane yi-hare kunye ne-ribbonworm, i-urticaria kunye ne-flea, kunye nenani labanye abangenamkhawulo.

Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zaphawula ukuba ngexesha lobomi babo, zonke izinto eziphilayo zikhulula kwindawo engqongileyo, i-liquid and gaseous substances ezinokuchaphazela ezinye izityalo, izilwanyana kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci.

Allelopathy

Iibhondi ze-biotic, ezizaliswe ngenxa yemveliso ethile yemveliso ekhutshwe ngaphandle, ibizwa ngokuba yi-allelopathy.

Le nto iyaziwa ngokude, kodwa ngowe-1937 isazi senzululwazi saseJamani uMolish wamnika igama elithile.

Ngolwazi olungakumbi, le nkcazo iye yafundwa kwizinto eziphilayo zityalo. Ulwabiwo lwezityalo ezininzi lunokusebenzisa iziphumo ezinobuthi kunye nefuthe kumelwane. Imimiselo yeebhondi ezinxulumene nezityalo ingaba:

• Amaqabunga amacembe emvumba angabangela ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lwezinye izityalo;
• Ubhontshisi buyalinda ukukhula kolweni yengqolowa;
• Ulwabiwo lweengcambu ze-wheatgrass aluchaphazeli nje kuphela ezinye izityalo kunye nezihlahla, kodwa nemithi.

Izilwanyana nazo zikhulula izinto - i-pheromones, ezinokuchaphazela ukuziphatha nokuphuhliswa kwabantu ngabanye beentlobo ezithile. Ngoncedo lwabo, ulwazi ludluliselwa kwezinye iintlobo.

Ukuzihlukanisa izinto eziphilayo ezibonakalayo zizinto ezibonakalayo ezincinci. Ngokomzekelo, amayeza anjenge-penicillin kunye ne-streptomycin ayaziwa ngokubanzi.

Iqela lefuthe

Isiphumo sesebe kukulungiswa kwazo zonke iinkqubo, ezikhokelela ekunyuseni okukhulu kwindlela abantu abahlala ngayo ekuhlaleni kwabo. Lo mbonakalo ubonakaliswe kwinani elikhulu leentsholongwane ezinokuqhelekileyo zanda kwaye ziphuhlise kuphela xa zidibaniswa zibe ngamaqela amancinane okanye amakhulu.

Iintlobo zeekhonkco ze-biotic zixhomekeke kwindawo yokuhlala yabantu kunye neendlela zokuhlala kwazo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze uphile emhlambini weendlovu zaseAfrika, kufuneka ukuba ubuncinane abantu abangamashumi amathathu.

Khuphiswano

Ubudlelwane be-Biotic, ngexesha apho kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu ngabanye okanye kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo, apho izixhobo ezifanayo zisetyenziselwa xa kukho isiphumo esibalulekileyo, kuthiwa ukhuphiswano. Ukhuphiswano lwe-intraspecific lunokunyusa kakhulu ukunyuka kokukhethwa kwemvelo. Umzekelo ogqithisileyo wale nkqubo kuzincwina ngemithi yemifire.

Kodwa uhlobo lokuncintisana oluthile oluqhelekileyo luhlala luphawu lwezinto eziphilayo ezikufutshane okanye abantu abahlukahlukeneyo. Ingaba yinto engabonakaliyo kwaye isebenzayo. Iyokuqala ibonisa ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo zemvelo ezifunekayo ziintlobo zombini. Kwaye kwithuba lesibini, olunye uhlobo lwezilwanyana lugxothwa ngumnye.

Ukhuphiswano ngenye yezizathu ezibalulekileyo ukuba iintlobo ezininzi, ezibonakaliswe ngendlela efanayo yokuphila, ukuziphatha nokutya okuthe ngqo, akunakuhlala kwindawo enye. Ukhuphiswano olunjalo luya kuba yintlondi.

Ukudalwa

Iibhondi ze-biotic kwimvelo, ezibonakaliswe ngendlela yokutya, njengokubamba, ukubulala nokudla abantu abanjwe, babizwa ngokuba yimpumelelo. Isiseko solwalamano olunjalo kukutya kunye neetyuniti zokutya. I-Predator iqala ukubulala amaxhoba, kodwa ke yidla kuphela. Kodwa ngaphambi koko, kufuneka usibambe. Kule njongo, isilwanyana ngasinye sinokulungelelanisa ngokukhethekileyo. Ngokomlando, amaxhoba anokuzikhusela. Ngokomzekelo, i-carapace, izihluma, ameva, iingqungquthela ezinobuthi kunye nopende lokukhusela.

Ndiyabulela kulungelelaniso olunjalo, amaqela eziphilayo - izidumbu kunye namaxhoba - ayenziwe. Ngobudlelwane obunjalo, imigaqo yokulawula ubungakanani bobuncwane bobabini iyakhiwa.

Kuze kube kutshanje, izazinzulu zacinga ukuba bonke abantu abanobungozi - abemi abonakalisayo emhlabeni, ngoko kufuneka baqothule. Nangona kunjalo, le ngcamango yayiyiphutha. Izenzo ezinjalo ziya kuba nemiphumo emibi yehlabathi. Kukho umngcipheko wokulimaza nje kuphela uhlobo lwendalo, kodwa uqoqosho lonke.

Symbiosis

Ukuxhamla kwi-biotic kwindalo, ngelixesha elinye lamalingani (okanye zombini kanye) lizuza kwiintsebenziswano kunye nomnye, kuthiwa yi-symbiosis.

Kukho imizekelo emininzi ye-symbiosis inzuzo kwihlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, i-bastric and intestinal bacteria, ngaphandle kweyiphi inkqubo yokugaya ukutya ayikwazi. Okanye i-pollination yamanye ama-orchids, apho ipoleni inokunyamezela kuphela uhlobo oluthile lwezinambuzane. Ubuhlobo obunjalo buyaphumelela xa bandisa amathuba okubambisana.

Ngamanye amazwi, kunjalo nayiphi na indlela yokudibanisa phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo (oku kuquka i-parasitism - uhlobo oluthile lwalamano oluxhamla kumlingane omnye, kodwa lonakalisa omnye).

I-Symbiosis, eya kuba yinzuzo kubo bobabini abamele, ibizwa ngokuba yi-mutualism. Kodwa ukuqala komtshato ubuhlobo obuncedo kumnye, kodwa ukungabandakanyeli komnye. I-Endosymbiosis yikhono lomlingani omnye ukuhlala ngaphakathi kweseli yomnye.

Mutualism

I-Mutualism ithathwa njengoluhlobo oluqhelekileyo lokuhlalisana. Ukuxhamla kwi-biotic kwindalo (ibakala lesi-9 lekharityhulam yekharityhulam ichaza ngale ngcaciso ngokubanzi) ngendlela yokubambisana iyimfuneko-kubakho bobabini abalingani. Ngethuba lokunxibelelana, ngalinye iqabane lifumana izibonelelo zabo. Ngokomzekelo, elinye iqabane lisetyenzisana nomnye umthombo wamandla, kwaye enye ikhuselwe kwiintshaba okanye phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zokuphuhlisa nokuvelisa.

Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwisibini esibambisanayo bazincama, kwaye inzuzo enokubambisana ivela kuphela kuba iifayile ezifunyenwe zigqithise ngaphezu kwazo zonke iindleko ezifunekayo ukugcina ubudlelwane.

Iinqununu ezixhamlayo zenziwa ngokubambisana ngenxa yokuziphatha. Imizekelo ye-biotic idibanisa i-mutalizma - iintaka zidibanisa ukutya kwazo, kwaye ngelo xesha zizahlula imbewu. Maxa wambi ubuhlobo bomzimba buvela.

Ukuqhagamshelana okufutshane kunye neentlobo ngokubambisana kukukhuthaza ukusebenzisana kwabo. Umzekelo onjalo ulungelelaniso olwakhiwa kwiintyatyambo kunye ne-pollinators.

Ukuqalisa

Iibhondi ze-biotic (ibanga lesi-9) zihlukanisa iintlobo ezintathu zokuqala komsebenzi:

1. Sebenzisa ukutya kwezinye iintlobo.
2. Ziqhotyoshelwe kwenye indawo, eya kuba "yinkosi".
3. Bahlala kwizitho zangaphakathi zomkhosi.

Ubudlelwane balolu hlobo bubaluleke kakhulu kuluntu, njengoko kwenza ukuba zonke iintlobo zeMhlaba zihlalise ininzi enkulu yeentlobo, kunye nokuzimela ngokusingqongileyo imvelo nokusebenzisa izibonelelo zokutya.

Nangona kunjalo, lolo hlobo luqhagamshelana nolunye ulwalamano. Xa ukutya ukutya kuqala ukulimaza umnini, ubudlelwane buya kwinqanaba elitsha kwaye liba yi-parasitism okanye ukhuphiswano.

Parasitism

I-Parasitism yintlobo yobudlelwane apho i-parasite isebenzisa inkosi njengendawo yokuhlala yokuhlala kunye nomthombo wokutya. Izixhumanisi ze-biotic (itafile iboniswe kwinqaku) ichaza olu hlobo lokuhlalisana kwabantu: i-parasite ihlala ngaphakathi kumphathi okanye kwindawo yayo. I-Parasitism inokuvela phakathi kwamaqela ahlukahlukeneyo (kwizityalo, kwizilwanyana, kwiifungi kunye nabantu).

I-physiology ye-parasite ixhomekeke kwiinkqubo zobomi bomhlali. Ngoko ke, ukukhokelela kubakho imveliso kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izixhobo eziphilayo. Ukuhlala ixesha elide kuqhubeka, bhetele olu hlobo lwe-parasite lungena kumnikazi walo kwaye alulimazi kancinci.